孫瑩 邱新萍 孫頌歌
摘要?類風濕關節(jié)炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis,RA)是以滑膜炎為主要病理表現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)性疾病,目前已有研究證實,Wnt/β-catenin信號通路是類風濕關節(jié)炎發(fā)生發(fā)展的關鍵環(huán)節(jié)。一方面Wnt/β-catenin信號通路活化促進成骨細胞增殖分化,促進骨組織修復;另一方面,成纖維樣滑膜細胞中Wnt/β-caten in通路上調(diào),促進成纖維樣滑膜細胞增殖,加重軟組織增生,破壞骨關節(jié)。因此如何通過調(diào)節(jié)Wnt/β-catenin通路抑制成纖維樣滑膜細胞增殖的同時促進骨修復對RA治療具有重要研究意義。
關鍵詞?Wnt/β-catenin信號通路;類風濕關節(jié)炎;成骨細胞;滑膜成纖維細胞
Expression of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Knee Joint of Type II Collagen-induced Arthritis Model Rats
Sun Ying,Qiu Xinping,Sun Songge
(Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shunyi Hospital,Beijing 101300,China)
Abstract?Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systematic disease characterized by synovitis.It has been confirmed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a key role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis.On one hand,Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway promotes the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts,on the other hand,the up-regulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in fibroblast like synovial cells can lead to fibroid synovial cells proliferation,proliferation of RA soft tissue and bone damage.Therefore,how to restrain the proliferation of fibroid synovial cells to inhibit the proliferation of synovium,and promote bone repair thought Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is of great significance to RA treatment.
Key Words?Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway; Rheumatoid arthritis; Osteoblast; Fibroblastlike synoviocytes
中圖分類號:R284;R597文獻標識碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2019.03.050
類風濕關節(jié)炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis,RA)是一種常見的風濕免疫性疾病,全球患病率為1%,且患病人數(shù)逐年增加[1]。其主要表現(xiàn)為慢性、進行性、侵襲性的對稱性多關節(jié)損害,是一種滑膜炎為主要表現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)性疾病[2],可造成多關節(jié)紅、腫、熱、痛,甚至畸形,最后導致功能喪失,是一類嚴重的致殘疾病。病程于10年的RA患者中有超過半數(shù)不能堅持工作,也因此帶來沉重的社會經(jīng)濟負擔[3]?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學研究表明,炎性刺激下滑膜成纖維細胞(Synovial Fibroblasts,SFS)增殖,導致關節(jié)滑膜炎,同時大量增生的纖維組織侵入軟骨及骨組織造成破壞,最終導致骨關節(jié)功能不可逆損傷。