郝石盟，張悅，黃唐子/HAO Shimeng, ZHANG Yue, HUANG Tangzi

作者單位：清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院

開(kāi)間更新

北京老城在歷經(jīng)若干輪的拆遷和騰退疏解后，仍將有大量原住居民主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)地選擇長(zhǎng)期居住于此（圖1、2），這部分居民面臨著兩個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題——高密度低質(zhì)量的居住環(huán)境和復(fù)雜化碎片化的房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)屬性?！伴_(kāi)間更新”就是在此語(yǔ)境下提出的一種老城微更新路徑，即在一開(kāi)間所限定的空間單元與產(chǎn)權(quán)單元內(nèi)，通過(guò)預(yù)制裝配式模塊的置入（包括衛(wèi)浴模塊、廚房模塊、收納模塊等），對(duì)生活核心功能進(jìn)行最大化集成；通過(guò)淺下挖以及搭建夾層，實(shí)現(xiàn)空間效率和居住品質(zhì)的提升。同時(shí)在院落內(nèi)置入公共品屬性的廚廁和收納模塊，用以置換現(xiàn)有院落中的居民自建房，建立院落公約并納入物業(yè)管理。隨著新一代老城居民生活方式的改變、人口密度的逐步降低，對(duì)這些模塊的需求量會(huì)逐漸降低并移除，恢復(fù)原有院落格局和較高的室外空間品質(zhì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性置換。

福綏境50號(hào)院試點(diǎn)

作為白塔寺再生計(jì)劃的一部分，“開(kāi)間更新”模式自2017年1月開(kāi)始在福綏境胡同50號(hào)院進(jìn)行了試點(diǎn)建設(shè)（圖3-6）。試點(diǎn)建設(shè)的意圖一是向周邊居民展示就地改善的可能性，二是調(diào)整設(shè)計(jì)中可能存在的問(wèn)題，三是對(duì)未來(lái)相關(guān)支持政策的制定進(jìn)行意見(jiàn)征詢。因此福綏境50號(hào)院從施工階段開(kāi)始就面向在地居民開(kāi)放參觀，并在2017年9月主體施工完成后至今，持續(xù)接待居民參觀、試住工作：在2017-2018北京設(shè)計(jì)周期間接待參觀達(dá)500人次，包括本地居民120戶以上，對(duì)37戶居民的訪談做了記錄備忘；示范院西開(kāi)間通過(guò)居民自愿申請(qǐng)的方式提供短期試住的機(jī)會(huì)（每輪試住為期一周），已先后有11戶共計(jì)22人次參與了短期試?。粬|開(kāi)間為一對(duì)年輕夫妻提供了長(zhǎng)期試住，通過(guò)試住過(guò)程居民反饋了豐富而有益的建議。同時(shí)項(xiàng)目組還對(duì)東開(kāi)間主要空間的室內(nèi)溫濕度進(jìn)行了為期一年的連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)，對(duì)改造后的室內(nèi)物理環(huán)境和舒適度進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)（圖7）。

環(huán)境性能測(cè)試

在保護(hù)老城傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)貌的同時(shí)，如何提升建筑的環(huán)境性能和居住的舒適性，是項(xiàng)目組期望通過(guò)福綏境50號(hào)院項(xiàng)目探討的一個(gè)重要議題。改造中增設(shè)了屋面保溫以提升熱工性能；提高了南向透明圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的比例，以增加自然采光和冬季被動(dòng)式得熱的機(jī)會(huì)；二層夾層在南北兩側(cè)留有自然通風(fēng)的路徑通過(guò)歷時(shí)近一年的環(huán)境現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)測(cè)證實(shí)了這些策略的有效性（圖8、9），但同時(shí)也發(fā)現(xiàn)仍待改進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)：夏季空氣溫度和濕度在二層夾層的頂部顯著增高，人在夾層空間站立時(shí)，可明顯感知頭部和腳部的溫度梯度，因此宜設(shè)置頂部自然通風(fēng)帶走溫度以及濕度的蓄積。同時(shí)冬季散熱器和夏季空調(diào)位置的設(shè)置，也需進(jìn)一步考慮促進(jìn)熱空氣和冷空氣在整個(gè)室內(nèi)空間的有效循環(huán)，避免二層過(guò)熱或一層過(guò)冷的情況出現(xiàn)（圖10、11）。

