林楠 呂鵬 趙歡 吳朝旭 王寅 曾志豪 侯麗 張雅月
[摘要] 逆轉(zhuǎn)白血病的多藥耐藥是白血病治療難點(diǎn),研究表明PTEN基因作為一種具有蛋白磷酸酶及脂質(zhì)磷酸酶雙特性活性的抑癌基因,在白血病干細(xì)胞(LSCs)中低表達(dá)、突變或缺失,通過多種信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞多藥耐藥,并參與細(xì)胞生長、分化、增殖。PTEN基因作為一種抑癌基因,有望為清除LSCs及逆轉(zhuǎn)白血病多藥耐藥提供新的靶點(diǎn)。本文將從PTEN基因通過抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路、FAK/P130cas信號(hào)通路及負(fù)調(diào)控PI3K/AKt/mToR信號(hào)通路等參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞生長、分化、增殖,以及在白血病多藥耐藥中的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] PTEN基因;PI3K/Akt;白血病干細(xì)胞;耐藥
[中圖分類號(hào)] R733.71 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)05(c)-0048-04
[Abstract] Reversing multidrug resistance in leukemia is challenging. Studies have shown that PTEN gene is a tumor suppressor gene with protein phosphatase and lipid phosphatase activities. PTEN gene participates in cell growth, differentiation and proliferation through various signalling pathways and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) show mutation, deletion or reduction in expression of the PTEN gene. As such, PTEN gene is a potential target for clearing LSCs and reversing multidrug resistance in leukemia. This paper analyzes the regulatory activity of PTEN gene on cell growth, differentiation and proliferation through inhibiting the MAPK, FAK/P130cas and PI3K/AKt/mToR signalling pathways, also reviews the recent advancements in the research on the role of PTEN gene in multidrug resistance in leukemia.
[Key words] PTEN gene; PI3K/Akt; Leukemia stem cells; Drug resistance
白血病是基因突變導(dǎo)致造血干細(xì)胞或祖細(xì)胞(hematopoietic stem cells or hematopoietic progenitors,HSCs或HPs)惡性增殖、分化障礙及凋亡/壞死阻滯的綜合結(jié)果。化療是治療白血病的有效手段,大部分患者首次化療后可獲得臨床完全緩解,但部分被患者經(jīng)常規(guī)化療方案緩解后易復(fù)發(fā),并對(duì)化療藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥[1]。白血病干細(xì)胞(LSCs)被認(rèn)為在白血病復(fù)發(fā)及耐藥中起重要作用,因生物學(xué)特性及自我保護(hù)機(jī)制,LSCs難以通過傳統(tǒng)化療藥物清除,導(dǎo)致LSCs數(shù)量相對(duì)富集。靶向清除LSCs能提高白血病治療效果,減少復(fù)發(fā),但LSCs與HSCs在生物特性及調(diào)控機(jī)制上存在相似處,靶向清除LSCs的同時(shí)對(duì)HSCs存在潛在毒性。TEN對(duì)LSCs和HSCs維持不同調(diào)節(jié)作用,為解決這一難題提供了新思路[2]。PTEN基因具有蛋白磷酸酶活性、脂質(zhì)磷酸酶活性及核內(nèi)定位調(diào)節(jié)為主的非磷酸酶依賴活性,可通過多種信號(hào)通路影響細(xì)胞生長、分化、黏附及細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[3-4]。研究顯示,在實(shí)體腫瘤瘤、造血系統(tǒng)腫瘤中,PTEN的缺失、突變、低表達(dá)與腫瘤不良預(yù)后及復(fù)發(fā)耐藥相關(guān),從PTEN探討治療白血病耐藥具有重要意義[5-6]。
1 PTEN結(jié)構(gòu)功能及在各信號(hào)通路中的作用概述
1.1 PTEN基因與蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)功能
