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長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA調(diào)控乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的研究進(jìn)展

2019-07-17 04:46張?zhí)祗?/span>寧勇
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2019年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:侵襲分子機(jī)制細(xì)胞增殖

張?zhí)祗? 寧勇

摘要:乳腺癌是女性最常見(jiàn)的疾病之一,由于本身的復(fù)雜性和異質(zhì)性,使其仍然是公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的一大難題。近幾年來(lái)隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)受到了廣泛的關(guān)注。大量研究表明,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA由于其關(guān)鍵的生物調(diào)控功能,在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用。盡管長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的具體分子機(jī)制尚未完全明確,但最近的研究表明,許多長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在多種腫瘤中表達(dá)異常,其中包括乳腺癌。本文主要對(duì)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA與乳腺癌的最新研究進(jìn)行了綜述,并進(jìn)一步探索長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在影響乳腺癌增殖、凋亡、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移中的分子機(jī)制。

關(guān)鍵詞:長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA;乳腺癌;分子機(jī)制;細(xì)胞增殖,侵襲;轉(zhuǎn)移;凋亡

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R737.9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.12.014

文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2019)12-0040-06

Abstract:Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases in women. Due to its complexity and heterogeneity, it is still a major problem in the field of public health. In recent years, with the development of technology, long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has received extensive attention. A large number of studies have shown that long-chain non-coding RNA plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors due to its key biological regulatory functions. Although the specific molecular mechanisms of long-chain non-coding RNA are not fully understood, recent studies have shown that many long-chain non-coding RNAs are abnormally expressed in a variety of tumors, including breast cancer. This article reviews the recent research on long-chain non-coding RNA and breast cancer, and further explores the molecular mechanism of long-chain non-coding RNA in affecting breast cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis.

Key words:Long-chain non-coding RNA;Breast cancer;Molecular mechanism;Cell proliferation; Invasion;Metastasis;Apoptosis

美國(guó)癌癥協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)表明,2018年美國(guó)新增癌癥1735350例,癌癥死亡609640例[1]。乳腺癌是全世界范圍內(nèi)的女性最常見(jiàn)的癌癥,其病死率居于第2位,僅次于肺癌[2]。其發(fā)病率有逐年上升的趨勢(shì),對(duì)女性的身心健康有嚴(yán)重的危害。盡管近20年來(lái),乳腺癌的早期診斷和治療方面取得了較大的進(jìn)展,但乳腺癌仍然是一個(gè)重大的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題。隨著下一代測(cè)序技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,有研究表明,至少75%的人類(lèi)基因組被轉(zhuǎn)錄成RNA,但是只有不到2%的轉(zhuǎn)錄本被翻譯成蛋白質(zhì)[3]。這些不編碼蛋白質(zhì)的RNA稱(chēng)為非編碼RNA,根據(jù)其長(zhǎng)度可分為長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA和短鏈非編碼RNA。短鏈非編碼RNA長(zhǎng)度小于200個(gè)核苷酸,包括小干擾RNA、轉(zhuǎn)移RNA、微小RNA。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA長(zhǎng)度大于200個(gè)核苷酸,有時(shí)可以達(dá)到100 kb[4]。在過(guò)去的20年,短鏈非編碼RNA,尤其是微小RNA得到了廣泛的關(guān)注與研究,許多微小RNA的生物學(xué)功能已經(jīng)闡明[5]。然而,由于長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA通常被認(rèn)為是進(jìn)化“廢物”和轉(zhuǎn)錄“噪音”,目前對(duì)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的生物學(xué)功能的認(rèn)識(shí)是相當(dāng)有限的。在這篇文章中,我們將回顧長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在人類(lèi)癌癥,特別是在乳腺癌中的生物學(xué)作用。

1長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的定義和分類(lèi)

長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA是一類(lèi)長(zhǎng)度為200 nt~100 kb,缺少開(kāi)放閱讀框的內(nèi)源性RNA分子?;谒鼈兊奈稽c(diǎn),特性以及與相鄰基因的關(guān)系,可將其分為六類(lèi):①基因間長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA[6];②內(nèi)含子長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA[7];③雙向長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA[8-10];④反義長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA[11];⑤重疊長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA[12];⑥微小RNA宿主長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA[13]。

