◆林楓
在前面的12月刊,我們了解了長難句是怎么來的,那么長難句的分析有沒有訣竅呢?當然有。這一期,我們就對長難句分析的訣竅做一個探討。
英語的五種基本句式都包含了主語。主語作為全句述說的中心,是不可或缺的,除了祈使句和非正式的口語,我們很少看到?jīng)]有主語的句子,所以分析句子時,我們應該首先找到句子的主語。
前面說了,主語是全句述說的對象,但語法書上的這個概念有點太抽象,我們可以簡單歸納為:肯定句中放在謂語動詞前面的獨立的名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞組即為主語;疑問句中則是緊跟在助動詞后面的那個獨立的名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞組。所謂獨立,指的是這個名詞性的詞沒有做別的詞的賓語。如:
He,as well as his pals, attended a hilarious party last night.
(他和他的小伙伴們昨晚參加了一個歡脫的晚會。)
這里he是個獨立的代詞,而his pals做了as well as的賓語,就屬于非獨立的名詞性短語,所以he是主語。
Competition from investers, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers.
(來自投資者、研發(fā)者和實力雄厚的大農(nóng)場主的競爭使很多新農(nóng)民很難擁有自己的土地。)
理解這個句子,找準主語很重要,謂語動詞makes前面有很多名詞,到底哪個才是主語呢?investers,developers 和large farmers前面有介詞from,它們是做from的賓語的,所以不是主語,而是定語,修飾真正的主語competition。同時,這里用了動名詞短語owning one’s own land做make的賓語,動名詞短語相當于名詞,所以可以充當主語、賓語和表語。
一個句子中,謂語也是極其重要的,一般除了承前省略的情況(如:—I hope to see you again, Miss.—And I you.),句子也是應該有謂語的,所以分析句子的第二步就是找句子的謂語。找謂語其實就是找動詞,動詞很好找是不是?但是一定要注意判斷這個動詞是否體現(xiàn)了謂語特征,即是否體現(xiàn)了完整的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。如果可沒有體現(xiàn)這些特征,那這個動詞就不是謂語動詞。如:
①She continued to watch me eat it, obviously amused by the way each bite was accompanied by moans of delight.
(她繼續(xù)看著我吃,很明顯被我每吃一口都高興得哼哼的樣子逗樂了。)
這個句子中,continued體現(xiàn)了時態(tài)的變化,所以是謂語動詞;amused如果做謂語的話,應該用被動語態(tài)was amused,沒有這個完整的被動語態(tài),就只能是分詞短語。
②Concerns over weak demand for the new iPhone 8 sent Apple shares down by the most in two months on Thursday, shaving $23bn off the tech giant’s market value.
(對新款iPhone 8市場需求比較弱的擔憂使蘋果的股票在星期二出現(xiàn)了兩個月以來的最大降幅,使這個科技巨頭的市場估值縮水230億美元。)
這個句子中,sent體現(xiàn)了一般現(xiàn)在時,shaving則只能是分詞。
③A generation of children risked growing up worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms.
(受網(wǎng)絡平臺上流行的脫離現(xiàn)實的生活方式影響,整整一代的孩子在成長過程中面臨過度在意外貌和形象的風險。)
這個句子有三個動詞,risked, worried和follow,follow可以輕松判斷是從句的謂語,但是risked和worried哪個是主句的謂語呢?是risked,因為worried如果做謂語的話,應該用被動語態(tài)were worried的形式。
最初的古英語其實對詞語的順序沒有嚴格要求,但是隨著語言中屈折變化、拼寫變化減少,詞語和句子成分在句子中逐漸有了相對固定的位置,詞語的順序開始變得重要。比較五種基本句型,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了疑問句和某些倒裝句型,肯定句中,主語在前,謂語在后;謂語后面則是賓語或表語,賓補放在賓語之后;定語有前置和后置兩種位置;而狀語則位置比較靈活,放在句首、句中或句尾都可以。如:
She said social media fi rms were exposing children to major emotional risks.
