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SIRT1在非小細(xì)胞肺癌TKIs獲得性耐藥中的調(diào)控作用

2019-09-07 13:03:57李桂芳原翔劉怡文馬名揚(yáng)孫江濤
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2019年16期
關(guān)鍵詞:成球獲得性吉非

李桂芳 原翔 劉怡文 馬名揚(yáng) 孫江濤

[摘要] 目的 分析組蛋白去乙?;窼IRT1在非小細(xì)胞肺癌干細(xì)胞樣特性中的調(diào)控作用。 方法 通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)在PC-9及PC-9-GR細(xì)胞系中檢測腫瘤干細(xì)胞比例;采用CCK8法檢測IC50;采用qPCR檢測SIRT1 mRNA表達(dá);采用Western blot法檢測SIRT1蛋白表達(dá);通過細(xì)胞懸浮克隆成球?qū)嶒?yàn)檢測不同組的細(xì)胞成球能力。 結(jié)果 成功建立了耐藥細(xì)胞系PC-9-GR,PC-9-GR的IC50、ALDHbright腫瘤干細(xì)胞百分比、SIRT1蛋白表達(dá)以及SIRT1 mRNA表達(dá)均高于PC-9(P < 0.05);通過細(xì)胞懸浮克隆成球?qū)嶒?yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)PC-9-GR成球能力顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.05),應(yīng)用吉非替尼后,其成球能力較對照組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);應(yīng)用SIRT1特異性抑制劑TV6及雙藥聯(lián)合后,兩組細(xì)胞株的成球能力均顯著降低(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 非小細(xì)胞肺癌-酪氨酸激酶抑制劑獲得性耐藥的產(chǎn)生與酪氨酸激酶抑制劑藥物富集ALDH1+標(biāo)記的腫瘤干細(xì)胞密切相關(guān),而組蛋白去乙?;窼IRT1在維系這群腫瘤干細(xì)胞干性中發(fā)揮著重要作用,其抑制SIRT1對腫瘤干細(xì)胞的靶向,可能有助于延緩酪氨酸激酶抑制劑獲得性耐藥。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 非小細(xì)胞肺癌;受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑;乙醛脫氫酶-1;SIRT1;腫瘤干細(xì)胞

[中圖分類號] R734.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)06(a)-0004-05

Regulation of SIRT1 in acquired resistance of TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer

LI Guifang1? ?YUAN Xiang2? ?LIU Yiwen2? ?MA Mingyang1? ?SUN Jiangtao3

1.First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of He′nan University of Science and Technology, He′nan Province, Luoyang? ?471003, China; 2.He′nan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics? Cancer Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of He′nan University of Science and Technology, He′nan Province, Luoyang? ?471003, China; 3.The First Affiliated Hospital of He′nan University of Science and Technology, He′nan Province, Luoyang? ?471003, China

[Abscract] Objective To analyze the regulation of histone deacetylase SIRT1 in stem cell-like properties of non-small cell lung cancer. Methods The percentage of tumor stem cells was detected by flow cytometry in PC-9 and PC-9-GR cell lines; IC50 was detected by CCK8; SIRT1 mRNA expression was detected by qPCR; SIRT1 protein expression was detected by Western blot; the experiments of cell suspension cloning into spheres was used to detect the capability of sphere-forming of different groups. Results The drug-resistant cell line PC-9-GR was successfully established. The IC50, ALDHbright tumor stem cell percentage, SIRT1 protein expression and SIRT1 mRNA expression of PC-9-GR were higher than those of PC-9 (P < 0.05). The experiments of cell suspension cloning into spheres found that PC-9-GR was significantly higher than PC-9 (P < 0.05), and the effect of PC-9-GR on the capability of sphere-forming was not statistically significant after the application of Gefitinib (P > 0.05). After the combination of SIRT1 specific inhibitor TV6 and double drug combination, the capability of sphere-forming of the two cell lines was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer is closely related to the enrichment of ALDH1+ labeled cancer stem cells by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Histone deacetylase SIRT1 plays an important role in maintaining the stem of these cancer stem cells. Its inhibition of SIRT1 targeting tumor stem cells may help delay the acquired resistance of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

[Key words] Non-small cell lung cancer; Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor; Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-1; SIRT1; Cancer stem cells

肺癌是發(fā)病率和死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤之一。非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)約占肺癌的80.4%[1]。以表皮生長因子受體酪氨酸酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKIs)為主的分子靶向治療為晚期NSCLC患者開啟了“希望之門”,但耐藥的產(chǎn)生使后續(xù)治療步履維艱。關(guān)于EGFR-TKIs獲得性耐藥機(jī)制的研究報(bào)道百花齊放,其中以EGFR T790M突變?yōu)橹?,但仍?0%的機(jī)制至今尚未被闡明。