2長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的功能

長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA缺乏顯著的開(kāi)放閱讀框和編碼蛋白質(zhì)的功能,它以RNA的形式參與表觀遺傳水平、轉(zhuǎn)錄水平和轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平的基因表達(dá)調(diào)控。

2.1轉(zhuǎn)錄水平 ?①長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA可以作為信號(hào)分子或誘導(dǎo)物質(zhì)促進(jìn)或抑制基因表達(dá)[14];②長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA可以作為支架分子,通過(guò)在特定位點(diǎn)組裝染色質(zhì)修飾復(fù)合物調(diào)控基因表達(dá)[15];③長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA可以作為miRNA的分子海綿(又稱(chēng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性?xún)?nèi)源性RNA),逆轉(zhuǎn)了miRNA對(duì)靶基因的抑制[16]。同樣的,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在惡性乳腺腫瘤中也可能作為miRNA的分子海綿發(fā)揮作用。Feng W[17]等研究表明,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA KCNQ1OT1作為miR-145的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性?xún)?nèi)源性RNA,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)miR-145的靶基因細(xì)胞周期蛋白E2(CCNE2)的表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。

2.2轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平 ?長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA通過(guò)與mRNA形成雙鏈RNA[18],或者通過(guò)結(jié)合來(lái)調(diào)控蛋白的穩(wěn)定性。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA ATB通過(guò)結(jié)合IL-11 mRNA和刺激信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)與活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3(STAT3)信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸癌惡化。在三陰性乳腺癌中,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA PVT1與鋅指蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄因子5(KLF5)蛋白結(jié)合并增加其穩(wěn)定性[19]。此外,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA還是miRNA的前體物質(zhì)。據(jù)報(bào)道,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA H19是miR-675的前體[20]。

2.3表觀遺傳學(xué)水平 ?①長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA通過(guò)調(diào)控下游基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域的DNA甲基化,使其沉默[21];②長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA通過(guò)與組蛋白修飾因子協(xié)同作用改變組蛋白的甲基化、乙?;蚍核鼗痆22];③長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA可以直接與染色質(zhì)修飾復(fù)合物結(jié)合,重建染色質(zhì)或改變其構(gòu)象,調(diào)控靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄。值得注意的是,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA發(fā)揮作用的分子機(jī)制遠(yuǎn)比想象的更靈活[23]。

3長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在乳腺癌中的功能

長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在各種腫瘤中都發(fā)揮著重要的作用,尤其是在乳腺癌中。許多長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在乳腺癌中異常表達(dá)例如:長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNAMALAT1[24],長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNADANCR[25],長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNAPDCD4-AS1[26]等。在乳腺癌中,一部分長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA發(fā)揮著促癌基因的作用,例如ARNILA[27]、Lnc015192[28]、ITGB2-AS1[29]、NEAT1[30]、AC026904.1[31]這些長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA促進(jìn)了乳腺癌的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,GACAT3[32]、PVT1[19]則對(duì)乳腺癌的生長(zhǎng)增值具有促進(jìn)作用,CHET1[33]、TUG1[34]對(duì)乳腺癌的生長(zhǎng)增殖和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移都具有促進(jìn)作用;另外一部分長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA則發(fā)揮著抑癌基因的作用,例如ANCR[35]、MEG3[36]、PTENP1[37]、MAGI2-AS3[38]、XIST[39,40]、PDCD4-AS1[26]這些長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA抑制了乳腺癌的惡性進(jìn)程。

3.1長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)增殖 ?癌細(xì)胞的增殖是由多種信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)的[41]。最近的研究表明,多種長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA通過(guò)激活或者抑制乳腺癌中特定的信號(hào)通路來(lái)介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)增殖[41,42]。

3.1.1 Akt信號(hào)通路 ?Akt信號(hào)通路參與抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,刺激細(xì)胞增殖等多種生物反應(yīng)[43]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),H19是一種致癌基因,其長(zhǎng)度為2.3 kb,并由母體等位基因編碼,H19能驅(qū)使miR-675下調(diào)c-Cb1和Cb1-b蛋白,激活表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)和c-Met的表達(dá),從而激活A(yù)kt信號(hào)通路,使乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖得到促進(jìn)[44]。Zhang CY[45]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA MEG3的過(guò)表達(dá)不僅導(dǎo)致乳腺癌細(xì)胞G0/G1期阻滯,還通過(guò)下調(diào)Akt信號(hào)通路抑制乳腺癌小鼠模型的腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。此外,Chen S[46]等研究表明,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA PTENP1通過(guò)下調(diào)絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和Akt信號(hào)通路抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖。

