周溢甜,徐璐奕,徐黎蔚,代 偉
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Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC強(qiáng)化吸附剛果紅性能研究
周溢甜,徐璐奕,徐黎蔚,代 偉*
(浙江師范大學(xué)化學(xué)與生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,浙江 金華 321004)
運(yùn)用水熱合成法制備了一種新型三金屬單配體多孔材料Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC,運(yùn)用氮?dú)馕摳健呙桦婄R、X射線衍射等對(duì)材料進(jìn)行了表征.研究了其常溫常壓條件下(25℃,1atm)靜態(tài)吸附剛果紅的性能.結(jié)果表明,由于三金屬不飽和配位點(diǎn)的協(xié)同效應(yīng)導(dǎo)致剛果紅在Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC多孔材料上的吸附容量從630mg/g增加到1250mg/g,增加了98.4%.準(zhǔn)二級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型和Langmuir吸附模型較好地描述了Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC對(duì)剛果紅的吸附行為.
三金屬單配體;剛果紅;吸附;Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC
我國(guó)是染料生產(chǎn)和使用的大國(guó),印染廢水深度凈化迫在眉睫,特別是染料中的陰離子型染料分子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、分子量較大,易與帶正電荷的分子生成更難在環(huán)境中被降解、氧化和代謝的污染物[1-3].直接排放富含陰離子染料的污水不僅影響水環(huán)境的感觀,而且會(huì)降低水生植物的光合作用,破壞水體生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡,嚴(yán)重威脅水生生物和人類的健康[4-5].
利用吸附劑和吸附質(zhì)間特殊的相互作用,吸附法能選擇性地捕獲染料分子,實(shí)現(xiàn)印染廢水的深度凈化[6].吸附法的關(guān)鍵和核心是如何制備出高比表面積和高選擇性的新型高效吸附劑.金屬有機(jī)多孔材料(MOMs)是由金屬離子和有機(jī)配體通過配位鍵聯(lián)接而成的有機(jī)-無(wú)機(jī)雜化材料.由于其結(jié)構(gòu)中存在金屬不飽和位點(diǎn),可選擇性吸附帶有負(fù)電荷的陰離子型染料分子[7]. MOMs材料通常是單金屬和單配體間的一對(duì)一配位構(gòu)型.最近有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,由于雙金屬的協(xié)同效應(yīng),含有雙金屬不飽和配位的MOMs材料提升了其選擇性和吸附容量,使其在吸附應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域有廣闊的發(fā)展前景[8-9].然而MOMs材料對(duì)陰離子染料的吸附是否同樣具有較好的選擇性和吸附容量仍然有待研究,以期為其應(yīng)用打下技術(shù)和理論支撐.
作為典型的陰離子染料, 剛果紅可與金屬陽(yáng)離子產(chǎn)生陰陽(yáng)離子配位作用,進(jìn)而形成選擇性吸附效應(yīng).Cu-BTC(典型的羧酸配體類MOMs)骨架中的Cu(II)具有不飽和配位,可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)剛果紅的選擇定位吸附.另外,性質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)相似的金屬不飽和配位點(diǎn),會(huì)產(chǎn)生多金屬協(xié)同配位效應(yīng).這種效應(yīng)是指摻雜多種金屬產(chǎn)生的復(fù)合疊加性能高于其任何一種或兩性能種成分所具有的功能.因此,含有三金屬離子的Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC材料,三金屬離子與陰離子型剛果紅分子間會(huì)產(chǎn)生吸附協(xié)同效應(yīng).這種效應(yīng)是基于源自混雜配位能力高于一種活性金屬;或是多金屬給質(zhì)子位置的疊加效應(yīng);或是材料顆粒上表面細(xì)微差異導(dǎo)致電子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化[2,7].基于此,為了進(jìn)一步提高選擇性和吸附容量,本文以均苯三甲酸(H3BTC)為單一配體,選用元素周期表上與Cu(II)相鄰的Ni(II)和Zn(II) 金屬離子部分替代Cu-BTC骨架上的Cu(II), 水熱合成Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/Cu-BT.研究對(duì)比3種MOMs材料對(duì)典型的剛果紅陰離子染料的吸附性能,為深度凈化印染廢水提供新思路.
Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的制備參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的水熱合成技術(shù)[7-9],3種材料合成方法相似,不同之處在于金屬離子源的摻雜.例如,合成Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟如圖1所示.