居民試住反饋

得益于項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)放性，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)居民參觀和試住過(guò)程獲得了大量的反饋（圖12-15）。居民對(duì)居住條件在地改善與院落整治的效果表示非常認(rèn)同，特別認(rèn)可通過(guò)夾層增加原有空間利用效率的策略，并重點(diǎn)關(guān)注了戶型的合理性、造價(jià)和補(bǔ)貼方式，以及拆違政策等等。通過(guò)試住過(guò)程將建筑回歸生活的日常性之后，設(shè)計(jì)中的一些問(wèn)題也得以凸顯。首先是私密性的考慮：從促進(jìn)通風(fēng)采光角度，二層夾層欄板原采用了視線通透的欄桿，但為保證夾層作為睡眠空間的私密性，需要增設(shè)約40cm的圍擋。衛(wèi)生間為使空間利用更加集約化，原本使用了與馬桶一體化的手盆，但日常生活中盥洗空間使用頻率非常高，這樣的一體化潔具缺乏便利性，將在未來(lái)進(jìn)行翻轉(zhuǎn)式手盆的改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)。除了對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)的調(diào)整外，試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目的更大意義還在于提升了周邊居民對(duì)“開(kāi)間更新”模式的關(guān)注和了解，在參觀和試住后，先后有9戶居民表達(dá)了愿意參與開(kāi)間更新的意愿并簽署了意向書。

2 社區(qū)居民人居環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀/Living environment of residents

3 改造后入口/Entrance after renovation

4 改造后內(nèi)景/Interior views after renovation

5 改造后內(nèi)景/Interior views after renovation

6 改造后內(nèi)景/Interior views after renovation

“草根”的效仿

福綏境50號(hào)院試點(diǎn)實(shí)施后，在白塔寺片區(qū)陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了若干以其為空間原型的居民自發(fā)改造項(xiàng)目（圖16-21）。在這些居民自發(fā)改造的案例中，不乏民間智慧的涌動(dòng)，特別是在上述提到的與生活的日常性產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)位的設(shè)計(jì)上，居民自發(fā)進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)改良。包括空調(diào)機(jī)位置的調(diào)整，甚至是全屋新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的置入，二層欄板處也加強(qiáng)了私密性的處理，樓梯下部空間空間利用方式也極具多樣性，居民對(duì)于開(kāi)放廚房也呈現(xiàn)出較高的接受度（圖22-26）?！伴_(kāi)間更新”試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目在這個(gè)意義上起到了真的帶動(dòng)作用。

公眾對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的態(tài)度。在我國(guó)，民眾對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品還存在比較高的質(zhì)疑，一方面主要是轉(zhuǎn)基因的技術(shù)相對(duì)不夠成熟，存在著許多未知因素，人們對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的疑慮還難以消除；另一方面是人們對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品在認(rèn)知水平上有一定的界限，以及對(duì)公眾機(jī)構(gòu)體制機(jī)制的信任度下降，導(dǎo)致對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因存在著安全疑慮，接受程度相對(duì)較低。

Bay Renewal

After several rounds of demolition and evacuation in the old city of Beijing, there will still be a large number of indigenous residents who choose to settle down here actively or passively for a long time (Fig. 1.2). These residents are confronted with two problems: the living environment in high density but low quality, and complicated fragmented property right attribution. Bay Renewal is a path for micro update of the old city proposed in such a context, that is, to maximise the integration of core functions of life through the placement of prefabricated assembly modules that include bathroom module, kitchen module and receiving module in the limited space unit and property unit of a bay; and to improve space efficiency and living quality through shallow digging and building interlayers. Meanwhile, the module of kitchen and toilet and the receiving module with the attribute of public goods are inlaid in the courtyard to replace the residential self-built houses in the existing courtyard, set up the courtyard convention and incorporate it into property management content.With the change of life style of the new generation of residents in the old city and the gradual shrinkage of population, the demand for these modules will be gradually reduced and removed. In this regard,the original courtyard pattern with higher quality of outdoor space will be recovered to achieve flexible replacement.