PTEN基因是定位于染色體10q23.3區(qū)段唯一具有磷酸酯酶活性的腫瘤抑制基因。PTEN蛋白由403個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成,包括了3個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)功能區(qū):①N端具有磷酸酶活性,使磷脂酰肌醇3磷酸(PIP3)去磷酸化成為磷脂酰肌醇2磷酸(PIP2),負(fù)調(diào)控PI3k/Akt通路,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長;②C2區(qū)能保證PTEN蛋白穩(wěn)定性,介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)PTEN與細(xì)胞膜瞬間結(jié)合,保證PTEN發(fā)揮生物活性;③C末端為腫瘤易突變區(qū),包含2個(gè)PEST序列和1個(gè)PDZ結(jié)構(gòu)域,可以被不同的特異性激酶磷酸化,從而使其對(duì)PIP3的去磷酸化功能失活,使PTEN蛋白功能失活[5]。
1.2 PTEN負(fù)調(diào)控PI3K/AKt/mToR信號(hào)通路
當(dāng)生長因子等信號(hào)分子與細(xì)胞膜上受體結(jié)合時(shí),磷酸酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinosito1-3-Kinase,PI3K)活化,作用于膜內(nèi)表面的PIP2,產(chǎn)生PIP3、PIP3,激活A(yù)Kt和磷脂酰肌醇依賴性激酶1(phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1,PDK1),PI3K/AKt通路活化,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞進(jìn)入細(xì)胞周期分裂增殖,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[9]。雷帕霉素靶蛋白(target of rapamycin,mTOR)是G1期細(xì)胞周期蛋白合成的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,是PI3K/AKt下游效應(yīng)分子,可通過PI3K/AKt磷酸化被活化,介導(dǎo)下游信號(hào)S6K1及4E-BP1調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期運(yùn)行、細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡。PTEN可去除PIP3上磷酸根,拮抗PI3K,使底物去磷酸化,降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)PIP2及PIP3含量,阻斷PI3K/AKt通路,降低AKt活性,抑制mTOR激活。PI3K/AKt/mTOR通路在多種惡性腫瘤中活化,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、分化,而PTEN對(duì)PI3K/AKt/mTOR起負(fù)調(diào)控作用,發(fā)揮促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制腫瘤血管生成,逆轉(zhuǎn)腫瘤細(xì)胞耐藥作用[7]。
1.3 PTEN對(duì)NF-κB信號(hào)通路作用
NF-κB是一類具有多向轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)作用的核蛋白因子。靜息狀態(tài)下,與抑制蛋白IκB結(jié)合形成復(fù)合體固于胞漿內(nèi),當(dāng)受到如腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1(IL-1)、白介素-6(IL-6)等炎性分子,Bcl2、TRAF1、TRAF2等抗死亡基因外源刺激時(shí),IKK激酶復(fù)合物磷酸化IκB,NF-κB從NF-κB-IκB中釋放進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi),與DNA上的κB基序列相結(jié)合從而發(fā)揮轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控作用,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖及抗細(xì)胞凋亡。PTEN可拮抗IKK,減少IκB降解,使NF-κB牢固結(jié)合于NF-κB-IκB復(fù)合物,對(duì)NF-κB信號(hào)引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖及凋亡逃逸起負(fù)調(diào)控作用[8]。
1.4 PTEN抑制FAK/P130cas信號(hào)通路
聚集黏附激酶(FAK)是整合素介導(dǎo)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑中重要分子,抑制FAK可引起細(xì)胞失巢性凋亡,激活FAK可引起相關(guān)激酶活化,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長。P130cas是FAK下游信號(hào)分子,與FAk結(jié)合后,可介導(dǎo)FAK促進(jìn)細(xì)胞遷移。野生型PTEN可通過使FAK去磷酸化下調(diào)P130cas,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲、增殖、遷移,此外PTEN還可通過使FAK去磷酸化抑制PI3K活性,阻斷PI3K/PKB通路發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用[9]。
1.5 PTEN抑制MAPK信號(hào)通路
整合素可激活絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK),尤其是細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)與生長因子協(xié)同作用,參與細(xì)胞生長、分化、遷移。PTEN可選擇性抑制ERK激活,對(duì)ERK/MAPK起負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用[10]。