圖1 Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的合成過程
剛果紅與去離子水按一定質(zhì)量比配成模型廢水,將容量瓶定容為50~750mg/L一系列不同初始濃度的模型廢水.運(yùn)用紫外分光光度計(jì)(Thermo Fisher Evolution 300PC)在波長(zhǎng)496nm,外標(biāo)法測(cè)定平衡后剛果紅濃度.
靜態(tài)吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟如圖2所示,根據(jù)式(1)計(jì)算出平衡吸附量e.
式中:qe為平衡吸附量,mg/g;C0為模型廢水中剛果紅初始濃度,mg/L;Ce為吸附飽和時(shí)剛果紅的平衡濃度,mg/L;V為模型廢水用量,mL;m為Zn/ Ni/Cu-BTC用量,mg.相同實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下,重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)3次,取平均值.
在-196℃條件下,Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的氮?dú)馕摳降葴鼐€如圖3所示.在低壓區(qū),氮?dú)馕降葴鼐€是一個(gè)快速上升的過程,在相對(duì)壓力0.1時(shí)就基本達(dá)到平衡.根據(jù)國(guó)際純粹與應(yīng)用化學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)規(guī)定,3種MOMs材料氮?dú)馕角€形狀相同,均為典型的I型吸脫附等溫線.在結(jié)構(gòu)中摻雜了Zn(II)、Ni(II)2種金屬離子后,多金屬M(fèi)OFs材料仍然具有超過1000m2/g的比表面積,為剛果紅分子提供了容量空間. 3種材料的結(jié)構(gòu)信息如表1所示.
圖3 Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/Cu-BT的氮?dú)馕摳降葴鼐€
表1 3種MOFs的結(jié)構(gòu)信息
Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的掃描電鏡圖及各元素組成的掃描電鏡能譜結(jié)果如圖4和表2所示.結(jié)果表明,Zn和Ni的引入并沒有改變材料的結(jié)構(gòu),仍然是正八面體結(jié)構(gòu).這也與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的SEM表征結(jié)果一致[9]. Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC中含有15.5wt%的Zn,17.8wt%的Ni和19.3wt%的Cu,證明此材料具有三金屬特征.
圖4 Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC掃描電鏡
表2 掃描電鏡能譜各元素組成
圖5 Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的XRD譜圖
單金屬Cu-BTC、雙金屬Ni/Cu-BTC和三金屬Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的XRD表征結(jié)果如圖5所示,當(dāng)添加Zn和Ni后,Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的特征峰出峰位置沒有發(fā)生變化,晶胞參數(shù)基本一致(===26.353± 0.001).由于Zn(II)、Ni(II)與Cu(II)離子半徑大小相近,所以當(dāng)摻雜Ni(II)和Zn(II)后,只是部分代替了Cu(II)與配體配位組合,不影響其晶體結(jié)構(gòu),與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[8-9].
剛果紅染料在Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC表面上的吸附受多種因素綜合影響,主要有以下幾點(diǎn).第一,根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,剛果紅分子尺寸的長(zhǎng)寬高分別為2.29nm× 0.82nm×0.60nm[2],Cu-BTC具有3種孔籠結(jié)構(gòu),分別是直徑為0.9nm的方形主孔穴,直徑為0.5nm的孔籠,以及二者之間的0.35nm貫通孔籠[7],從篩分的角度看,部分剛果紅染料分子可以以“竹竿”式吸附擴(kuò)散進(jìn)入Cu-BTC的主孔籠.第二,暴露于表面的金屬簇的不飽和點(diǎn)位會(huì)與陰離子剛果紅產(chǎn)生配位吸附作用.第三,剛果紅分子結(jié)構(gòu)中含有苯環(huán),Zn/Ni/Cu- BTC結(jié)構(gòu)中也含有大量苯環(huán),彼此之間會(huì)產(chǎn)生π-π共軛的吸附作用.
圖6 pH值對(duì)Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC表面Zeta電位的影響
此外,在pH=2~12范圍內(nèi),通過對(duì)Zn/Ni/Cu- BTC表面的Zeta電位進(jìn)行測(cè)試,結(jié)果如圖6所示.剛果紅的酸度系數(shù)pa=4.1[2],屬于中強(qiáng)度酸較容易電離出H+.在pH值小于4時(shí),剛果紅染料在Zn/Ni/Cu- BTC表面上的吸附除了受到以上3種吸附效應(yīng)影響外,還受到Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC表面帶少量正電荷與陰離子型的剛果紅染料分子間產(chǎn)生靜電吸附作用的影響;隨著pH值的增加,Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC表面為負(fù)電荷,與陰離子型剛果紅產(chǎn)生靜電排斥作用,降低了剛果紅染料分子在Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC表面上的吸附作用強(qiáng)度,因此吸附量隨著pH值的增加明顯降低,從pH=2時(shí)的1250mg/g降低到pH=12時(shí)的950mg/g(圖7),但是仍然具備一定的吸附容量.
