蔣鵬飛 馬俊旭 彭俊 彭清華
[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)蠐螬提取物對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性兔視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞(RVO)不同時(shí)間窗的治療作用及其機(jī)制。 方法 將40只兔隨機(jī)分為四組:A組、B組、C組、D組,每組10只兔20只眼。除A組外,其余三組均用光化學(xué)動(dòng)力法建立RVO動(dòng)物模型,A、B組以生理鹽水5 mL/kg灌胃,C組以復(fù)方血栓通混懸劑5 mL/kg灌胃,D組以蠐螬提取物1.5 mL/kg灌胃。給藥后1、3周行熒光素眼底血管造影(FFA)計(jì)算無(wú)灌注區(qū)面積和視盤面積的比值,行HE染色觀察視網(wǎng)膜形態(tài)學(xué),采用免疫組化法檢測(cè)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-9的表達(dá)量。 結(jié)果 FFA檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示:造模后1、3周,C、D組無(wú)灌注區(qū)面積和視盤面積的比值均明顯低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。視網(wǎng)膜切片光鏡觀察結(jié)果顯示:B組在造模后1周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫,細(xì)胞排列較亂,尚無(wú)新生血管索,在造模后3周,出現(xiàn)大量的新生血管索;C組在造模后1周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫,細(xì)胞排列紊亂,在造模后3周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫減輕,無(wú)新生血管索;D組在造模后1周,視網(wǎng)膜組織細(xì)胞排列大致清晰,在造模后3周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫減輕,無(wú)新生血管索。MMP-9免疫組化結(jié)果示:各組MMP-9表達(dá)均上調(diào),D組表達(dá)最弱,C組次之,B組表達(dá)最強(qiáng),其中B、C、D組MMP-9表達(dá)均明顯高于A組,但C、D組MMP-9表達(dá)均明顯低于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。結(jié)論 蠐螬提取物能改善視網(wǎng)膜缺血缺氧的狀態(tài),抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)性RVO模型中MMP-9的表達(dá)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞;蠐螬提取物;基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9;新生血管
[中圖分類號(hào)] R774.1 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)05(c)-0008-04
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of white grub extract on experimental rabbits with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in different time windows. Methods Forty rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A, group B, group C, group D, with 10 rabbits and 20 eyes in each group. Except for group A, photochemical kinetic method was used to establish RVO animal model in the other three groups. Group A and B were intragastrically administered with 5 mL/kg of normal saline. Group C was intragastrically administered with 5 mL/kg of Compound Xueshuantong Suspension, and group D was intragastrically administered with 1.5 mL/kg of white grub extract. After administration for 1 and 3 weeks, fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) was examined to calculate to the ratio of area of non-perfusion area and area of optic disk, HE staining was used to observe the retinal morphology, immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Results The results of FFA test showed that the ratio of area of non-perfusion area and area of optic disk in group C and D was significantly lower than that of group B after modeling for 1 week and 3 weeks, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The results of light microscopy of retinal sections showed that in group B, 1 week after modeling, the retinal tissue was edematous, the cells were arranged in disorder, and there was no new vascular cord, after 3 weeks of modeling, a large number of neovascular cords appeared; in group C, 1 week after modeling, the retinal tissue was edematous, the cells were arranged in disorder, 3 weeks after modeling, the edema of retinal tissue was reduced, there was no neovascular cord; in group D, 1 week after modeling, the retinal tissue cells were roughly arranged, 3 weeks after modeling, the edema of retinal tissue was reduced, there was no neovascular cord. The results of MMP-9 immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of MMP-9 was up-regulated in each group, group D was the weakest, followed by group C, and group B was the strongest, the expression of MMP-9 in group B, C and D was higher than that of group A, while the expression of MMP-9 in group C and D was lower than that of group B, the differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion White grub extract can improve the state of retinal ischemia and hypoxia and inhibit the expression of MMP-9 in the experimental RVO model.