3.1.2 MAPK信號(hào)通路 ?絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是絲氨酸-蘇氨酸激酶家族的一部分,廣泛參與細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、遷移、衰老和凋亡[47]。乳腺癌中,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA CAMTA1通過(guò)結(jié)合miR-20b,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)抑制其對(duì)MAPK激活劑表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(VEGF)的抑制作用,從而促進(jìn)了人乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖[48]。同時(shí),Wang L[49]等在4種乳腺癌亞型中發(fā)現(xiàn)了12~44個(gè)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼介導(dǎo)的交叉通路,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA LIFR-AS1是一種腫瘤抑制因子,通過(guò)調(diào)控IL1R和TGFBR的表達(dá),進(jìn)而激活MAPK信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖。Peng WX[50]等利用CRISPR/Cas9技術(shù)敲除MCF-7細(xì)胞中的linc-ROR,并發(fā)現(xiàn)linc-ROR能促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞中雌激素獨(dú)立生長(zhǎng)并激活MAPK通路。

3.1.3 Wnt信號(hào)通路 ?Wnt信號(hào)通路是一種高度保守的信號(hào)通路,可通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)途徑激活。前者在乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[51,52]。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA能與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)途徑中MYC和β-catenin等關(guān)鍵分子相互作用,從而激活Wnt信號(hào)通路。有研究表明,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA CCAT2是一種定位于8q24的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA,在乳腺癌組織和乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中均顯著上調(diào),CCAT2通過(guò)上調(diào)Wnt信號(hào)的主要下游效應(yīng)器β-catenin促進(jìn)乳腺癌的生長(zhǎng)增殖[53]。此外,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA CRNDE乳腺癌中通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)抑制miR-136激活Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào),從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖[54]。

3.1.4 MYC信號(hào)通路 ?原癌基因MYC能激活參與細(xì)胞周期、細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和血管生成的各種下游基因[55]。Wang Z[56]等觀察到長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA EPIC1通過(guò)與MYC相互作用,并增強(qiáng)其與幾個(gè)靶基因的結(jié)合促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程和增殖。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA SNHG12在三陰性乳腺癌中高表達(dá),且與腫瘤大小和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān)。此外,SNHG12是MYC的直接靶基因,沉默SNHG12表達(dá)可抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖[57]。

3.1.5其他信號(hào)通路 ?Li J[58]等發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA ASAH2B-2可以抑制mTOR信號(hào)通路,從而抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。同時(shí),研究表明bcl-2家族成員bcl-w可以促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲,位于HOX基因位點(diǎn)的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA HOTAIR,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)miR-206介導(dǎo)的bcl-w信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)乳腺癌以及其他癌癥細(xì)胞的增殖[59]。

3.2長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲 ?轉(zhuǎn)移癌癥的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移是指原發(fā)腫瘤細(xì)胞通過(guò)血液或淋巴細(xì)胞的途徑擴(kuò)散到遠(yuǎn)處的次生器官然后再增殖的多步驟過(guò)程,其導(dǎo)致了超過(guò)90%的癌癥死亡[60]。以下列出了長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的幾條通路。

3.2.1 STAT3信號(hào)通路 ?STAT3的激活在多種癌癥轉(zhuǎn)移中起著重要作用[61]。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA HOTAIR在多種腫瘤中均上調(diào),尤其是在乳腺癌中[62]。miR-7是STAT3以及乳腺癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)因子,研究表明,HOTAIR通過(guò)間接抑制miR-7的表達(dá)激活STAT3信號(hào)通路,從而促進(jìn)促進(jìn)乳腺癌的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[63]。此外,在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中,lnc-BM通過(guò)促進(jìn)ICAM1和CCL2的STAT3依賴(lài)性表達(dá),促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的腦轉(zhuǎn)移[64]。