圖7 pH值對(duì)剛果紅染料分子在Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC上吸附量的影響
Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC樣品在合成過程中,由于空間位阻等原因,金屬離子除了與均苯三甲酸配體配位以外,還會(huì)結(jié)合一些小的溶劑分子來滿足其配位數(shù)的要求,如水和DMF等.當(dāng)合成的樣品Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC在真空氛圍下加熱一段時(shí)間后,這些小分子就會(huì)從骨架中排出,金屬離子的配位就成不飽和狀態(tài),骨架結(jié)構(gòu)仍然穩(wěn)定,這意味著Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC材料具有發(fā)生陰陽(yáng)電荷作用的吸附位[1-2].圖8為常溫常壓條件下(25℃和1atm),剛果紅染料分子在Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC上的吸附等溫線.由圖8可知,由于金屬間的協(xié)同作用, 剛果紅在三金屬吸附材料Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC的吸附容量為1250mg/g,比單金屬和雙金屬吸附材料Cu-BTC(630mg/g)和Ni/Cu- BTC(1065mg/g)分別高98.4%和17.2%.3種材料吸附容量的順序?yàn)閆n/Ni/Cu-BTC>Ni/Cu-BTC>Cu-BTC.采用Langmuir和Freundlich等溫吸附模型對(duì)圖6數(shù)據(jù)擬合.Langmuir等溫吸附模型公式見表3[10-11].
為進(jìn)一步分析Langmuir等溫吸附模型,引入一個(gè)無(wú)量綱的常數(shù)–分離因數(shù)(L).L利用公式(2)計(jì)算[11]:
式中:0為模型廢水中剛果紅的初始濃度,mg/L.根據(jù)L的數(shù)值大小,可將Langmuir等溫吸附模型分為4類:(i)0
表3 不同的吸附等溫模型及其線性形式
注:e為平衡吸附容量,mg/g;L為L(zhǎng)angmuir常數(shù),L/mg;f為與吸附容量有關(guān)的Freundlich常數(shù);1/為與吸附強(qiáng)度有關(guān)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)系數(shù);e為平衡濃度,mg/L.
表4 3種MOMs吸附剛果紅的等溫吸附模型參數(shù)
由表4可知,其中Langmuir等溫吸附模型可以很好地描述Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC對(duì)剛果紅的吸附行為(相關(guān)系數(shù)2大于0.99).計(jì)算得到的L值均大于0小于1,1/值均大于0.1小于1,這說明了3種材料對(duì)剛果紅的吸附是優(yōu)惠吸附.根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[16-18]運(yùn)用惰性氣體(氦氣)保護(hù),高溫(400℃)吹掃,再用有機(jī)溶劑(乙醇)洗滌的方法,吸附飽和的吸附劑可以實(shí)現(xiàn)再生,再生容量RC大于92%.
式中RC代表再生容量,%;qr代表再生后的材料對(duì)剛果紅的吸附容量; qL代表材料的吸附容量.
由圖9可知,3種吸附材料對(duì)剛果紅的吸附量首先是一個(gè)迅速上升,之后達(dá)到吸附平衡.在相同的吸附時(shí)間條件下,Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC材料的吸附容量最大,1.5h基本達(dá)到平衡.3種MOFs材料對(duì)剛果紅是一個(gè)較快的吸附過程,多金屬的吸附速率大約是雙金屬的4倍、單金屬的10倍,雙金屬的吸附速率大約是單金屬的2.5倍.
圖9 Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC對(duì)剛果紅的吸附動(dòng)力學(xué)
采用準(zhǔn)一級(jí)和準(zhǔn)二級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)吸附模型對(duì)圖9的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行擬合.準(zhǔn)一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型的數(shù)學(xué)方程可表達(dá)為[19]:
式中:1為準(zhǔn)一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)速率常數(shù),1/min;為反應(yīng)時(shí)間,min;t和e分別為時(shí)刻和平衡時(shí)刻吸附劑對(duì)吸附質(zhì)的吸附量,mg/g.準(zhǔn)二級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型的數(shù)學(xué)方程可表達(dá)為[12]:
式中:2為準(zhǔn)二級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)速率常數(shù);g/(mg·min).分別以ln(e-t)對(duì)和/t對(duì)作圖,由直線的斜率和截距可以求出動(dòng)力學(xué)的理論平衡吸附容量e,cal和速率常數(shù)1、2的值,e,exp為實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)得的平衡吸附量,結(jié)果見表5.由表5可見,準(zhǔn)二級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型比準(zhǔn)一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)更適合用于描述3種材料對(duì)剛果紅的吸附過程.
