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那一柄叫龍淵的劍

2019-08-23 05:29鐵馬
文化交流 2019年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:鑄劍寶劍龍泉

鐵馬

龍泉因劍得名,因瓷生輝,龍泉是劍瓷合璧的品質(zhì)之城,劍與瓷是龍泉城市的魂,是滋養(yǎng)著龍泉人的文化精華。

信步龍泉,處處可以感受到劍鄉(xiāng)瓷都的風(fēng)韻。

如果說(shuō)寶劍是龍泉的外表,那么青瓷則是龍泉的內(nèi)涵。

一個(gè)冷峻剛烈,一個(gè)溫潤(rùn)如玉;一個(gè)動(dòng)感十足,一個(gè)寧?kù)o似水,這也構(gòu)成了龍泉城市的多重品格,形成了龍泉人既柔情似水又堅(jiān)毅如鋼的人文個(gè)性。

龍泉,位于江浙最高峰黃茅尖下,浩浩蕩蕩的八百里甌江就發(fā)源于龍泉與慶元之間,清澈的高山泉水日夜奔騰,滋潤(rùn)著龍泉這片充滿(mǎn)藝術(shù)氣息的土地。

一座城市,擁有一項(xiàng)國(guó)家級(jí)非遺就相當(dāng)了不起,而龍泉專(zhuān)屬的龍泉青瓷傳統(tǒng)燒制技藝是全國(guó)55個(gè)“世界非遺”之一,龍泉寶劍鍛制技藝也是國(guó)家級(jí)非遺。麗水有三寶,其中兩樣在龍泉。

劍與瓷是江浙之巔龍泉的絕代雙驕,劍瓷之業(yè)已成為養(yǎng)育龍泉人的物質(zhì)與精神財(cái)富源頭,使龍泉城成為以農(nóng)耕為生的浙西南最早進(jìn)入工業(yè)化的城市,也是浙江最早對(duì)外開(kāi)放的城市之一。

龍泉的前身叫龍淵,現(xiàn)在的龍泉城里仍然有龍淵街道。同時(shí),龍淵也是一把劍的名稱(chēng)。一座小城以劍命名,是當(dāng)?shù)厝怂矚g的一種意境吧。于是劍就是城,城就是劍,龍淵的雙重意義,讓這個(gè)小城與寶劍一道揚(yáng)名四方。

龍淵相傳是鑄劍大師歐冶子的杰作,“觀(guān)其狀,如登高山,臨深淵”。

歐冶子是春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的鑄劍大師,史載他為越王鑄了湛盧、純鈞、勝邪、魚(yú)腸、巨闕五劍,是中國(guó)鑄劍行業(yè)的鼻祖,也是龍泉寶劍的創(chuàng)始人。

關(guān)于“龍淵”劍的誕生過(guò)程,《越絕書(shū)》有記載。龍泉?jiǎng)ο鄠鳛闅W冶子所鑄,《越絕書(shū)》載:楚王命令相劍家風(fēng)胡子到越地尋找歐冶子,請(qǐng)他鑄造寶劍。于是歐冶子走遍江南名山大川,最后他來(lái)到了龍泉,鑿茨山,泄其溪,取山中鐵英,作劍三枚,曰“龍淵”“泰阿”“工布”。

龍泉?jiǎng)κ乔嚆~器時(shí)代向鐵器時(shí)代邁進(jìn)的產(chǎn)物,鐵劍“龍淵”,開(kāi)創(chuàng)了中國(guó)冷兵器之先河。

龍淵劍自問(wèn)世后便聞名于世,龍淵因而名聲在外。

龍泉寶劍有“堅(jiān)韌鋒利,剛?cè)岵?jì),寒光逼人,紋飾巧致”之特色。

建安二十一年,25歲的臨淄侯曹植給好友楊修寫(xiě)了一封信,即《與楊德祖書(shū)》,其中有“蓋有南威之容,乃可以論于淑媛;有龍淵之利,乃可以議于斷割”的句子,表明龍淵是一把非常鋒利的劍,可以斬?cái)嗍篱g一切。

冷兵器時(shí)代,劍是一種高貴的小型武器,既可攻擊,又可防身,龍泉?jiǎng)ο麒F如泥,備受武者喜歡,武俠小說(shuō)中常有高手身背龍泉?jiǎng)Φ拿鑼?xiě)。

“寧知草間人,腰下有龍泉”,從李白的詩(shī)句中,我們可以讀出,在唐代龍泉?jiǎng)σ殉蔀樯狭魃鐣?huì)廣泛認(rèn)同的時(shí)尚之物。

歷史上,到底是因?yàn)橄扔旋垳Y這個(gè)地名還是先有龍淵寶劍,我并不清楚。

據(jù)《龍泉市志》記載,在東晉太寧元年(323年)置龍淵鄉(xiāng),在唐武德三年(620年),因避高祖李淵諱,改龍淵鄉(xiāng)為龍泉鄉(xiāng)。