Pilot project of No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong

As part of the Baitasi's Renewal Plan, the Bay Renewal model has been in pilot construction at No.50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong since January 2017 (Fig. 3-6). The purpose of the pilot project is to show the possibility of local improvement to the surrounding residents, to solve the possible problems in the design, and to ask for opinions on the formulation of future supportive policies.Therefore, No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong has been open to local residents since its construction stage, continuously receiving the residents for visits and trial living from the completion of main body construction in September 2017 till now. During Beijing Design Week period from 2017 to 2018, 500 visitors were received here, including more than 120 households of local residents, among which 37 were interviewed with minutes. The west bay of the demonstrative yard provided opportunities for short-term trial living through resident's voluntary application for one week for each round of trial living, and 22 people from 11 households successively participated in the short-term trial living. Meanwhile, the west bay provided a longterm trial living for a young couple, with feedback from the residents for useful suggestions through the trial living process. Besides, the project team also continuously monitored the indoor temperature and humidity of the main space of the east bay throughout a year and evaluated the indoor physical environment and comfort level in the renovated houses (Fig. 7).

挑戰(zhàn)墨西哥和白人文化中根深蒂固的父權(quán)價(jià)值體系（Madsen,2000:2）是塞利亞文化身份建構(gòu)的另一關(guān)鍵。

7 空氣溫度及相對(duì)濕度測(cè)點(diǎn)布置/Location of measuring points of air temperature and relative humidity

8 各測(cè)點(diǎn)夏季典型日空氣溫度波動(dòng)（2018年8月20-26日）/Indoor air temperature in summer (20th -26th August, 2018)

9 各測(cè)點(diǎn)冬季典型日空氣溫度波動(dòng)（2019年1月7-13日）/Indoor air temperature in winter (7th -13th January, 2019)

10 夏季典型日無(wú)空調(diào)（16:00）/有空調(diào)（21:00）時(shí)段溫度剖面分布示意/Pro file distribution diagram of temperature without air conditioning (16:00)/with air conditioning (21:00)on typical days in summer

11 夏季典型日無(wú)采暖（16:00）/有采暖（21:00）時(shí)段溫度剖面分布示意/Pro file distribution diagram of temperature without heating (16:00)/with heating (21:00) on typical days in summer

后記

居民：我們的房子是2018年改造的，整個(gè)工期大概半年左右?，F(xiàn)在一家3口人住，我兒子住西邊面那間屋子，那間也做了同樣的改造。這個(gè)房本身比較高，大概有3m多，之前是尖屋頂，從尖上算（高）有3.2m左右。2018年改的時(shí)候拿掉了尖頂，做了加層。當(dāng)時(shí)本來(lái)還想做厚點(diǎn)，能找齊的都找齊一點(diǎn)，最后上面那層人就有點(diǎn)直不起腰。不過(guò)上面那層就睡覺(jué)，然后擺了電腦桌，榻榻米什么的，打掃起來(lái)也還方便（圖21左）。地面沒(méi)有往下刨，刨的話，墻又不行，還要往外拉渣土，成本很高。所以我想這么高差不多就行了，不用花太多錢。

評(píng)論

本次研究的病死豬無(wú)害化處理系統(tǒng)主要采用BS結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)發(fā)，開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境基于SqlServer 2005數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、微軟Visual Studio 2008、AJAX技術(shù)、Silvrelight技術(shù)、Css+Div控制技術(shù)、PS設(shè)計(jì)[2]。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)采用可視化操作平臺(tái)和多種應(yīng)用相互兼容，能實(shí)現(xiàn)二次開(kāi)發(fā)，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體系體現(xiàn)了模塊化功能，容易推廣應(yīng)用，拓展性更強(qiáng)。

居民：網(wǎng)上。但有些看照片就不著調(diào)，我們選的這家是去看了他正在施工的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，和他之前干過(guò)的活兒，有兩三處，都做的不錯(cuò)。我發(fā)現(xiàn)做這個(gè)，就得費(fèi)心的琢磨，平房不像樓房那么規(guī)整，但好好想想的話有時(shí)候弄得也挺好。