腫瘤干細(xì)胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)是存在于腫瘤中、具有高度自我更新和異常分化潛能的一小部分細(xì)胞亞群[2]。近年來,CSCs領(lǐng)域的研究處于蓬勃的上升態(tài)勢,并在肺癌成功分離、富集出了CSCs。乙醛脫氫酶-1(ALDH1)已被多個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)證實(shí)為可作為NSCLC優(yōu)選的干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物[3-9]。沉默信息調(diào)節(jié)因子1(SIRT1)是一種組蛋白去乙?;?,可以去乙酰化一系列組蛋白及非組蛋白底物。研究[10]表明,SRIT1在調(diào)節(jié)各種生物學(xué)功能,如衰老、代謝、DNA損傷以及腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。

本研究應(yīng)用肺癌細(xì)胞系,通過流式細(xì)胞術(shù)、Western blot、細(xì)胞懸浮克隆成球試驗(yàn)等方法檢測SIRT1在NSCLC中的表達(dá),并分析SIRT1異常表達(dá)對NSCLC干細(xì)胞樣特性的調(diào)控作用及意義。

1 材料與方法

1.1 細(xì)胞系的培養(yǎng)

細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):選擇肺癌細(xì)胞系PC-9購自上海博古生物細(xì)胞所,用含有10%FBS(購自Gibco)的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基(購自Gibco)培養(yǎng),放置37℃ 5%CO2的培養(yǎng)箱;2~3 d換液,傳代一次。

耐藥細(xì)胞系的建立:采用逐步誘導(dǎo)法。Gefitinib(購自selleck)濃度從5 nmol/L逐步增加至2 μmol/L,共培養(yǎng)6個(gè)月。將誘導(dǎo)成功的耐藥細(xì)胞命名為PC-9-GR。

1.2 CCK8法檢測IC50

將細(xì)胞接種到96孔培養(yǎng)板內(nèi),37℃ 5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中過夜,再用不同濃度吉非替尼處理,根據(jù)說明書進(jìn)行檢測。每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)至少獨(dú)立重復(fù)3次。

1.3 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測

細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)后取適量細(xì)胞于流式管中,每個(gè)檢測管中加入適量Aldefluor緩沖液,對照管中加入維拉帕米(DEAB)溶液作為陰性對照,流式細(xì)胞儀上機(jī)檢測。所有樣品至少重復(fù)3次。

1.4 Western blot方法檢測SIRT1蛋白表達(dá)

將細(xì)胞收集后加入RIPA細(xì)胞裂解液(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司),冰上裂解,得到的上清即為細(xì)胞總蛋白。然后根據(jù)BCA試劑盒(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司)說明書進(jìn)行檢測。其后進(jìn)行電泳、轉(zhuǎn)膜,封閉,然后SIRT1(購自Abcam)一抗(1∶2000)及內(nèi)參GAPDH抗體(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司)(1∶2000)4℃過夜,二抗(1∶2000)室溫孵育2 h,ECL顯影劑(購自北京康為生物科技有限公司)處理后于凝膠成像系統(tǒng)檢測目的蛋白條帶,利用Image J軟件檢測條帶灰度值。

1.5 QPCR檢測SIRT1 mRNA表達(dá)

采用Trizol法提取細(xì)胞的總RNA,并進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA。利用PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計(jì)引物序列,SIRT1的上游引物為:5′-GCCTCATCTGCATTTTGATG-3′,下游引物為:5′-TCTGGCATGTCCCACTATCA-3′;GAPDH引物序列為:上游引物:5′-GCCACATCGCT-CAGACACC-3′,下游引物:5′-GATGGCAACAATAT-CCACTTTACC-3′。取反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成的cDNA進(jìn)行qPCR,退火溫度為60℃,經(jīng)40個(gè)循環(huán)擴(kuò)增,計(jì)算2-ΔΔCt值。

1.6 細(xì)胞懸浮培養(yǎng)克隆成球能力檢測

將細(xì)胞分成不同組別,在不同組中加入一定量濃度的抑制劑及藥物,在培養(yǎng)的第3天更換培養(yǎng)基,持續(xù)培養(yǎng)約7 d,照相,對直徑>40 μm的次級細(xì)胞球進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。

1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用配對樣本t檢驗(yàn);GrahPad Prism 5.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)繪圖軟件處理、分析數(shù)據(jù)、繪制圖形。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 耐藥株與親本株形態(tài)學(xué)上的改變

在誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞耐藥的過程中可以觀察到存活下來的耐藥株,其表現(xiàn)出與親代細(xì)胞系不同的形態(tài),多不規(guī)則,核大,偽足增多。見圖1。