這時(shí)的龍淵劍似乎也隨之改名叫龍泉?jiǎng)?。唐代同時(shí)期的詩(shī)人郭震,在《古劍篇》中寫(xiě)道:“良工鍛煉凡幾年,鑄得寶劍名龍泉。龍泉顏色如霜雪,良工咨嗟嘆奇絕?!?/p>

歷史翻到了唐乾元二年(759年)這一頁(yè),由于龍泉知名度越來(lái)越大,此時(shí),唐王朝設(shè)置“龍泉”縣。到了北宋時(shí),因避諱“龍”字,龍泉改為“劍川”,南宋時(shí)恢復(fù)了原名,一直叫到今天。

但關(guān)于龍淵劍改名龍泉?jiǎng)κ且驗(yàn)槔顪Y,也有人持懷疑態(tài)度,因?yàn)閺囊恍┰?shī)歌中可發(fā)現(xiàn),在唐之前,人家在詩(shī)中就稱(chēng)龍淵劍為龍泉?jiǎng)?。南朝梁?shī)人車(chē)噪在詩(shī)中說(shuō):“雪凍弓弦斷,風(fēng)鼓旗桿折。獨(dú)有孤雄劍,龍泉字不滅。”這應(yīng)該怎么解釋呢?是不是在唐之前,就同時(shí)有龍淵劍或龍泉?jiǎng)煞N稱(chēng)呼呢?

龍泉?jiǎng)κ菤W冶子留給后人的一個(gè)符號(hào),七星井、劍池湖、劍池亭、歐冶子將軍廟,這一處處千年的古跡,每時(shí)每刻都透露出一種歲月的深沉,也記錄著人們對(duì)歐冶子的懷念與尊敬。

龍泉?jiǎng)?,不僅是一把劍,還是城市的根。

龍泉人是怎樣學(xué)到鑄劍技術(shù)的,我一直沒(méi)有解開(kāi)這個(gè)疑問(wèn)。

按理說(shuō),在古時(shí),這種獨(dú)門(mén)技術(shù),非一般人能學(xué)。根據(jù)史書(shū)記載,歐冶子鑄的劍是鐵劍。把礦石鐵英煉成鐵就不知要經(jīng)過(guò)多少道工序,鑄劍更是繁瑣。歐冶子是無(wú)償傳授,還是龍泉人偷師學(xué)藝,這是歷史之謎。

現(xiàn)在,龍泉?jiǎng)Τ霈F(xiàn)在各類(lèi)武俠作品中,倚天劍、屠龍刀……金庸和古龍小說(shuō)中的寶劍,龍泉人幾乎都鑄了一遍。電影《赤壁》里,周瑜、曹操、趙云、孫權(quán)、劉備打斗用的劍,全是龍泉鑄的?,F(xiàn)在看電影也好,看電視也罷,凡是看到劍與刀,幾乎都是流水的武俠,鐵打的“龍泉”,前些年,龍泉人還專(zhuān)門(mén)請(qǐng)金庸大師去論劍。

2004年10月,金庸來(lái)到龍泉,讓鑄劍大師們興奮異常。為了迎接金庸的到來(lái),數(shù)月前,龍泉的鑄劍大師們就開(kāi)始鑄造金庸筆下的二十四把名劍和七把寶刀。經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)月的苦苦鉆研和精心設(shè)計(jì),紙上的名劍寶刀終于變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。10月25日下午,在龍泉杏園,龍泉市委、市政府隆重地將這些名劍寶刀贈(zèng)送給了金庸。

看著琳瑯滿(mǎn)目的刀劍,金庸的喜愛(ài)之情溢于言表。他在接受刀劍贈(zèng)送儀式上激動(dòng)地說(shuō):“我在海外,到任何一個(gè)地方,都有人知道龍泉這個(gè)地方,因?yàn)辇埲猩詈竦膶殑ξ幕颓啻晌幕?。?/p>

龍泉數(shù)千年前的刀劍生產(chǎn),其凝聚而成的匠心,為后來(lái)的瓷業(yè)發(fā)展起到了很好的鋪墊。劍瓷之間,一陽(yáng)一陰,一剛一柔,兩者都是水火交融的產(chǎn)物,也是獨(dú)具匠心的呈現(xiàn),匠心,通過(guò)這座城市,從劍到瓷到生活的方方面面不斷流動(dòng)。

(圖片來(lái)自“視覺(jué)中國(guó)”)

Fame?of?Sword,?Fame?of?City

By?Tie?Ma

Longquan,?a?city?in?southern?Zhejiang,?stands?for?the?sword?made?in?Longquan.?The?two?words?most?often?appear?together.?In?a?sense,?the?sword?is?named?after?the?city?and?has?turned?Longquan?well?known?in?both?Chinese?history?and?literature,?even?though?celadon?made?in?Longquan?enjoyed?greater?popularity?overseas?and?the?sword?remained?little?known?to?the?outside?world.