表5 不同初始濃度條件下Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC吸附剛果紅的動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
此外,采用顆粒內(nèi)擴(kuò)散模型識(shí)別擴(kuò)散機(jī)制是否為吸附過程的速率限制步驟.顆粒內(nèi)擴(kuò)散模型的數(shù)學(xué)方程可表達(dá)為[20]:
式中:C為截距;ki為顆粒內(nèi)擴(kuò)散速率常數(shù),mg/ (g·min0.5).通過qt對(duì)t0.5的曲線是否線性并且通過原點(diǎn)來判斷顆粒內(nèi)擴(kuò)散機(jī)制是否唯一速率限制步驟 [21].圖10為Cu-BTC、Ni/Cu-BTC和Zn/Ni/ Cu-BTC吸附剛果紅的qt對(duì)t0.5曲線.由圖可見,3種材料對(duì)剛果紅的吸附過程可以分為3個(gè)階段:第1階段為快速的外表面吸附階段;第2階段為逐漸吸附階段,顆粒內(nèi)擴(kuò)散是該階段吸附過程的速率限制步驟;第3階段為最終平衡階段.第2階段的擬合曲線不通過原點(diǎn),這說明顆粒內(nèi)擴(kuò)散不是逐漸吸附階段唯一的速率限制步驟,逐漸吸附階段的速率限制步驟既包括液膜擴(kuò)散也包括顆粒內(nèi)擴(kuò)散[21].
式中:L為化學(xué)反應(yīng)平衡常數(shù),L/mol:是溶液體積, L;吸附劑質(zhì)量,g.根據(jù)公式(7)、(8)和(9)計(jì)算得到Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC吸附剛果紅的熱力學(xué)參數(shù)(表6).
表6 Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC吸附剛果紅的熱力學(xué)參數(shù)
由表6可知,當(dāng)反應(yīng)溫度為25,35,45℃時(shí),計(jì)算得到的Δo為負(fù)值,這說明Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC吸附剛果紅的過程是熱力學(xué)自發(fā)過程.Δo為正值,這說明Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC吸附剛果紅的過程是吸熱過程. 正值的Δo說明Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC吸附剛果紅增加了固/液界面上物質(zhì)的無(wú)序程度[7-8,15].
3.1 采用水熱合成法成功制備出三金屬單配體的多孔材料Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC.掃描電鏡、XRD和氮?dú)馕摳阶C明了其結(jié)構(gòu)與單雙金屬Cu-BTC和Ni/Cu- BTC基本一致.
3.2 具有多金屬協(xié)同效應(yīng)的Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC對(duì)剛果紅的吸附容量高于雙金屬和單金屬的Ni/Cu-BTC和Cu-BTC吸附劑.
3.3 準(zhǔn)二級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型和Langmuir吸附等溫模型較好描述了Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC對(duì)剛果紅的吸附過程.
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Enhanced adsorptive performance of Congo red by Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC.
ZHOU Yi-tian, XU Lu-yi, XU Li-wei, DAI Wei*
(College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)., 2019,39(5):2021~2027
Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC, a new porous material with three metals and one single-ligand, was synthesized by a hydrothermal synthesis method. The material was characterized by N2adsorption-desorption, SEM and XRD methods. Its adsorptive performance for anion Congo red was investigated at the normal pressure and temperature (25℃, 1ATM) with batch experiments. The result showed that the Congo red uptake capacity increased more than 98% from 630mg/g to 1250mg/g. The adsorption process of Congo red onto Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC could be effectively described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption model.
three metallic;Congo red;adsorption;Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC
X703.5
A
1000-6923(2019)05-2021-07
周溢甜(1997-),女,浙江杭州人,浙江師范大學(xué)應(yīng)用化學(xué)(國(guó)際化專業(yè))本科生,主要從事環(huán)境吸附材料的制備及其性能研究.
2018-10-22
浙江省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(LY19B060014);國(guó)家大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201910345029)
*責(zé)任作者, 教授, daiwei@zjnu.cn