紀(jì)蓉 王建芳 孫彩萍 劉建江 陳遐林
[摘要] 目的 探討全腦放療聯(lián)合鹽酸??颂婺嶂委煼切〖?xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)腦轉(zhuǎn)移的療效及安全性。 方法 選取2013年6月~2017年6月共44例腦轉(zhuǎn)移的NSCLC患者,隨機(jī)分為聯(lián)合治療組與單純放療組,比較兩組間療效及安全性。結(jié)果 中位隨訪18.5個(gè)月,聯(lián)合治療組及單純放療組的mPFS分別為9.3個(gè)月及6.6個(gè)月(log-rank P=0.006);聯(lián)合治療組EGFR突變者及野生型者的mPFS分別為12.2個(gè)月和6.5個(gè)月(log-rank P=0.002),單純放療組EGFR突變者及野生型者的mPFS分別為6.4個(gè)月和6.8個(gè)月(log-rank P=0.933)。聯(lián)合治療組及單純放療組的mOS分別為14.2個(gè)月及12.6個(gè)月(log-rank P=0.035);聯(lián)合治療組中EGFR突變者及野生型者的mOS分別為19.1個(gè)月和12.7個(gè)月(log-rank P=0.006),單純放療組EGFR突變者及野生型者的mOS分別為12.6個(gè)月和10.4個(gè)月(log-rank P=0.449)。兩組間的ORR分別為78.3%及47.6%(log-rank P=0.035),DCR分別為91.3%及85.7%(χ2=0.341,P=0.560)。不良反應(yīng)方面,聯(lián)合組的皮疹發(fā)生率為56.5%,其中3例為3~4級(jí);兩組乏力、惡心嘔吐、腹瀉肝腎損傷、白細(xì)胞減少等不良反應(yīng)均為1~2級(jí),且兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 鹽酸埃克替尼聯(lián)合全腦放療可提高非小細(xì)胞肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的客觀緩解率,延長(zhǎng)中位局部無進(jìn)展生存期及中位總生存期,患者的不良反應(yīng)耐受性良好。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 鹽酸埃克替尼;非小細(xì)胞肺癌;表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體;全腦放療
[中圖分類號(hào)] R979.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)10-0029-05
A randomized controlled trial of ectatinib hydrochloride combined with whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer
JI Rong1? ?WANG Jianfang2? ?SUN Caiping2? ?LIU Jianjiang2? ?CHEN Xialin2
1.Department of Radiation Oncology, Shaoxing Second Hospital, Shaoxing? ?312000, China; 2.Department of Radiation Oncology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing? ?312000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of whole brain radiotherapy combined with ectatinib hydrochloride in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) brain metastases. Methods A total of 44 patients with brain metastases from NSCLC from June 2013 to June 2017 were randomly divided into combination therapy group and radiotherapy group. The efficacy and safety between the two groups were compared. Results The median follow-up was 18.5 months. The mPFS of the combination therapy group and the radiotherapy group were 9.3 months and 6.6 months, respectively (log-rank P=0.006). The mPFS of the EGFR mutant and wild type in the combination group were 12.2 months and 6.5 months (log-rank P=0.002). The mPFS of EGFR mutants and wild-type patients in the radiotherapy group were 6.4 months and 6.8 months, respectively (log-rank P=0.933). The mOS in the combination therapy group and the radiotherapy group were 14.2 months and 12.6 months, respectively (log-rank P=0.035). The mOS of the EGFR mutant and wild type in the combination group were 19.1 months and 12.7 months, respectively(log-rank P=0.006). The mOS of EGFR mutants and wild-type patients in the radiotherapy group were 12.6 months and 10.4 months, respectively (log-rank P=0.449).The ORR of the two groups was 78.3% and 47.6%, respectively (log-rank P=0.035), and the DCR was 91.3% and 85.7%, respectively (χ2=0.341, P=0.560).In terms of adverse reactions,the incidence of rash in the combined group was 56.5%, of which 3 cases were grade 3-4. The adverse reactions such as fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea,liver and kidney damage, and leukopenia were all grade 1-2, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion Ectinib hydrochloride combined with whole brain radiotherapy can improve the objective response rate of patients with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases, prolong the median local progression-free survival and median overall survival, and the patient's adverse reaction tolerance is good.