因此如何抑制SFS增殖,抑制滑膜增生,促進骨修復對RA關節(jié)損傷修復具有重要研究意義。Wnt/β-catenin信號通路參與調(diào)節(jié)細胞的發(fā)育以及成熟過程,影響細胞的增殖、分化、遷移及凋亡[4-5],也是RA發(fā)生發(fā)展的關鍵環(huán)節(jié),但其對RA的作用是多重的。一方面Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在成骨細胞的增殖與分化過程中具有重要的促進作用[6-7]。另一方面,成纖維樣滑膜細胞中Wnt/β-catenin信號上調(diào),可加重炎性反應,促進成纖維樣滑膜細胞(Fibroblast-like Synoviocyte,F(xiàn)LS)增殖,加重RA軟組織增生,加重病情[8]。因此研究Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的作用機制及如何在FLS與成骨細胞中雙向調(diào)節(jié)該通路對RA的治療具有重要意義。
1?RA的研究進展
RA是一種以關節(jié)滑膜慢性炎性反應、關節(jié)進行性破壞為特征的自身免疫性疾病,嚴重者可累及心、肺、腎和皮膚、血管等組織,大部分患者病情呈慢性進展性、破壞性。
在急性期,即RA早期,主要表現(xiàn)為炎性滲出、細胞浸潤,滑膜充血、水腫、組織疏松,可見中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞和單核細胞等滲出。滑膜液中可檢測到大量的白細胞介素-1(IL-1)、IL-6和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)等炎性反應遞質(zhì)。隨著病情的進展,進入慢性期,這些炎性反應遞質(zhì)并不減退,反而直接刺激滑膜組織導致其增生。由于慢性滑膜炎中滑膜細胞增殖活躍,纖維組織、新生血管及炎性細胞一起形成的血管翳會侵入軟骨和骨表面,阻斷營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)攝取,引起軟骨及骨損傷。另一方面關節(jié)中的炎性反應遞質(zhì)TNF-α等除能直接刺激滑膜和軟骨細胞合成PGE2和膠原酶,加重軟骨破壞外,還可以激活自身免疫系統(tǒng),促進RANKL的高表達,而RANKL可促使破骨細胞前體分化為破骨細胞,從而對關節(jié)造成破壞,形成蟲蝕樣改變;同時可激活炎性反應遞質(zhì),進一步激活免疫系統(tǒng)加重RA的免疫損傷;還可通過激活核因子-κB(Nuclear Factor-κB,NF-κB)通路直接造成骨破壞[9]。
進一步研究表明,效應性T細胞輔助性T細胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)受孤核受體(Receptorrelated Orphan Receptor,RORγt)調(diào)控分泌的IL-17,可促進RA的發(fā)生,抑制RORγt和IL-17活性均可起到抑制RA關節(jié)炎性反應及骨破壞的作用[10-11]。核因子-κB受體活化因子配體(Receptoractivator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)表達升高,而RANKL的高表達可促使破骨細胞前體分化為破骨細胞,從而對關節(jié)造成破壞,同時使骨保護素(Osteoprotegerin,OPG)失去作用[12],進而造成關節(jié)軟骨和骨組織的破壞[13-14],RANKL水平越高,RA骨破壞程度越嚴重[15]。相對于破骨細胞,成骨細胞(Osteoblast,OB)除可產(chǎn)生OPG促進骨生成外,還可在RANKL和集落刺激因子1(Colony-stimulating factor 1,CSF1)的刺激下調(diào)控單核細胞/巨噬細胞譜分化破骨細胞,調(diào)控其活化,故在骨重塑的過程中其分泌及分化水平對RA的進展更重要。而促進OPG的表達也是促進骨關節(jié)修復的關鍵。當成骨細胞受到破骨細胞外泌體的干擾時,分化受到抑制[16],進而OPG分泌減少,進而影響骨關節(jié)修復。
2?Wnt/β-catenin信號通路
Wnt/β-catenin信號通路是復雜的蛋白信號網(wǎng)絡,根據(jù)其激發(fā)方式不同,目前將其分為4條Wnt通路,分別為經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路(Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway)和非經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路(Noncanonical Wnt Signaling Pathway)即Wnt/c-JNK通路、蛋白激酶A通路(包括Ca2+通路和p-GTP酶通路)以及平面細胞極性通路(Planar Cell Polarity,PCP)。