黃玉霞
【摘要】 目的 探討非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥患者的臨床特點及影像學特點。方法 選取8例非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥患者作為研究對象, 動態(tài)觀察其臨床癥狀、實驗室及影像學檢查結(jié)果, 應用降糖藥物、多巴胺受體阻滯劑治療舞蹈樣癥狀, 觀察其預后。結(jié)果 入院時急查血糖8.56~34.30 mmol/L, 平均血糖(16.60±7.49)mmol/L。血漿滲透壓286.44~342.42 mOsm/L, 平均血漿滲透壓(302.15±6.35)mOsm/L;尿酮體除1例陽性(+)、第2天復查陰性外, 余均為陰性。舞蹈樣癥狀表現(xiàn):緊張會加重、安靜時會減輕、睡眠中消失。舞蹈側(cè)肢體肌張力增加、病理反射陽性者(腦梗死后遺癥)2例, 其余均未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)陽性體征。8例患者顱腦CT均表現(xiàn)為基底節(jié)區(qū)稍高密度影, CT值36~48 Hu。雙側(cè)受累2例, 患側(cè)肢體對側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)受累6例。殼核全部受累8例, 尾狀核頭同時受累4例。其中5例行頭磁共振成像(MRI)檢查, 基底節(jié)區(qū)均發(fā)現(xiàn)異常信號5例, 表現(xiàn)為患側(cè)肢體對側(cè)殼核、尾狀核或者兩側(cè)殼核、尾狀核T1高信號, 邊界清析, 無占位效應及水腫, 增強并無強化。3例于患病后2個月~1年復查顱腦CT或MRI, 顯示基底節(jié)區(qū)高密度影減低或消失, 而且并無軟化灶形成。所有患者均予活血化淤、營養(yǎng)神經(jīng)等藥物治療。血糖控制后舞蹈樣癥狀在2~3周以內(nèi)逐漸消失。結(jié)論 非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥影像學表現(xiàn)特異, 控制血糖可迅速改善病情, 預后良好。
【關鍵詞】 舞蹈癥性障礙;非酮癥高血糖;多巴胺受體阻滯劑
【Abstract】 Objective To discuss the clinical and imaging characteristics of nonketotic hyperglycemic chorea. Methods A total of 8 patients with non-ketotic hyperglycemic chorea were selected as the study subjects, and their clinical symptoms, laboratory and imaging findings were dynamically observed. Hypoglycemic drugs and dopamine receptor blockers were used to treat chorea-like symptoms, and the prognosis was observed. Results At admission, the blood glucose level was 8.56~34.30 mmol/L, with average blood glucose as (16.60± 7.49) mmol/L. Plasma osmotic pressure was 286.44~342.42 mOsm/L, with mean plasma osmotic pressure as (302.15±6.35) mOsm/L. The urine ketone body was negative except 1 case (+) positive on 1st day and negative on the 2nd day. Chorea-like symptoms: stress increases, quietness decreases, and sleep disappears. There were 2 cases with increased muscle tension and positive pathological reflex (sequelae of cerebral infarction) in the dancing limbs. No other positive signs of nervous system were found in the rest. CT findings of 8 patients were slightly high density in basal ganglia, with CT values 36 Hu~48 Hu. There were 2 cases of bilateral involvement, and 6 cases of involvement of the affected side of the basal ganglia. There were 8 cases of putamen involvement and 4 cases of caudate nucleus head involvement. The other 5 cases underwent head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Abnormal signals were found in basal ganglia in 5 cases, showing high signal intensity on T1 in contralateral putamen, caudate nucleus or bilateral putamen and caudate nucleus of the affected limbs, with clear boundary, no space-occupying effect and edema, and no enhancement. The CT or MRI findings of 3 patients at 2 months ~1 year after the onset of the disease showed that the basal ganglia had decreased or disappeared in high density, and no softening lesions were found. All patients were treated with drugs such as activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis and nourishing nerve. Choreoid symptoms gradually disappeared within 2~3 weeks after blood glucose control. Conclusion Nonketotic hyperglycemic chorea has specific imaging features. Controlling blood glucose can improve the condition rapidly and have a good prognosis.