[Key words] Ectinib hydrochloride; Non-small cell lung cancer; Epidermal growth factor receptor; Whole brain radiotherapy
肺癌是目前全世界發(fā)病率及病死率最高的惡性腫瘤,其中大約有80%為非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC),而約20%~40%的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者在疾病的某一階段會(huì)出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移[1-2],未經(jīng)治療的腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者多在1~3個(gè)月內(nèi)死亡。目前,腦轉(zhuǎn)移的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療包括全腦放療、立體定向放療、外科手術(shù)等常規(guī)治療方法,但效果均不理想[3-4]。隨著靶向治療藥物表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKI)在臨床的廣泛使用,晚期肺癌患者的生存期已有大幅度提高[5-7]。Park SJ等[8]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期研究證實(shí),利用EGFR-TKIs治療存在EGFR突變的伴有腦轉(zhuǎn)移的肺腺癌患者,部分緩解率達(dá)83%,中位無進(jìn)展生存期及中位總生存時(shí)間分別為6.6個(gè)月、15.9個(gè)月。基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EGFR信號(hào)通路與腫瘤細(xì)胞放射抗拒密切相關(guān),而運(yùn)用EGFR抑制劑可以增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的放射敏感性[9-10]。因此,本研究將對(duì)全腦放療聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合EGFR-TKI治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者做隨機(jī)研究,探討兩組間的療效及不良反應(yīng)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2013年6月~2017年6月存在腦轉(zhuǎn)移的NSCLC患者共44例。其中男19例,女25例;腦轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目≤3個(gè)18例(患者不適合行外科手術(shù)或立體定向放射外科(SRS)治療),>3個(gè)26例;中位年齡59歲(49~74歲)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分成兩組(鹽酸埃克替尼聯(lián)合全腦放療組、單純?nèi)X放療組),聯(lián)合治療組:男10例、女13例,腺癌22例、鱗癌1例,EGFR野生型10例、EGFR突變型13例,中位年齡58.7歲;單純放療組:男9例、女12例,腺癌20例、鱗癌1例,EGFR野生型9例、EGFR突變型12例,中位年齡60.1歲。見表1。本研究經(jīng)紹興市人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批同意(2015倫理第010號(hào)),所有患者在治療前均簽署治療知情同意書。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)病理組織學(xué)和(或)細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查確診并經(jīng)CT或MRI證實(shí)存在腦轉(zhuǎn)移;(2)KPS評(píng)分>70分;(3)預(yù)計(jì)生存期>3個(gè)月。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并心、肺、腎、腦血管等臟器嚴(yán)重疾病;(2)白細(xì)胞、血小板、血紅蛋白異常;(3)合并其他腫瘤病史者。
1.3 治療方法
單純放療組:采用常規(guī)全腦放療。全腦放療的方法:全腦兩側(cè)野對(duì)穿照射,劑量(30~35)Gy/(2~3)周,如轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目為1~3個(gè),行全腦放療同時(shí)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶局部推量5~12 Gy。聯(lián)合治療組:在放療開始前1周口服鹽酸??颂婺幔ㄕ憬愡_(dá)藥業(yè)有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20110061,125 mg/片),125 mg/次,一天3次,4周為一個(gè)療程。放療結(jié)束后繼續(xù)予鹽酸??颂婺嶂委?,直至出現(xiàn)不可耐受反應(yīng)或疾病進(jìn)展。
1.4 療效評(píng)價(jià)及不良反應(yīng)評(píng)估