其中目前研究最多、最廣泛的Wnt通路是經(jīng)典Wnt信號通路即Wnt/β-catenin信號通路,主要包括細胞外因子(Wnt配體)、低密度脂蛋白受體相關蛋白5/6(LRP5/6)、跨膜受體(Frizzled)、β連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)及核內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(TCFS/LEF)等一系列蛋白。Wnt家族配體主要從旁分泌來源,與靶細胞上表面的LRP5/6家族和Frizzled家族蛋白相結(jié)合,通過形成二聚體來激活Wnt經(jīng)典通路。β-catenin一般情況下可以形成穩(wěn)定的復合物,從而與E-鈣粘蛋白參與細胞黏著,而細胞內(nèi)β-catenin則與糖原合成酶激酶(Glycogen Synthase Kinase,GSK)3β,結(jié)腸腺瘤息肉蛋白(Adenomatous Polyposis Coli,APC),軸抑制蛋白(Axis Inhibitor,Axin)2等形成復合物,β-catenin的N端由GSK-3β經(jīng)磷酸化、泛素化后被酶水解。當Wnt配體與細胞表面受體結(jié)合,Wnt經(jīng)典通路被激活時,細胞質(zhì)中游離的β-catenin增多,進入細胞核后,通過與Tcf/Lef家族形成具有逆轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,來啟動c-Myc等目的基因[17]。
任何環(huán)節(jié)受到干擾都會導致Wnt經(jīng)典信號通路的失活。Wnt抑制因子(Wnt inhibitory factor,Wif)是細胞外的抑制因子,Wif-1蛋白和分泌型卷曲相關蛋白(secreted frizzled-related protein,sFRP)直接與Wnt配體相結(jié)合,使Wnt配體不能與細胞表面結(jié)合,起到抑制Wnt通路傳導的作用[18]。阻黑蛋白-1(Dickkopf-1,DKK-1)可與細胞表面LRP6直接結(jié)合,競爭性抑制Wnt家族配體[19]。加入XAV939抑制Axin2分解使Axin2持續(xù)表達可引起β-catenin形成復合物,起到抑制該通路的作用[20]。而促進GSK3β分解可調(diào)高穩(wěn)定β-catenin的表達,起到激活Wnt經(jīng)典通路的作用。
3?Wnt/β-catenin信號通路對RA的影響
Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在RA的發(fā)病中起到雙重作用。一方面Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的活化可導致滑膜細胞增殖,促進滑膜增生,導致骨損害,破壞關節(jié)功能。
3.1?Wnt/β-catenin信號通路對滑膜增生的促進作用
RA的滑膜炎主要表現(xiàn)為SFS增殖和顯著的組織炎性反應,進而引起關節(jié)紅、腫、熱、痛等表現(xiàn)。Wnt/β-catenin信號通路不僅參與調(diào)節(jié)SFS中炎性反應,還可引起炎性反應遞質(zhì)如TNF-α、IL-1等的表達,介導RA炎性反應[21]。實驗證實,SFS的增殖過程中Wnt1,Wnt5a,Wnt7表達顯著升高,而下調(diào)這些配體可抑制關節(jié)中SFS增殖[22]。還有研究證明,RA的滑膜里層細胞成纖維細胞和內(nèi)皮細胞中,Wnt10b的表達與炎性細胞浸潤程度及組織纖維化的程度相平行[23]。Matzelle等[24]在研究變異性關節(jié)炎小鼠模型的實驗過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt/β-catenin信號通路相關調(diào)節(jié)蛋白的表達及變化與關節(jié)炎性反應的消退是密切相關的,進一步證實了RA炎性反應的確能夠使Wnt/β-catenin信號通路過度激活。Xiao等[25]通過實驗檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),在RA患者滑膜標本中β-catenin的表達水平較關節(jié)創(chuàng)傷和骨關節(jié)炎患者明顯增高。同樣RA患者滑膜細胞中β-catenin的表達也明顯高于關節(jié)創(chuàng)傷患者滑膜細胞中β-catenin水平。因此,抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路,從而抑制滑膜炎性反應是治療RA的關鍵。
