【譯題】制定成功之路：美國(guó)STEM教育戰(zhàn)略（二）

Product of the COMMITTEE ON STEM EDUCATION of the NATIONAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL

美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)STEM教育委員會(huì)

A Vision for STEM Education in America

Science， technology， engineering， and mathematics （STEM） have been the foundation for discovery and technological innovation throughout American history. The best STEM education provides an interdisciplinary approach to learning， where rigorous academic concepts are coupled with real-world applications and students use STEM in contexts that make connections between school， community， work， and the wider world. The American STEM enterprise is composed of a constellation of public and private sector organizations providing education and training in myriad ways and conducting research and development （R&D） across all sectors of the economy.

The State of STEM Education

The United States has a higher education system that is the envy of the world， providing undergraduate and graduate degrees in STEM and conducting research that is an engine for American prosperity and security. STEM employment in the United States continues to grow at a faster pace than employment in other occupations， and STEM workers command higher wages than their non-STEM counterparts. STEM degree holders enjoy higher earnings， regardless of whether they work in STEM or non-STEM occupations.

A Federal Strategy for the Next Five Years

This strategic plan is based on a Vision for a future where all Americans have lifelong access to high- quality STEM education and the United States is the global leader in STEM literacy， innovation， and employment. This vision will be achieved by pursuing the following three goals representing aspirational intentions to be strived for as a Nation：

Therefore， the strategy is built on the following four pathways representing a cross-cutting set of approaches：

·Develop and Enrich Strategic Partnerships

·Engage Students where Disciplines Converge

·Build Computational Literacy

·Operate with Transparency and Accountability

Goals for American STEM Education

The Plan’s three goals provide overarching guidance for Federal agencies in prioritizing their investments and interagency coordination and collaboration activities， and can serve as a framework for the national stakeholder community to contribute to this strategy’s success.

Build Strong Foundations for STEM Literacy

The Nation is stronger when all Americans benefit from an education that provides a strong STEM foundation for fully engaging in and contributing to their communities， and for succeeding in STEM- related careers， if they choose. STEM literacy depends on access to high-quality， lifelong STEM learning for all Americans.

Increase Diversity， Equity， and Inclusion in STEM

The national benefits of a strong STEM foundation cannot be fully realized until all members of society have equitable access to STEM education and there is much broader participation by those historically underserved and underrepresented in STEM fields and employment. Presently， high-quality STEM opportunities are not available to all learners. Implicit bias is one factor that inhibits the realization of this goal. Disparity in the distribution of human， material， and financial resources across rural， urban， and suburban America also inhibits this goal.

Prepare the STEM Workforce for the Future

A diverse talent pool of Americans with strong STEM knowledge and skills prepared for the jobs of the future is essential to maintaining the national innovation base that supports key sectors of the economy， including agriculture， energy， healthcare， information and communications technologies， manufacturing， transportation， and defense， along with emerging areas like artificial intelligence and quantum information science.

美國(guó)STEM教育的愿景

縱觀美國(guó)歷史，科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)一直是發(fā)現(xiàn)和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的基礎(chǔ)。最好的STEM教育提供了一種跨學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)方法，其中嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶W(xué)術(shù)概念與現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的應(yīng)用相結(jié)合，學(xué)生在學(xué)校、社區(qū)、工作和更廣闊的世界之間建立聯(lián)系的背景下使用STEM。美國(guó)科技創(chuàng)新企業(yè)由一系列公共和私營(yíng)部門組織組成，以多種方式提供教育和培訓(xùn)，并在所有經(jīng)濟(jì)部門進(jìn)行研究和開(kāi)發(fā)。

美國(guó)STEM的教育現(xiàn)狀

美國(guó)擁有令世界羨慕的高等教育體系，提供STEM的本科和研究生學(xué)位，并進(jìn)行研究，這是美國(guó)繁榮和安全的引擎。在美國(guó)，STEM就業(yè)繼續(xù)以高于其他職業(yè)的速度增長(zhǎng)，STEM工人的工資也高于非STEM工人。無(wú)論從事STEM還是非STEM職業(yè)，只要是STEM學(xué)位持有者，都享有更高的收入。

未來(lái)五年的聯(lián)邦戰(zhàn)略

這項(xiàng)戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)是對(duì)未來(lái)的展望。在未來(lái)，所有美國(guó)人都能終身獲得高質(zhì)量的STEM教育，美國(guó)在STEM素養(yǎng)、創(chuàng)新和就業(yè)方面處于全球領(lǐng)先地位。

因此，該戰(zhàn)略建立在以下四個(gè)途徑的基礎(chǔ)上，它們代表了一組交叉的方法：發(fā)展和豐富戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系；跨學(xué)科交叉融合；建立信息素養(yǎng)；以透明和負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度開(kāi)展工作。

美國(guó)STEM教育的目標(biāo)

該計(jì)劃的三個(gè)目標(biāo)為聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)確定投資和機(jī)構(gòu)間協(xié)調(diào)與合作活動(dòng)的優(yōu)先次序提供了總體指導(dǎo)，并可作為國(guó)家利益攸關(guān)方社區(qū)為該戰(zhàn)略的成功做出貢獻(xiàn)的框架。

為培養(yǎng)STEM素養(yǎng)夯實(shí)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)

如果所有美國(guó)人都能從STEM教育中受益，這個(gè)國(guó)家就會(huì)變得更加強(qiáng)大。這種教育為充分參與和為社區(qū)做貢獻(xiàn)提供了強(qiáng)大的STEM基礎(chǔ)，如果他們?cè)敢?，還能在與STEM相關(guān)的職業(yè)中取得成功。STEM素養(yǎng)取決于所有美國(guó)人能否獲得高質(zhì)量的STEM終身學(xué)習(xí)的通道。

增加STEM教育的多樣性、公平性和包容性

只有社會(huì)所有成員都有平等機(jī)會(huì)接受STEM教育，并且在STEM領(lǐng)域和就業(yè)中歷來(lái)得不到充分服務(wù)和代表不足的人有更廣泛的參與，強(qiáng)大的STEM基礎(chǔ)的國(guó)家利益才能充分實(shí)現(xiàn)。目前，并非所有學(xué)習(xí)者都有高質(zhì)量的STEM機(jī)會(huì)。隱性偏見(jiàn)是阻礙這一目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)因素。美國(guó)農(nóng)村、城市和郊區(qū)人力、物力和財(cái)力分配的差異也抑制了這一目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

為未來(lái)的STEM就業(yè)做好準(zhǔn)備

擁有豐富的科技創(chuàng)新知識(shí)和技能、為未來(lái)工作做好準(zhǔn)備的美國(guó)人才庫(kù)，對(duì)維護(hù)國(guó)家創(chuàng)新基礎(chǔ)至關(guān)重要，國(guó)家創(chuàng)新基礎(chǔ)支持關(guān)鍵經(jīng)濟(jì)部門，包括農(nóng)業(yè)、能源、醫(yī)療保健、信息和通信技術(shù)、制造業(yè)、交通運(yùn)輸和國(guó)防，以及人工智能和量子信息科學(xué)等新興領(lǐng)域。