国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

新疆棉田殘膜回收方式及資源化再利用現(xiàn)狀問題與對策

2019-10-10 02:18:56梁榮慶陳學(xué)庚張炳成蒙賀偉彭祥彬李衛(wèi)敏
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報 2019年16期
關(guān)鍵詞:殘膜棉田資源化

梁榮慶,陳學(xué)庚,張炳成,蒙賀偉,姜 鵬,彭祥彬,坎 雜,李衛(wèi)敏

新疆棉田殘膜回收方式及資源化再利用現(xiàn)狀問題與對策

梁榮慶,陳學(xué)庚,張炳成,蒙賀偉,姜 鵬,彭祥彬,坎 雜※,李衛(wèi)敏

(1. 石河子大學(xué)機械電氣工程學(xué)院,石河子 832000;2. 農(nóng)業(yè)部西北農(nóng)業(yè)裝備重點實驗室,石河子 832000)

地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)在促進農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)增收的同時,地膜殘留問題也給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境及生態(tài)環(huán)境帶來了諸多危害,地膜使用與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護及農(nóng)業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展之間的矛盾日益突出。新疆作為中國棉花主產(chǎn)區(qū),受種植面積增長、長年連作、地膜強度差及回收力度不夠等多重因素影響,棉田殘膜污染問題尤為嚴(yán)重。該文在實地調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上,分析歸納當(dāng)前新疆棉田地膜使用基本狀況及殘留污染情況,以當(dāng)前新疆棉田殘膜回收方式及資源化利用情況為主要研究內(nèi)容,對采用不同回收方式回收的棉田殘膜特點進行分析。通過實地調(diào)查當(dāng)前新疆殘膜初清理方式、再加工處理工藝流程及利用途徑等基本情況,分析了各生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)配套設(shè)備及工作過程,結(jié)果表明:先進適用的農(nóng)田殘膜回收機械缺乏、機收棉田殘膜含雜量較高、殘膜初清理及再加工設(shè)備缺乏且技術(shù)不成熟、殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)較少等是阻礙新疆農(nóng)田殘膜資源化利用進程的主要影響因素,建議通過加快耐候性及高強度地膜推廣與示范,提升農(nóng)田殘膜機械化回收技術(shù)水平,合理布局殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)等多種途徑,實現(xiàn)地膜生產(chǎn)、使用、回收及資源化利用各環(huán)節(jié)協(xié)同推進,形成全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈閉環(huán)殘膜污染治理模式,全方位及多層次解決新疆農(nóng)田殘膜污染問題,為新疆乃至全國農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理及資源化利用提供一定借鑒與參考。

地膜;回收;棉花;污染治理;初清理;資源化利用

0 引 言

地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)具有改善農(nóng)作物生長環(huán)境及調(diào)節(jié)農(nóng)作物生長周期等功能[1-6],被廣泛應(yīng)用于國內(nèi)外農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中[7],推動了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力及農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展[8-11],也促進了農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)增收[12],該技術(shù)自20世紀(jì)70年代引入以來,在中國大部分地區(qū)取得了迅速推廣與應(yīng)用,尤其在北方干旱、半干旱及高山冷涼地區(qū)使用最為普遍[13-18],目前農(nóng)用地膜已成為中國農(nóng)業(yè)四大生產(chǎn)資料(種子、地膜、農(nóng)藥及化肥)之一[19]。截止到2017年底,中國當(dāng)年農(nóng)作物地膜覆蓋面積及總使用量已達到了1 865.7萬hm2及143.7萬t[20],年需求量增長趨勢明顯。隨著地膜覆蓋面積及使用量的增加,農(nóng)田地膜殘留給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境及生態(tài)環(huán)境帶來了諸多問題,目前中國農(nóng)田地膜殘留量約占總使用量的1/4~1/3[8]。

新疆作為中國棉花主產(chǎn)區(qū),地膜覆蓋面積及使用量均居全國首位,殘膜污染問題尤為嚴(yán)重[21-25],影響了棉花發(fā)育生長及產(chǎn)量[26-28],降低了農(nóng)機作業(yè)質(zhì)量[29-30]及造成了棉紡織品異性纖維含量超標(biāo)[31-33],還產(chǎn)生了“視覺污染”[34]及“白色污染”[35],諸多問題表明地膜使用與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護及農(nóng)業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展之間的矛盾日益突出。為解決農(nóng)田殘膜污染問題,多年來各級政府相繼出臺了相關(guān)政策、法律及法規(guī)[36-41],各高校、科研院所及企業(yè)也針對以棉田殘膜為主要對象的機械化回收方式與方法開展了大量及深入研究[42-55],農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理工作已取得了初步成效,但農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理屬于系統(tǒng)工程,收而不用又會造成二次環(huán)境污染及有效資源浪費。