3.2?Wnt/β-catenin信號通路對骨形成的促進作用??近年來研究表明,Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在骨形成中具有重要作用[26]。除了對骨細胞成熟、分化、凋亡的調(diào)控作用外,Wnt/β-catenin信號通路激活直接促進骨形成。當Wnt/β-catenin信號通路細胞表面受體LRP5基因缺陷引起的Wnt/β-catenin通路失調(diào)可導致骨形成障礙,而加強LRP5表達則可以通過促進成骨細胞的發(fā)育和分化,起到促進骨形成的作用[27-28]。此外,Wnt通路還可以通過調(diào)節(jié)成骨細胞和破骨細胞的平衡達到調(diào)節(jié)骨形成的作用[29-30],同時,通過抑制RANKL起到抑制破骨細胞分化,抑制骨破壞的作用[31-32]。
在骨修復方面,Wnt信號通路起到了促進成骨細胞生成,抑制破骨細胞生成從而起到促進骨修復的作用[33]。研究表明,Wnt/β-catenin信號通路配體Wnt的缺失可引起嚴重的骨質(zhì)疏松[34],而由Wnt1介導的分泌型蛋白1(Wnt1-induced secreted protein-1,WISP1)可調(diào)節(jié)成骨細胞和破骨細胞的協(xié)同作用[35],Wnt1可通過提高胞內(nèi)穩(wěn)定的β-catenin水平提高骨形成基因表達,增加成骨細胞的分化[36],從而起到促進骨修復作用。研究顯示,Wnt3a也可通過刺激Wnt經(jīng)典通路的活化促進成骨細胞增殖,上調(diào)OPG表達,還可通過RANKL抑制破骨細胞的形成[37-38]。而Wnt10a和Wnt10b能通過提高β-catenin水平調(diào)節(jié)干細胞向成骨細胞轉(zhuǎn)化[40]。國外有學者在骨質(zhì)疏松動物實驗中證實,β-catenin的穩(wěn)定性提高MC3T3-E1、C3H10T1/2等成骨細胞和成骨細胞活性[41],促進骨形成,而發(fā)育早期抑制β-catenin基因表達則引起成骨過程中間充質(zhì)細胞向軟骨細胞而非成骨細胞轉(zhuǎn)化,引發(fā)異常的軟骨形成[42-43]。在成骨細胞提高β-catenin的穩(wěn)定性可導致OPG表達上調(diào),進而使小鼠患骨硬化癥[44]。在OA患者的關節(jié)軟骨組織中也發(fā)現(xiàn)β-catenin mRNA和蛋白表達水平提高[45],而促進β-catenin表達可誘導轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠出現(xiàn)OA癥狀[46]。
4?調(diào)節(jié)Wnt/β-catenin信號通路對RA的治療作用
Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在RA骨關節(jié)損傷及修復的過程中的作用是微妙的。如何選擇性促進成骨過程中Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的高表達促進成骨細胞增殖,同時抑制SFS中Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的低表達,抑制滑膜纖維細胞增殖,抑制滑膜組織增生成為治療RA的關鍵。
而近年來越來越多的RA治療研究指向Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的抑制因子DKK-1。國內(nèi)臨床流行病學研究表明,RA患者血清中DDK-1的表達較健康人顯著升高[47]。在一項230例RA患者的臨床研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),RA患者血清中DKK-1水平與關節(jié)液中DKK-1水平正相關,與患者紅細胞沉降率、C反應蛋白水亦具有相關性[48]。國外一項臨床研究表明,DKK-1血清水平越高,RA患者關節(jié)功能越差[49]。動物實驗也證實,甲氨蝶呤也可通過抑制RA大鼠血清中DKK-1的表達水平起到治療作用[50]。目前抗DDK-1抗體已經(jīng)應用于RA臨床治療的實驗當中[51]。有實驗研究表明常用于RA治療的激素地塞米松可增加DKK-1表達,抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路,從而引起骨質(zhì)疏松[52]。RA與強直性脊柱炎均屬于骨關節(jié)受累的免疫性疾病。在一項強直性脊柱炎的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),AS患者血清中無明顯骨贅增生較有骨贅增生的DKK-1水平顯著增高[53],表明抑制Wnt通路可減輕骨贅增生。國內(nèi)也有實驗證實,RA大鼠腹腔注射Wnt蛋白家族抗體Wif-1后炎性反應遞質(zhì)IL-6、IL-8 mRNA及蛋白表達顯著下降[54]。
5?小結(jié)
以上研究表明,只有選擇性抑制滑膜成纖維細胞的增殖分化,抑制其表達而同時促進,至少不影響成骨細胞成熟分化的藥物,才能對RA起到更好的治療作用。因此,抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號通路對RA的治療究竟是否有影響仍需要學者們進一步研究探討。
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