霧霾問(wèn)題引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注，也使部分人的生活受到影響。霧霾出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、范圍廣,主要由二氧化硫、氮氧化合物和可吸入顆粒物組成。其中可吸入顆粒物使霧霾加重，嚴(yán)重影響了農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)。國(guó)家為了做好大氣污染防治工作，實(shí)施了一系列措施。例如家庭供暖煤改氣工程和工廠電力代替燒煤的方案，整治“散亂污”企業(yè)，關(guān)停重污染企業(yè)，加大了對(duì)企業(yè)的審查力度。倡導(dǎo)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)，我國(guó)防治大氣污染的體系逐漸完善，但在碳排放信息披露方面，尚無(wú)明確的體系，存在各種碳信息披露缺陷，且同行業(yè)之間碳會(huì)計(jì)披露方式也沒(méi)有具體統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，加大了環(huán)境治理工作的難度[1]。

小微企業(yè)中也存在著行業(yè)差距，對(duì)于不同類型和規(guī)模的企業(yè)也需要制定不同的稅收優(yōu)惠政策。在進(jìn)行增值稅起征點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，需要考慮到收入上的差異。例如：對(duì)于軟件開(kāi)發(fā)企業(yè)，日常收入并不高，對(duì)這類企業(yè)可以使用目前的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；對(duì)于工業(yè)企業(yè)，日常收入比較高，那么需要提高征收點(diǎn)。同時(shí)將增值稅起征點(diǎn)變成免征額，避免出現(xiàn)稅負(fù)不公平的現(xiàn)象。另外也需要根據(jù)發(fā)展差異制定政策，對(duì)于前景好和繼續(xù)扶持的企業(yè)提供不同的政策，讓稅負(fù)得到減輕。

Comments

CHENG Xiaoqing: In the historic area of Beijing old city, it is not unusual for every household to have only one smallest living unit with a building area of only ten square metres. The concept of "Bay renewal" is based on the low-cost transformation of the smallest living unit, and explores the solution of kitchen, bathroom and storage and other basic living space by means of modularisation and prefabrication. The contribution of this project is that it breaks through the limitation of what we now acknowledge as architecture, and suggests a flexible renewal approach. Moreover,the public rental module proposed by the project is reversible, which can not only solve the current problem of people who originally live here, but also provide the possibility to restore the spatial pattern of the courtyards. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)

12 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監(jiān)理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

13 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監(jiān)理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

14 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監(jiān)理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

15 周邊居民施工全程全天候“監(jiān)理”，居民代表參觀、討論、試住反饋/Supervisor for neighbouring aroundthe-clock construction in residential places, with resident representatives for visits, discussion, trial living and feedback

16 廚房模塊與日常使用/Kitchen module and daily usage

17 居民試?。?7.18 圖片來(lái)源：白塔寺再生計(jì)劃）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

18 居民試?。?7.18 圖片來(lái)源：白塔寺再生計(jì)劃）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

19 居民試?。?7.18 圖片來(lái)源：白塔寺再生計(jì)劃）/Residents trial living(17.18 Sources: Baitasi Remade)

20 示范院平面/Floor plan of demonstrative courtyard

Environmental performance test

While protecting the traditional style and features of the old city, how to improve the environmental performance of building and the comfort of dwelling is an important topic that the project team expected to discuss through the project of No. 50 Courtyard of Fusuijing Hutong.In the renovation, roof insulation was added to improve thermal performance, the proportion of southward transparent enveloping structure was increased to raise natural daylighting and passive heat gain in winter, and natural ventilation path was maintained on the north and south sides of the twolayer sandwich to verify the effectiveness of these strategies by means of field measurement of the environment for nearly one year (Fig. 8.9). However,it was also found that the design details still need to be improved. In summer, the air temperature and humidity increasingly grow at the top of the twolayer sandwich. When people stand in the sandwich space, they can clearly perceive the temperature gradient of their head and feet. Therefore, it is advisable to set the top natural ventilation to take away the accumulated temperature and humidity.Meanwhile, the location of the radiator for winter and the air conditioner for summer shall be further considered to promote the effective circulation of hot and cold air in the whole indoor space, so as to avoid the occurrence of overheating at the second layer and supercooling at the first layer (Fig. 10.11).

Feedback from residents for trial living

Thanks to the openness of the project, the project team received a lot of feedback from the residents during visits and trial living (Fig. 12-15).The residents agreed on the field improvement of living conditions and the effect of yard renovation,especially on the strategy of increasing the original space utilization efficiency through the interlayer,and paid attention to the rationality of household type, the way of cost and subsidy and the policy of dismantling illegally established houses. After returning the building functions to daily life through the trial living assessment, some problems in the design were also highlighted. F