因此,本文在前期研究及實地調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上,以新疆棉田殘膜初清理及資源化利用現(xiàn)狀為主要研究對象,通過歸納當(dāng)前新疆棉田地膜使用的基本狀況及殘留污染程度,對比分析采用不同回收方式回收的棉田殘膜的初清理及資源化再加工利用難易程度,實地調(diào)查了當(dāng)前新疆棉田殘膜初清理方式、再加工處理工藝及利用途徑等情況,對各生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)配套設(shè)備及工作過程進行概述。目前新疆由于受先進適用的棉田殘膜回收機械缺乏,機收棉田殘膜含雜量高,殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)較少等多重因素影響,回收后的棉田殘膜并未進行及時有效處理和資源化利用,殘膜回收和資源化利用需并舉并重,才能有效解決殘膜污染問題。為此,提出了加快耐候性及高強度地膜推廣與示范,提升機械化農(nóng)田殘膜回收技術(shù)水平,開發(fā)合適的農(nóng)田殘膜初清理及再利用技術(shù),合理布局殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)等應(yīng)對措施,實現(xiàn)地膜生產(chǎn)、使用、回收及資源化利用各環(huán)節(jié)協(xié)同推進,形成全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈閉環(huán)殘膜污染治理模式,多層次及全方位解決新疆棉田殘膜污染治理問題,推動新疆乃至全國農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理及資源化利用進程。

1 新疆棉田殘膜使用及污染情況分析

1.1 新疆棉田地膜使用情況分析

新疆地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)從20世紀(jì)80年代在棉花種植中開始推廣使用[56],現(xiàn)已擴展到了玉米、馬鈴薯、辣椒、加工番茄、花生、葫蘆瓜及打瓜等農(nóng)作物種植過程中,是促進新疆農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要手段之一。

如圖1,統(tǒng)計資料顯示[57],1993年新疆農(nóng)作物種植面積為132.9萬hm2,其中棉花種植面積為60.64萬hm2,新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜覆蓋面積為61.7萬hm2,約占中國當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總覆蓋面積的10.4%,由于新疆棉花均采用覆膜種植,新疆棉田覆膜總面積也為60.64萬hm2,約占新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總覆蓋面積的98.3%。隨著寬膜覆蓋、膜下滴灌、精量播種等整套高效田間作業(yè)新工藝在新疆的率先提出與快速推廣[58-60],該地區(qū)地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)被提高到了新水平。

截止到2017年,中國及新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總覆蓋面積分別為1 865.7萬hm2及379.6萬hm2,新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總覆蓋面積約占中國當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總覆蓋面積的20.3%和新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)作物總播種面積(588.7萬hm2[19])的64.5%,而新疆當(dāng)年棉花種植面積為221.75 萬hm2,新疆棉花覆膜總面積也為221.75 萬hm2,約占新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總覆蓋面積的58.4%。

圖1 1993—2017年農(nóng)作物播種面積、地膜覆蓋面積及棉花種植面積

由圖2可知,1993年中國及新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總使用量分別為37.5及3.9萬t,新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總使用量約占中國當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總使用量的10.4%,由于新疆當(dāng)年棉花覆膜面積約占新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總覆蓋面積的98.3%,則新疆當(dāng)年棉花農(nóng)田地膜使用總量約為3.83萬t。截止到2017年,中國及新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總使用量分別為143.7及21.9萬t,新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總使用量約占中國農(nóng)田地膜總使用量的15.3%,按新疆當(dāng)年棉花覆膜總面積約占新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)作物覆膜總面積的58.4%推算,2017年新疆當(dāng)年棉花農(nóng)田地膜使用總量為12.8萬t。

近年來,隨著中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、基本國情發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、農(nóng)作物種植區(qū)域變化及種植規(guī)模擴大等諸多因素影響,以高分子聚合物材料為主要成分的農(nóng)田地膜在一段時間內(nèi)仍會繼續(xù)被廣泛使用[13],給新疆乃至中國農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理增加了一定的難度。