按照實(shí)體瘤的療效評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(RECIST1.1)[12],完全緩解(CR):所有目標(biāo)病灶消失,且病理性淋巴結(jié)短軸<10 mm;部分緩解(PR):所有目標(biāo)病灶直徑總和減少>30%;疾病進(jìn)展(PD):所有目標(biāo)病灶直徑總和增加>20%且增加值>5 mm或出現(xiàn)新病灶;穩(wěn)定(SD):介于PR與PD之間。所有患者在放療結(jié)束后4周及每隔3個(gè)月直到死亡或失訪都進(jìn)行全面評(píng)估,包括血常規(guī)、生化指標(biāo)、腫瘤指標(biāo)、胸腹部CT、頭顱MRI。于放療結(jié)束后4周評(píng)定近期療效,客觀有效率為(CR+PR)/(CR+PR+SD+PD)×100%,疾病控制率為(CR+PR+SD)/(CR+PR+SD+PD)×100%。中位局部無進(jìn)展生存期指治療開始時(shí)至顱內(nèi)病灶進(jìn)展或顱內(nèi)出現(xiàn)新發(fā)病灶的時(shí)間。不良反應(yīng)評(píng)估按照美國(guó)癌癥研究所常見毒性判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)NCI-CTCAE 3.0版抗癌藥物毒性評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13]及RTOG/EORTC急性放射不良反應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14]進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);采用Kaplan-Meier法進(jìn)行無進(jìn)展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)及總生存期(overall survival,OS)生存曲線分析,并應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)秩檢驗(yàn)(log-rank test)計(jì)算生存曲線間的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異;雙側(cè)P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組臨床療效比較
至末次隨訪時(shí)間2017年6月31日,所有患者均未失訪,中位隨訪時(shí)間為18.5個(gè)月。聯(lián)合治療組的中位無進(jìn)展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)為9.3個(gè)月(95%CI:6.2~12.4個(gè)月),單純放療組的mPFS為6.6個(gè)月(95%CI:5.0~8.2個(gè)月),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(log-rank P=0.006),見圖1。聯(lián)合治療組中EGFR突變患者mPFS為12.2個(gè)月(95%CI:9.1~15.3個(gè)月),野生型患者mPFS為6.5個(gè)月(95%CI:5.0~8.1個(gè)月),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(log-rank P=0.002),見圖2A;而在單純放療組中EGFR突變患者mPFS為6.4個(gè)月(95%CI:4.4~8.4個(gè)月),野生型患者mPFS為6.8個(gè)月(95%CI:3.6~10.0個(gè)月),未見明顯差別(log-rank P=0.933),見圖2B。聯(lián)合治療組的中位總生存期(median overall survival,mOS)為14.2個(gè)月(95%CI:11.0~17.4個(gè)月),單純放療組的mOS為12.6個(gè)月(95%CI:9.1~16.1個(gè)月),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(log-rank P=0.035),見圖3。聯(lián)合治療組中EGFR突變患者mOS為19.1個(gè)月(95%CI:9.8~28.4個(gè)月),野生型患者mOS為12.7個(gè)月(95%CI:5.6~19.8個(gè)月),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(log-rank P=0.006),見圖4A;而在單純放療組中EGFR突變患者mOS為12.6個(gè)月(95%CI:8.3~16.9個(gè)月),野生型患者mOS為10.4個(gè)月(95%CI:7.2~13.6個(gè)月),未見明顯差別(log-rank P=0.449),見圖4B和表2。兩組患者的ORR分別為78.3%及47.6%(χ2=4.454,P=0.035),DCR分別為91.3%及85.7%(χ2=0.341,P=0.560),見表3。
2.2 兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況
聯(lián)合治療組的主要不良反應(yīng)為皮疹,其中有3例患者為3~4級(jí),經(jīng)對(duì)癥處理后均能耐受繼續(xù)口服靶向藥物。其余乏力、惡心嘔吐、腹瀉、肝腎損傷、白細(xì)胞減少等不良反應(yīng)均為1~2級(jí),且兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