Longquan?is?nestled?at?the?foot?of?Huangmaojian,?the?tallest?mountain?of?the?province.?The?400-kilometer-long?Ou?River?starts?somewhere?in?the?mountain?between?Longquan?and?Qingyuan?and?empties?into?the?East?China?Sea.

Ou?Ye?Zi?(c.560-510BC),?a?legendary?sword-making?master?living?in?the?decades?when?China?transited?from?the?Spring?&?Autumn?period?to?the?Warring?States?period,?came?to?present-day?Zhejiang?in?search?of?iron?ores?for?sword-making?as?he?had?been?commissioned?by?the?King?of?the?Chu?State.?He?came?to?Longquan?and?found?what?he?needed.?The?master?found?iron?ores?he?needed.?Eventually?he?made?three?swords?in?Longquan.?One?of?them?was?named?Longyuan.?Experts?say?that?iron?swords?marked?Chinas?historical?transition?from?the?Bronze?Age?to?the?Iron?Age.?And?Ou?Ye?Zis?swords?are?first?iron?swords?known?in?history.?Even?today,?Longquan?has?a?Longyuan?street?in?honor?of?the?sword?and?of?the?history?of?Longquan.

Li?Bai?(701-762),?the?greatest?poet?of?the?Tang?(618-907),?mentions?Longquan?in?a?poem.?Longquan?in?the?poem?stands?for?the?sword?made?in?Longquan.?It?can?be?deduced?from?this?poem?that?Longquan?swords?were?quite?popular?during?the?Tang.

However,?it?isnt?clear?whether?the?sword?was?named?after?Longquan?or?the?swords?name?was?adopted?by?the?place?where?the?sword?was?made?by?Ou?Ye?Zi.

According?to?a?local?history?book,?Longyuan?Township?was?officially?named?in?323AD,?which?was?a?year?in?the?Eastern?Jin?Dynasty.?The?name?remained?unchanged?until?620?when?Longyuan?was?changed?to?Longquan?in?order?to?avoid?using?Yuan?in?the?place?name?as?Li?Yuan,?the?emperor?of?the?Dynasty,?had?Yuan?in?his?name.?Some?historians?say?that?it?was?during?this?time?that?the?Longyuan?Sword?was?known?as?Longquan?Sword.?But?there?exist?some?evidence?that?it?wasnt?true.?A?poet?in?the?Liang?Dynasty?before?the?Tang?mentions?Longquan?in?a?poem.?In?759?AD,?Longquan?was?officially?made?into?a?county?by?the?central?government.

It?is?also?unclear?how?local?people?in?Longquan?first?learned?to?make?swords.?Did?they?learn?directly?from?the?legendary?Ou?Ye?Zi?or?they?developed?a?sword-making?industry?singlehandedly?themselves?in?Longquan??After?all,?it?wouldnt?have?been?easy?to?establish?an?industrial?chain?of?sword?making.?It?would?take?a?system?to?put?hands?on?iron?ores?and?then?turn?ores?into?iron?and?steel?before?sword-making?masters?turned?raw?iron?and?steel?into?swords.

Modern?sword?makers?in?Longquan?are?enjoying?a?big?time?today.?So?far,?they?have?reinvented?all?the?swords?famously?mentioned?in?Wuxia?bestsellers?of?Jin?Yong?and?Gu?Long.?These?masters?have?also?made?all?the?historically?famed?swords?used?in?cinematic?blockbusters.

In?October?2004,?Jin?Yong?(Louis?Cha?1924-2018)?visited?Longquan.?The?sword-making?masters?in?Longquan?were?thrilled?to?have?the?famous?novelist?take?a?look?at?the?24?swords?and?7?broad?swords?mentioned?in?his?Kungfu?novels?and?they?reproduced.?It?had?taken?them?a?few?months?to?translate?the?novelists?imagination?into?metal?masterpieces.?On?the?afternoon?of?October?25,?a?ceremony?was?held?and?these?cold?weapons?were?presented?the?master?novelist?as?gifts.?In?his?brief?thank-you?speech,?Jin?Yong?said?that?he?had?traveled?across?the?world?and?met?people?who?said?they?knew?about?Longquan?in?Zhejiang,?China.

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