PC-9親本細(xì)胞未處理(左);2 μmol/L吉非替尼處理7 d(中);2 μmol/L吉非替尼處理20 d(右)

圖1? ?Gefitinib誘導(dǎo)過程中對細(xì)胞的影響(40×)

2.2 CCK8法檢測PC-9-GR耐藥株的建立

CCK8法檢測兩組細(xì)胞株的吉非替尼藥物IC50,結(jié)果顯示PC-9-GR顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖2。

2.3 PC-9及PC-9-GR細(xì)胞中ALDHbright CSCs百分比比較

采用Aldeflour?誖試劑盒及流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行檢測,結(jié)果PC-9-GR ALDHbright CSCs百分比顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖3。

2.4 兩組細(xì)胞株中SIRT1蛋白的表達(dá)情況比較

將兩組細(xì)胞消化后提取蛋白,經(jīng)Western blot檢測SIRT1蛋白,并對蛋白灰度值進(jìn)行定量分析,結(jié)果顯示PC-9-GR中SIRT1蛋白顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖4。

2.5 兩組細(xì)胞株中SIRT1 mRNA的表達(dá)情況

將兩組細(xì)胞消化后提取RNA,進(jìn)行qPCR檢測,并進(jìn)行定量分析,結(jié)果顯示PC-9-GR中SIRT1 mRNA顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.01)。見圖5。

圖5? ?兩組細(xì)胞株中SIRT1 mRNA的表達(dá)情況

2.6 SIRT1小分子抑制劑TV6逆轉(zhuǎn)PC-9-GR獲得性耐藥表型

分別采用TV6、吉非替尼、TV6聯(lián)合吉非替尼處理兩組細(xì)胞。PC-9-GR成球能力顯著高于PC-9(P < 0.05);PC-9用藥后,其成球能力均降低(P < 0.05);PC-9-GR應(yīng)用吉非替尼后,其成球能力較對照組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);應(yīng)用SIRT1特異性抑制劑TV6后,兩組細(xì)胞株的成球能力均較對照組明顯降低(P < 0.05);而PC-9-GR雙藥聯(lián)合后其成球能力較其對照組顯著降低(P < 0.05)。見圖6。

3 討論

對于肺癌,特別是EGFR優(yōu)勢突變的患者對EGFR-TKI的反應(yīng)良好,但最終會(huì)產(chǎn)生耐藥并屈服。多個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)[8,11-19]已闡明其耐藥性的分子和生物學(xué)機(jī)制,如EGFR T790M突變、上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)等,干細(xì)胞樣特性在肺癌的意義已經(jīng)有所研究[7-9,15-21]。因此,本研究提出了科學(xué)假說,即TKI獲得性耐藥的產(chǎn)生與藥物本身富集CSCs有關(guān)。

藥物耐藥與腫瘤干細(xì)胞間的關(guān)系可能是復(fù)雜的。Shien等[11]報(bào)道EGFR獲得性耐藥與腫瘤干細(xì)胞樣特性相關(guān)。通過流式細(xì)胞儀檢測,本研究也表明吉非替尼耐藥細(xì)胞的ALDHbright比例顯著高于親本株。

SIRT1在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用[10,20-21]。既往研究[22-23]發(fā)現(xiàn)急性髓細(xì)胞白血病干/祖細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出SIRT1過表達(dá)和對抑制劑的敏感性。Zhang等[24]也觀察到多數(shù)AML樣本中SIRT1表達(dá)增加。但有研究[20,25]表明SIRT1具有抑制腫瘤生長的作用。Powell等[25]的研究表明,缺失SIRT1可誘導(dǎo)前列腺上皮內(nèi)瘤變的發(fā)生。

本研究顯示,SIRT1在非小細(xì)胞肺癌腫瘤干細(xì)胞表型及自我更新中發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用,對于靶向CSCs有助于逆轉(zhuǎn)獲得性耐藥現(xiàn)象具有一定的意義。雖然TV6的藥理學(xué)性質(zhì)可能不是藥物開發(fā)的合適候選者,但它可能是癌癥潛在治療的有用化合物。本研究結(jié)果也支持進(jìn)一步調(diào)查Tenovin衍生物和其他抑制劑,以期延緩TKI治療的耐藥。

綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在PC-9-GR中,應(yīng)用TV6抑制SIRT1特異性表達(dá)后,干細(xì)胞比例減少,成球能力下降。提示SIRT1在非小細(xì)胞肺癌CSCs表型、干細(xì)胞樣特性及自我更新中發(fā)揮重要調(diào)控作用。因此,抑制SIRT1對CSCs的靶向可能有助于延緩TKIs獲得性耐藥。

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