1.6 PTEN與p53通路相互作用
原癌基因mdm2蛋白是PI3K/AKt下游分子,被AKt磷酸化激活,進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核與p53結(jié)合,抑制p53轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。PTEN可抑制AKt活化,促使mdm2降解,促進(jìn)p53活化。而當(dāng)細(xì)胞損傷及發(fā)生突變時(shí),p53可誘導(dǎo)PTEN表達(dá),兩者相互作用可發(fā)揮促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡作用[10]。
2 PTEN與白血病
2.1 PTEN在白血病中異常表達(dá)
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌等實(shí)體瘤中均存在PTEN基因的突變、低表達(dá)或缺失,與部分腫瘤不良預(yù)后相關(guān)。在造血系統(tǒng)腫瘤中,PTEN基因及蛋白的突變與實(shí)體瘤相比發(fā)生較少,PTEN基因及蛋白的低表達(dá)及缺失常見[2-4]。Zayed等[11]研究證實(shí),初治AML患者PTEN mRNA表達(dá)量明顯低于正常人。Roman-Gomez等[12]對(duì)251例兒童ALL患者進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)20%的患者存在PTEN基因甲基化,引起PTEN基因沉默,認(rèn)為PTEN基因甲基化是評(píng)估患者預(yù)后的重要指標(biāo)。Cheong等[6]分離61例未經(jīng)治療的AMl患者的白血病細(xì)胞,應(yīng)用Western blot檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)其中45例(73.8%)患者PTEN C末端調(diào)控區(qū)存在磷酸化。pPTEN的磷酸化與年齡、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、FAB亞型或核型無關(guān)。PTEN的表達(dá)與總體生存率(OS)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有pPTEN表達(dá)的患者OS低于無pPTEN患者。在12個(gè)月生存期中,AML pPTENt陽性表達(dá)患者生存率為0.38個(gè)月,pPTEN陰性表達(dá)患者生存率為0.96個(gè)月。孫巨勇等[13]采用Real-time PCR和Western blot法檢測(cè)80例AML(包括56例初治患者、16例緩解患者、8例復(fù)發(fā)患者)及30例非血液病患者骨髓中PTEN及BCL-2的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)初治組和復(fù)發(fā)組患者骨髓細(xì)胞PTEN mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著低于對(duì)照組及緩解組,BCL-2 mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)量均顯著高于對(duì)照組及緩解組,PTEN及BCL-2參與AML的發(fā)生發(fā)展,對(duì)AML的化療效果起重要作用。
2.2 LSCs是白血病復(fù)發(fā)的根源
白血病細(xì)胞由LSCs、白血病祖細(xì)胞(leukemia progenitors,LPs)和相對(duì)較成熟的白血病細(xì)胞(leukemia blasts,LBs)組成。LSCs具有自我更新及多向分化特征,產(chǎn)生的LPs可增殖分化成白血病原始細(xì)胞,阻滯于不同分化階段,能被化療藥物作用。但大部分LSCs處于相對(duì)靜止的G0期,可通細(xì)胞膜表面分子、Wnt信號(hào)通路、PI3K/AKt信號(hào)通路及定位于特定的干細(xì)胞微環(huán)境,逃逸大多數(shù)細(xì)胞周期特異性細(xì)胞毒藥物的殺生,導(dǎo)致白血病干細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物產(chǎn)生耐藥。因此LSCs目前被認(rèn)為是白血病耐藥和復(fù)發(fā)的根源,靶向清除LSCs對(duì)白血病治療具有重要意義。但LSCs與HSCs在生物特性、調(diào)控機(jī)制上相似處,靶向清除LSCs的同時(shí)對(duì)HSCs存在潛在毒性。而PTEN基因?qū)SCs和HSCs維持不同調(diào)節(jié)作用,為解決這一難題提供了新思路[11-15]。
2.3 PTEN介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通路白血病多藥耐藥
Hales等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),在PTEN缺失的T-ALL患者中,50%患者存在Notch1激活突變,突變型的Notch1可活化活cMyc和PI3K/AKt/mTOR1,GSIs(γ-分泌酶抑制劑)可逆轉(zhuǎn)這一情況,從而達(dá)到對(duì)T-ALL治療的作用。抑制miRNA-21表達(dá)能誘導(dǎo)白血病細(xì)胞凋亡,增強(qiáng)白血病細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥敏感性,Meng等[17]證實(shí)PTEN為miRNA-21的靶基因之一,PTEN能抑制白血病細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲。吳共發(fā)等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)Western blot結(jié)果提示PTEN蛋白表達(dá)升高,而AKt表達(dá)水平降低,認(rèn)為抑制miRNA-21表達(dá)能抑制白血病細(xì)胞K562遷移和增殖功能,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,增加對(duì)化療藥物敏感性,這一作用可能是通過PTEN/AKt通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。臧玉柱等[19]研究PTEN對(duì)急性T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞增殖凋亡的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN能抑制急性T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)急性T淋巴細(xì)胞白血病細(xì)胞凋亡,Wnt信號(hào)通路及ROS水平可能是其作用機(jī)制之一。NF-κB在多種類型的血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤中均有持續(xù)活化,Bueso-Ramos等[20]研究證明,由于CML的幼稚細(xì)胞中內(nèi)在NF-κB的持續(xù)活化,導(dǎo)致了用酪氨酸激酶抑制劑STI571治療的8位CML患者耐藥和疾病的復(fù)發(fā),所以NF-κB的活化也是部分患者白血病細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物耐藥的直接原因。在B-CLL中。Furman等[21]的研究均發(fā)現(xiàn),NF-κB信號(hào)在B-CLL患者的淋巴細(xì)胞中持續(xù)活化研究表明NF-κB抑制劑可降低白血病細(xì)胞HL60AR對(duì)AS2O3耐藥。
2.4 PTEN在LSCs中的作用
Yilmaz等[22]通過敲除成人造血干細(xì)胞中PTEN基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN基因的缺失可引起LSCs的增殖,在數(shù)周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)可移植性白血病,而造血干細(xì)胞在PTEN缺失后不能長期存活,而正常造血干細(xì)胞在PTEN缺失后不能長期存活。其后Zhang等[23]證實(shí)骨髓HSCs中PTEN失活可通過引起HSC活化水平升高,促進(jìn)HSCs在細(xì)胞短期增殖,長期下降。因此PTEN基因作為抑癌基因?qū)SCs與正常HSC為雙向調(diào)節(jié)。Peng等[24]通過DNA微整列分析HSCs與LSCs全局基因表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)BCR-ABL可下調(diào)PTEN表達(dá),對(duì)Pten基因條件敲除小鼠轉(zhuǎn)錄BCR-ABL-iCRE-GFP和BCR-ABL-GFP,予以小鼠致死性輻照射,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN缺失會(huì)加速CML的發(fā)展,將伴有逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒BCR-ABL-PTEN-GFP及BCR-ABL-GFP野生型小鼠的骨髓細(xì)胞移植到受體小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN高表達(dá)可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期阻滯,促進(jìn)白血病細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)一步分離由BCR-ABL-PTEN-GFP及BCR-ABL-GFP誘導(dǎo)的CML小鼠的LSCs,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN的高表達(dá)可減少LSCs誘導(dǎo)的CML的發(fā)生。Huang等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN基因的缺失可引起LSCs中SP細(xì)胞比例增加,ABCG2(ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2)蛋白的下調(diào),在CML中,PTEN可抑制慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病干細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生,PTEN可通過抑制PI3K/Akt/mTor通路活化,下調(diào)SP細(xì)胞表達(dá) 。
3 展望
PTEN是一種作為抑癌基因,廣泛參與細(xì)胞生長、分化、增殖,大量研究證實(shí)PTEN可負(fù)調(diào)控多種信號(hào)通路抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移。LSCs是白血病復(fù)發(fā)的根源,徹底清除患者體內(nèi)LSCs是防止白血病復(fù)發(fā)的最終目標(biāo)。PTEN對(duì)于LSCs和HSC持不同調(diào)節(jié)作用,為靶向清除LSCs提供了可能性,通過對(duì)PTEN作用的信號(hào)通路深入研究及PTEN與LSCs的相互作用,有望為白血病的預(yù)防、療效的提高提供更新、更有效的靶點(diǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2018-09-28 ?本文編輯:張瑜杰)