【Key words】 Chorean disorder; Non-ketotic hyperglycemia; Dopamine receptor blockers
非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥患者大多糖尿病病史長且血糖控制不良, 部分為初發(fā)老年糖尿病患者。臨床表現(xiàn)多樣, 舞蹈癥是其較少見的臨床癥狀。發(fā)病機制迄今為止仍不十分清楚。本研究根據(jù)本院收治的8例非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥患者的臨床資料, 并結(jié)合相關文獻探討其臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學特點和治療效果, 報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1. 1 一般資料 選取2010年1月~2018年6月本院收治的8例非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥患者作為研究對象, 排除藥物或一氧化碳(CO)中毒、遺傳性舞蹈病、肝豆狀核變性、慢性酒精中毒等其他疾病。8例患者中男3例, 女5例, 年齡52~78歲, 平均年齡(65.8±5.5)歲。2例首次確診糖尿病, 6例糖尿病病史3~18年, 均血糖控制欠佳。5例患者既往腦梗死、高血壓病史, 病史7~12年。2例合并冠心病, 病程分別為4、6年。
1. 2 方法 動態(tài)觀察8例非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥患者的臨床癥狀、實驗室及影像學檢查, 應用降糖藥物、多巴胺受體阻滯劑治療舞蹈樣癥狀。
2 結(jié)果
2. 1 實驗室檢查 入院時急查血糖8.56~34.30 mmol/L, 平均血糖(16.60±7.49)mmol/L。血漿滲透壓286.44~342.42 mOsm/L, 平均血漿滲透壓(302.15±6.35)mOsm/L;尿酮體除1例陽性(+)、第2天復查陰性外, 余均為陰性。
2. 2 臨床表現(xiàn) 偏身舞蹈樣癥狀6例, 左側(cè)偏身舞蹈2例, 右側(cè)偏身舞蹈4例, 頭面部、口唇、舌亦受累2例。雙側(cè)舞蹈樣癥狀2例。僅上肢受累3例, 上下肢同時受累5例。舞蹈樣癥狀表現(xiàn):緊張會加重、安靜時會減輕、睡眠中消失。舞蹈側(cè)肢體肌張力增加、病理反射陽性者(腦梗死后遺癥) 2例, 其余均未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)陽性體征。
2. 3 影像學 8例患者均于就診后行顱腦CT檢查, 檢查時間距發(fā)病時間間隔3~18 d。8例患者顱腦CT均表現(xiàn)為基底節(jié)區(qū)稍高密度影, CT值36~48 Hu。雙側(cè)受累2例, 患側(cè)肢體對側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)受累6例。殼核全部受累8例, 尾狀核頭同時受累4例。其中5例行頭MRI檢查, 檢查時間距發(fā)病時間間隔4~25 d, 基底節(jié)區(qū)均發(fā)現(xiàn)異常信號5例, 表現(xiàn)為患側(cè)肢體對側(cè)殼核、尾狀核或者兩側(cè)殼核、尾狀核T1高信號, 邊界清析, 無占位效應及水腫, 增強并無強化。3例于患病后 2個月~1年復查顱腦CT或MRI, 顯示基底節(jié)區(qū)高密度影減低或消失, 而且并無軟化灶形成。
2. 4 治療及預后 5例患者使用胰島素治療;1例患者因原治療方案血糖控制好未予以調(diào)整;2例患者因家屬不同意使用胰島素, 故予口服降糖藥治療。6例患者僅用氟哌啶醇(0.5~2.0 mg, 3次/d口服)控制舞蹈樣癥狀;2例患者同時使用氟哌啶醇、硫必利(100 mg, 3次/d口服)治療。所有患者均予活血化淤、營養(yǎng)神經(jīng)等藥物治療。血糖控制后舞蹈樣癥狀在2~3周以內(nèi)逐漸消失。
3 討論
非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥影像學表現(xiàn)特異, 均表現(xiàn)為顱腦MRI T1基底節(jié)區(qū)尤其殼核呈高信號, 而且隨病情好轉(zhuǎn)T1高信號逐漸減弱或消失[1]。顱腦CT病初表現(xiàn)為高密度影, 可在短時間內(nèi)消失。本組患者影像學表現(xiàn)均符合上述特點。這種特異性影像學變化的病理生理機制目前仍不清楚。因大多數(shù)患者的特異性影像學表現(xiàn)在短時間內(nèi)減弱或消失, 故基底節(jié)區(qū)高信號不大可能是鈣化[2]。據(jù)起病急、CT紋狀體高密度、MRI T1高信號, 部分學者推測可能為斑片狀出血或梗死后出血[3]。最近1例尸檢報告認為可能是紋狀體區(qū)礦物質(zhì)沉積和微出血[4]。與常規(guī)血腫相比, 病變主要在殼核、尾狀核頭部、蒼白球, 內(nèi)囊、丘腦等結(jié)構(gòu)并未受累, 無水腫、占位效應, 部分患者雙側(cè)同時受累, MRI T1高信號持續(xù)時間較長, 上述因素均不支持出血性病變。Wintermark等[5]認為高血糖或高滲透壓引起急性殼核內(nèi)白質(zhì)不同程度的華勒變性, 導致蛋白質(zhì)脫水, 從而引起上述影像學變化。Mestre等[6]認為長期血糖控制不佳導致血-腦屏障功能障礙, 深部灰質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)中毛細血管內(nèi)紅細胞經(jīng)血管壁漏出引起斑點狀出血, 這可能是與常規(guī)血腫影像學表現(xiàn)不同的原因。
絕大多數(shù)非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥患者預后較好, 僅少數(shù)臨床癥狀持續(xù)存在[7, 8]。主要治療方案為控制血糖, 血糖控制后臨床癥狀通常會明顯好轉(zhuǎn)甚至消失[9]。Branea等[10]報道1例患者血糖水平與舞蹈樣癥狀評定量表分值呈正相關, 證明血糖水平與舞蹈樣癥狀呈正相關。臨床醫(yī)生常用多巴胺受體拮抗劑控制舞蹈樣癥狀, 如奮乃靜、氟哌啶醇等, 療效不佳者可合用氯硝西泮、地西泮。因多巴胺受體拮抗劑會導致遲發(fā)性運動障礙, 治療方案應個體化。
綜上所述, 非酮癥高血糖、舞蹈病、顱腦MRI T1基底節(jié)區(qū)高信號是非酮癥高血糖性舞蹈癥的特異性臨床表現(xiàn), 該病雖發(fā)病率低, 但臨床表現(xiàn)特異, 正規(guī)診治預后良好, 應引起廣大臨床醫(yī)生的重視。
參考文獻
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[收稿日期:2018-11-27]