(她說社交平臺公司正使孩子們暴露在一些嚴重的情感風險之中。)
這里she為主語,后面said是謂語,再往后便是賓語從句了,賓語從句的成分也可以按照這個方法來分析。
這個是什么意思呢?我們以從句為例來解釋一下。如果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)句中有從句,那么從從句開始的地方,一直往后看,要看到從句的句子結構和意思都完整了,才是從句結束的地方,而后面的內(nèi)容才能是主句的其他成分。如:
In the following unrest, the communities that had helped marriages in time of diffi culty broke down.
in the time of diffi culty的意思是從句需要的,所以還是從句的內(nèi)容。
至于怎么判斷句子是否包含從句,其實就更簡單了,看到that, which, when, what等引導詞就知道了,它們就是從句的標志啊。又如:
The child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greatly intellectual development.
這個句子包含了三重從句:who引導的定語從句修飾the child,where引導的定語修飾environment,which引導的定語從句修飾stimuli。根據(jù)最小的一層從句的需要,which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses都是這一層從句的內(nèi)容,然后再完整where there are many stimuli...responses這一層從句的內(nèi)容,然后再完整who is raised...responses這一層從句的內(nèi)容,最后剩下的will experience...才是主句的成分。
了解了上面這些訣竅,我們試著來分析下面這些句子。
Though she had demonstrated shrewd business acumen by retaining the copyright of her later novels, Austen’s family began recasting her as a modest lady who wrote for pleasure.
理解這個句子的訣竅在于根據(jù)成分順序找主干。though提示這是一個主從復合句,前面是從句,后面是主句。
先看從句,主語是she,主語后面是謂語demonstrated,謂語后面是賓語acumen,這個名詞有兩個定語——形容詞shrewd和名詞business,后面by retaining the copyright of her later novels為“介詞+動名詞短語”的介詞結構,做方式狀語。
再看主句,最前面是主語family,然后是謂語began,然后是動名詞短語recasting her as a modest lady做賓語,后面who wrote for pleasure是定語從句,修飾a modest lady。
I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading! How much sooner one tires of anything than of a book! When I have a house of my own, I shall be miserable if I have not an excellent library.(Pride and Prejudice)
理解第二個句子的關鍵在于要看出來than做連詞連接了兩個并列的of結構。How much sooner one tires of anything than of a book!是個感嘆句,陳述句的話應該是:One tires of anything sooner than of a book.句中than引導了兩個of結構進行比較。
Facts or opinions which are to pass through the hands of so many, to be misconceived by folly in one, and ignorance in another, can hardly have much truth left.(Persuasion)
這個句子理解的難度在于主語和謂語之間加上了一長串修飾成分。最前面facts or opinions是連個并列的名詞,可以做主語。后面which提示這里插入了一個從句,which后面有are to pass through,可以做謂語,但是做從句的謂語,再往后面看,to be misconceived是非謂語動詞,不能做謂語,一直往后看,逗號后面才看到動詞can hardly have做主句的謂語,后面truth做主句賓語,left做賓補。
The room in which the boys were fed was a large stone hall, with a copper at one end, out of which the master, dressed in an apron for the purpose, and assisted by one or two women, ladled the gruel at mealtimes.(狀語)(Oliver Twist)
這個句子的難點在于包含了不好好做謂語的動詞。dressed和assisted沒有體現(xiàn)語態(tài)特征,只能是分詞,做謂語的是系動詞was,后面接了a large stone hall做表語。
這里的主句是the room was a large stone hall,in which the boys were fed是定語從句,后面
out of which the master, dressed in an apron for the purpose, and assisted by one or two women, ladled the gruel at mealtimes.也是個定語從句,從句中the master是主語,ladled是謂語,the gruel是賓語。dressed in an apron for the purpose, and assisted by one or two women沒有用was,不是完整的被動語態(tài),只能是過去分詞短語做伴隨狀語。