3.2.2 NF-κB信號(hào)通路 ?NF-κB是在腫瘤微環(huán)境下,炎癥與腫瘤之間的重要聯(lián)系分子[65]。Liu B[66]等研究表明,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA NKILA做為一種腫瘤抑制因子,通過(guò)結(jié)合NF-κB并抑制NF-κB信號(hào)通路,調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。另一研究表明,在乳腺癌中,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA NKILA通過(guò)阻斷NF-κB信號(hào)通路,抑制上皮間質(zhì)化, 從而抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[67]。

3.2.3 TGF-β信號(hào)通路 ?轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)是一種多功能細(xì)胞因子。TGF-β信號(hào)通路有助于調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖分化、細(xì)胞凋亡、侵襲、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)生產(chǎn)、血管生成和免疫反應(yīng)等細(xì)胞活動(dòng)[68]。在乳腺癌中,TGF-β信號(hào)通路具有兩面性,在乳腺癌早期,它能抑制上皮細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程并促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡;然而,在晚期它作為一種致癌基因,促進(jìn)腫瘤的進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移[69]。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA ANCR通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)TGF-β信號(hào)通路,抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)化的進(jìn)程和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[70]。此外,研究表明,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA HIT,是一種新的乳腺癌相關(guān)的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA,其對(duì)TGF-β介導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移具有顯著的促進(jìn)作用[71]。

3.3長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA參與乳腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡 ?細(xì)胞凋亡是正常組織發(fā)育所必須的程序性細(xì)胞死亡,細(xì)胞凋亡的失調(diào)促使腫瘤的發(fā)生。研究表明,許多長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA與乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)[72]。

3.3.1 p53信號(hào)通路 ?p53是一種腫瘤抑制蛋白,調(diào)節(jié)多種參與細(xì)胞凋亡、生長(zhǎng)停滯和抑制細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展和分化的基因的表達(dá)[73]。而有研究表明,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA是參與p53信號(hào)通路的關(guān)鍵成分[74]。p53介導(dǎo)的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA GUARDIN能維持乳腺癌生長(zhǎng),并抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡[75]。此外,位于染色體11q13.1的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA MALAT1,通過(guò)與SIRT1和DBC1競(jìng)爭(zhēng)p53結(jié)合,調(diào)控p53的乙酰化,從而減少乳腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡[76]。

3.3.2 Caspase信號(hào)通路 ?半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特異性蛋白酶(caspases)是一類(lèi)由于細(xì)胞凋亡而協(xié)同作用的半胱氨酸蛋白酶[77]。Chen DQ[78]等發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA LINC00628在乳腺癌中顯著下調(diào),LINC00628過(guò)表達(dá)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期G0/G1期阻滯,并通過(guò)調(diào)控caspase-3、Bax、Bcl-2的表達(dá)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。TUG1是一種參與多種癌癥進(jìn)展的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA。Li T[79]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TUG1的下調(diào)可增加caspase-3和caspase-9的活性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡。

4前景和挑戰(zhàn)

長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA從最初被認(rèn)為是轉(zhuǎn)錄噪音,到現(xiàn)在人們普遍認(rèn)為其在基因表達(dá)和腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用,經(jīng)歷了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA是人類(lèi)癌癥診斷,治療和預(yù)后的潛在靶點(diǎn)。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的異常表達(dá)與乳腺癌有關(guān)。與能編碼蛋白質(zhì)的信使RNA和人們所熟識(shí)的微小RNA不同,人們對(duì)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的認(rèn)識(shí)還處于初級(jí)階段,對(duì)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的認(rèn)識(shí)還有許多空白。首先,只有小部分的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA得到了研究。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的異常表達(dá)到底是腫瘤發(fā)生的原因還是結(jié)果,目前尚不明確;其次,隨著檢測(cè)到的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的數(shù)量增加,其在癌癥中的生物學(xué)功能和作用機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步挖掘;最后,盡管多項(xiàng)研究表明循環(huán)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA是多種類(lèi)型腫瘤的潛在生物標(biāo)志物,但是關(guān)于循環(huán)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在腫瘤中的研究才剛起步。要將循環(huán)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA作為腫瘤診斷,預(yù)后和治療的生物標(biāo)志物,仍需要進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的廣泛研究。

總之,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA的發(fā)現(xiàn)為癌癥的研究打開(kāi)了新世界的大門(mén),長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA可在癌癥的診斷,治療和預(yù)后方面發(fā)揮重要作用,使腫瘤患者受益。

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收稿日期:2019-3-12;修回日期:2019-3-21

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