[Key words] Retinal vein occlusion; White grub extract; Matrix metalloproteinase-9; Neovascular
視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞(retinal vein occlusion,RVO)病程冗長(zhǎng),治療困難,尚無(wú)特效療法,新生血管(RNV)是RVO的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥。蠐螬可治療目疾,并有破血、行瘀、散結(jié)、明目之功效,前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蠐螬提取物可促進(jìn)RVO出血的吸收,抑制RNV[1-2],為明確其機(jī)制,本研究通過(guò)建立RVO的動(dòng)物模型,探討蠐螬對(duì)RNV的作用機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 ?選用40只健康實(shí)驗(yàn)性兔,SPF級(jí),雌雄兼用,體重1.8~2.3 kg(湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供,合格證號(hào):湘醫(yī)動(dòng)字第30-015號(hào)),飼養(yǎng)在湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)樓動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心SPF級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)房,濕度50%~55%,室溫(23±2)℃,自由進(jìn)食進(jìn)水。
1.1.2 主要實(shí)驗(yàn)藥品和試劑 ?蠐螬提取物,制備參考陽(yáng)長(zhǎng)明等[3]的方法;復(fù)方血栓通片(湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,批號(hào):Z19990022);水合氯醛(湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)病理實(shí)驗(yàn)室,批號(hào):H37022673);Bradford蛋白濃度測(cè)定試劑盒(江蘇碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所,批號(hào):P0006);羊抗兔二抗(武漢賽維爾生物科技有限公司,批號(hào):GB23303)。
1.1.3 主要實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器 ?電子秤(上海天平儀器廠,JY0001);眼科手術(shù)顯微鏡(蘇州醫(yī)療器械設(shè)備廠,YZZOT);凝膠成像系統(tǒng)[美國(guó),Bio-Rad(Gel Doc XR+)];臺(tái)式高速冷凍離心機(jī)(Thermo);水平搖床(北京六一儀器廠,WD-9405B);掃描儀(日本Canon,9000F MarkⅡ)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 動(dòng)物分組 ?將40只實(shí)驗(yàn)性兔依次編為1~40號(hào),通過(guò)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為A組、B組、C組、D組,每組10只動(dòng)物、20只眼。
1.2.2 造模方法 ?應(yīng)用光化學(xué)動(dòng)力法[4]制作實(shí)驗(yàn)性RVO模型,B、C、D組雙眼散瞳后,麻醉動(dòng)物,固定兔于裂隙燈前,安置三面鏡。激光器指示光斑定位于視盤邊緣的靜脈后,自耳緣靜脈緩慢推入20%熒光素鈉注射液(0.3 mL/kg),用倍頻Nd:YAG激光對(duì)雙側(cè)視網(wǎng)膜靜脈進(jìn)行照射,同時(shí)避開(kāi)伴行的動(dòng)脈,看到有明顯的遠(yuǎn)端靜脈擴(kuò)張時(shí)停止。
1.2.3 動(dòng)物給藥方法 ?A、B組:生理鹽水5 mL/kg灌胃;C組:復(fù)方血栓通0.1 g/kg溶于生理鹽水中制成混懸劑,5 mL/kg灌胃;D組:蠐螬提取物1.5 mL/kg灌胃。各組均為每日1次,持續(xù)至造模后3周,于造模后1、3周每組各隨機(jī)處死5只動(dòng)物。
1.2.4 取材方法 ?動(dòng)物耳緣靜脈注射空氣處死后,立即摘除眼球(包括球后視神經(jīng)2 mm),于角膜緣后0.5 mm處剪開(kāi)眼球壁,將眼球壁在手術(shù)顯微鏡下剝離激光斑部位視網(wǎng)膜,逐級(jí)酒精脫水,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,經(jīng)視乳頭顏側(cè)旁開(kāi)1 mm縱向做4 μm厚的切片,烘干備用。
1.3 熒光素眼底血管造影(FFA)
造模后1、3周對(duì)兔行FFA檢查,將1周和3周的FFA結(jié)果應(yīng)用Mias-2000型顯微圖象分析系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)測(cè)量無(wú)灌注區(qū)(non perfusion area,NPA)和視盤(optic disk,OD)的面積,并求出比值(S=N/D)[5],分為有無(wú)灌注區(qū)、無(wú)新生血管(甲類)和有無(wú)灌注區(qū)、有新生血管(乙類)。
1.4 HE染色觀察視網(wǎng)膜形態(tài)學(xué)
所取兔視網(wǎng)膜組織經(jīng)脫水浸蠟、二甲苯溶液脫蠟、無(wú)水乙醇洗蠟、乙醇浸泡、自來(lái)水洗、蘇木精染色、乙醇鹽酸分色、伊紅染色、乙醇分色脫水、二甲苯溶液透明、中性樹(shù)膠封片等步驟,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察并拍照。