腦轉(zhuǎn)移是常見的肺癌遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移部位,目前雖可通過外科手術(shù)切除、化療、放療等治療達(dá)到部分緩解,但遠(yuǎn)期效果均不夠理想。表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKI)作為一種小分子靶向藥物,能透過血腦屏障進(jìn)入顱內(nèi)起作用[15-16],而放療本身可進(jìn)一步破壞血腦屏障的完整性,更有利于EGFR-TKI進(jìn)入腦組織發(fā)揮作用。褚建華等[17]報(bào)道全腦放療序貫吉非替尼治療顱內(nèi)病灶RR為43.3%,DCR為80%,中位生存時(shí)間為12.8個(gè)月。Welsh等[18]應(yīng)用特羅凱同步全腦放療治療40例非小細(xì)胞肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者,總客觀反應(yīng)率達(dá)到86%,神經(jīng)毒性未見增加,MST為11.8個(gè)月,其中EGFR野生型MST時(shí)間為9.3個(gè)月,EGFR突變型MST為19.1個(gè)月。Zhuang等[19]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期研究對(duì)比厄洛替尼聯(lián)合全腦放療治療與單純?nèi)X放療治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移的臨床療效,結(jié)果提示聯(lián)合治療組的ORR、mPFS、中位OS分別為95.65%、6.8個(gè)月、10.7個(gè)月,明顯高于單純放療組的54.84%、5.2個(gè)月、8.9個(gè)月。
鹽酸埃克替尼是我國(guó)自行研制的小分子靶向抗腫瘤藥,以表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)為靶標(biāo),是一種強(qiáng)效、高選擇性的口服酪氨酸激酶抑制劑。ICOGEN研究結(jié)果顯示,鹽酸??颂婺峥傮w療效不遜于吉非替尼,無進(jìn)展生存期4.6個(gè)月對(duì)3.4個(gè)月(P=0.13),且鹽酸埃克替尼組的藥物相關(guān)不良事件發(fā)生率明顯低于吉非替尼(61% vs 70%,P=0.046)[20]。Gong等[21]回顧性分析鹽酸??颂婺嶂委?1例EGFR突變型的NSCLC軟腦膜轉(zhuǎn)移患者,中位總生存時(shí)間達(dá)10.1個(gè)月。本研究對(duì)比鹽酸??颂婺崧?lián)合放療與單純放療的療效,結(jié)果顯示,聯(lián)合治療組對(duì)非小細(xì)胞肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移的mPFS(9.3個(gè)月 vs 6.6個(gè)月,P=0.006)及中位總生存期(14.2個(gè)月 vs 12.6個(gè)月,P=0.035)更長(zhǎng),同步治療組的客觀緩解率明顯升高(78.3% vs 47.6%,P=0.035)。亞組分析提示,聯(lián)合治療組中EGFR突變患者mPFS及中位總生存期均明顯高于野生型患者(12.2個(gè)月 vs 6.5個(gè)月,P=0.002)、(14.2個(gè)月 vs 12.6個(gè)月,P=0.035),而在單純放療組中不同EGFR表達(dá)之間mPFS及中位總生存期均未見明顯差別(6.4個(gè)月 vs 6.8個(gè)月,P=0.933)、(12.6個(gè)月 vs 10.4個(gè)月,P=0.449)。埃克替尼與放療聯(lián)合增強(qiáng)療效機(jī)制除了血腦屏障透過率增加以外,還可能和??颂婺岬姆暖焻f(xié)同增敏作用有關(guān):(1)埃克替尼可使癌細(xì)胞阻滯于G1期,使得對(duì)射線敏感性差的S期癌細(xì)胞數(shù)量下降,提高癌細(xì)胞的整體放射敏感性;(2)固化放射效應(yīng),抑制放射后損傷的修復(fù);(3)抑制放射誘導(dǎo)的EGFR磷酸化,減少癌細(xì)胞增殖;(4)抑制PI3K-Akt信號(hào)通路,增強(qiáng)放療后癌細(xì)胞凋亡[22]。不良反應(yīng)方面,聯(lián)合治療組中有56.5%的患者發(fā)生皮疹反應(yīng),其中3例患者皮疹達(dá)3~4級(jí),但經(jīng)對(duì)癥處理后能耐受繼續(xù)口服靶向藥物;其他不良反應(yīng),如乏力、惡心嘔吐、腹瀉、肝腎損傷、白細(xì)胞減少等均為1~2級(jí)。本研究結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)[23]報(bào)道的小樣本回顧性研究結(jié)果基本吻合,表明鹽酸??颂婺崧?lián)合放療能提高非小細(xì)胞肺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移治療的近期療效,改善生存質(zhì)量,毒副反應(yīng)可以耐受。
從該臨床研究中可以看出,鹽酸埃克替尼聯(lián)合全腦放療主要在EGFR突變患者中起作用,但由于本研究開始時(shí)部分患者尚未行EGFR基因檢測(cè),在治療結(jié)束后才補(bǔ)行基因檢測(cè),因此未按照EGFR突變狀態(tài)來進(jìn)行分組研究,而且本次研究入組病例較少,不能進(jìn)行分層分析各種因素對(duì)治療效果的影響,最終結(jié)論有待擴(kuò)大樣本及延長(zhǎng)隨訪時(shí)間來驗(yàn)證。
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