1.5 免疫組化法檢測(cè)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-9的表達(dá)量
①制備蛋白樣品:所取兔視網(wǎng)膜組織塊稱量后剪碎、裂解,離心后取上清液,-20℃保存;②Bradford 法測(cè)定蛋白質(zhì)含量;③SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳;④轉(zhuǎn)膜:墊濾紙,鋪凝膠,去氣泡,加電轉(zhuǎn)移緩沖液;⑤抗體孵育和顯色;⑥圖像分析軟件IPP 6.0對(duì)圖像進(jìn)行灰度分析。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示。多組比較用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較用q檢驗(yàn)(S-N-K法),相關(guān)性分析用Bivariate分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 FFA檢查結(jié)果
A組未出現(xiàn)無(wú)灌注區(qū)與新生血管;造模后1周,B、C、D組均出現(xiàn)無(wú)灌注區(qū),但C、D組滲漏、出血較B組少,無(wú)灌注區(qū)面積和視盤面積的比值明顯低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);造模后3周,B組滲漏、出血的靜脈周圍無(wú)灌注區(qū)面積增大,并出現(xiàn)新生血管,C組滲漏、出血明顯減小,D組滲漏、出血基本吸收,C、D兩組無(wú)灌注區(qū)面積和視盤面積的比值明顯低于B組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 HE染色結(jié)果
A組:視網(wǎng)膜各層結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,排列正常(圖1A)。B組:造模后1周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫,細(xì)胞排列較亂,尚無(wú)新生血管索(圖1B);造模后3周,出現(xiàn)大量的新生血管索(圖1C)。C組:造模后1周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫,細(xì)胞排列紊亂(圖1D);造模后3周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫減輕,無(wú)新生血管索(圖1E)。D組:造模后1周,視網(wǎng)膜組織細(xì)胞排列大致清晰(圖1F);造模后3周,視網(wǎng)膜組織水腫減輕,無(wú)新生血管索(圖1G)。
2.3 MMP-9免疫組化結(jié)果
造模后1、3周,A組MMP-9表達(dá)量很少,B、C、D三組中B組MMP-9表達(dá)最強(qiáng),C組次之,D組MMP-9表達(dá)最弱,其中B、C、D組MMP-9表達(dá)均明顯高于A組,但C、D組MMP-9表達(dá)均明顯低于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。A、B、C組造模后1、3周組內(nèi)MMP-9表達(dá)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),D組造模后3周MMP-9表達(dá)明顯低于造模后1周,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表2、圖2(封三)。
3 討論
RVO發(fā)病率高,是僅次于糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變的第二大致盲性視網(wǎng)膜血管病[6-8],其發(fā)生機(jī)制目前尚不明了[9-12]?,F(xiàn)代藥理研究認(rèn)為,蠐螬對(duì)RVO的缺血視網(wǎng)膜組織有保護(hù)作用[1-2],能夠治療RVO所致的視網(wǎng)膜病理?yè)p傷。
MMPs家族包括多個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相似、能夠消化基質(zhì)和基膜的酶[13-17],RVO患者視網(wǎng)膜組織中MMP-9高度表達(dá)[18-20],視網(wǎng)膜缺血后,促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)會(huì)刺激MMP-9上調(diào),導(dǎo)致新生血管的發(fā)生。視網(wǎng)膜缺血后,再灌注損傷會(huì)引起視網(wǎng)膜炎癥,而MMP-9又是重要的炎性因子[21],MMP-9貫穿著RVO的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
本研究結(jié)果顯示:在正常視網(wǎng)膜組織中,MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)微弱。當(dāng)視網(wǎng)膜組織缺血缺氧時(shí),MMP-9蛋白顯著表達(dá)。而蠐螬提取物可明顯抑制MMP-9的表達(dá),降低其并發(fā)RNV的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)在其后的再灌注損傷中,又可通過(guò)抑制MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)達(dá)到抑制炎癥的目的,提示蠐螬提取物在視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞的治療中作用顯著,但其是否還可通過(guò)其他因子途徑達(dá)到治療RVO的作用還需要進(jìn)一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2018-10-09 ?本文編輯:張瑜杰)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2019年15期