圖2 1993—2017年中國及新疆農(nóng)田地膜總使用量

1.2 新疆棉田殘膜污染情況分析

農(nóng)田地膜主要成分為高分子聚合物,性能極為穩(wěn)定,自然降解時間為200~400 a[61]。隨著農(nóng)田地膜使用量和使用年限不斷增加[62],農(nóng)田殘膜在土壤中大量聚集,當(dāng)前全國耕地農(nóng)田地膜平均殘留量約為60 kg/hm2,最高已達到了165 kg/hm2[63-64],給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、農(nóng)作物生長和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護等帶來了諸多問題。

2018年全國棉花種植面積為335.2萬hm2,新疆作為中國棉花主產(chǎn)區(qū),2018年棉花種植面積為249.2萬hm2,約占全國總量的74.3%[65]。隨著新疆棉花種植面積逐年擴大及長年覆膜連作,30多年來棉田積累的殘膜污染問題尤為突出。土壤耕層中殘膜碎片增多主要是由于農(nóng)田地膜材料厚度、覆膜強度及回收力度不夠等影響因素所造成的[66],文獻[67-72]顯示,新疆長期覆膜棉田耕層地膜殘留量為42~540 kg/hm2,平均殘留量在260 kg/hm2以上,是全國農(nóng)田地膜平均殘留量的4倍多,且該指標(biāo)隨種植年限增加而不斷增加,地膜覆蓋連續(xù)20年種植棉花-加工番茄土壤耕層中地膜殘留量甚至高達358 kg/hm2。另外,新疆棉田地膜在耕層中的殘留量分布較為集中,據(jù)調(diào)查統(tǒng)計在0~300 mm耕層土壤中的殘膜量約占地膜總殘留量的85%以上,且以碎片居多,極易形成殘膜障礙層,與表層殘膜相比其回收及初清理更困難。

2 新疆棉田殘膜回收現(xiàn)狀

由于棉花為新疆地區(qū)主要農(nóng)作物,為了解及掌握當(dāng)前新疆殘膜回收及資源化利用現(xiàn)狀,該文主要以新疆棉田殘膜為主要研究對象,對其回收方式及回收后狀態(tài)等進行了實地調(diào)研,目前新疆棉田殘膜回收方式以人工和機械回收為主。

2.1 人工收膜作業(yè)

2018年對新疆阿拉爾市、石河子市、雙河市及瑪納斯縣等地棉田殘膜回收情況調(diào)研過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),調(diào)研結(jié)果顯示:南疆部分地區(qū)棉田殘膜回收采用人工揭邊膜、劃中膜及揭膜作業(yè)方式,人工揭邊膜及劃中膜作業(yè)(圖3a)主要在每年5月下旬至6月中旬首次灌溉前進行,以鐵鍬輔助作業(yè)或直接拖拽為主,無相應(yīng)機械配套;劃中膜作業(yè)則利用簡單圓盤式劃膜片或鐵鉤完成,人工揭邊膜及劃膜作業(yè)成本為150~200元/(人·d),作業(yè)效率約為2.67 hm2/(人·d)。

a. 人工劃膜作業(yè)a. Manually cutting plastic film operationb. 人工揭膜作業(yè)b. Manually uncovering plastic film operation

人工揭膜作業(yè)(圖3b)主要集中每年8月中旬灌溉前或11月中旬采棉結(jié)束后且棉稈粉碎還田作業(yè)前后進行,8月中旬灌溉前揭膜作業(yè)時棉田殘膜強度及完整性較好,且人工揭取的殘膜較為完整,其殘留量及含雜量較少,有利于資源化利用,但該時期棉花正處于發(fā)育生長期,棉株高且棉鈴多,為避免傷鈴,該環(huán)節(jié)均采用人工揭膜,并無相應(yīng)配套或輔助機械;另外也有部分農(nóng)戶選擇在11月中旬棉花收獲結(jié)束后且棉稈粉碎還田作業(yè)前后進行揭膜作業(yè),該階段棉田殘膜強度及完整性與8月中旬相比較差,揭膜完整性較低,回收的殘膜含有一定量棉稈,不利于后期殘膜初清理及資源化利用。調(diào)研顯示,人工揭膜作業(yè)效率約為0.67 hm2/(人·d),農(nóng)閑時期人工作業(yè)成本最高為150元/(人·d),近年來由于新疆勞動力短缺,農(nóng)忙時節(jié)人工成本較昂貴,約為200元/(人·d),而且雇傭困難,成本高、工作效率低、用工量及勞動強度大等問題,不適合大面積連續(xù)作業(yè)。

新疆伊犁、阿拉爾及奎屯小部分降水量及水資源豐富地區(qū)也存在苗期人工揭膜作業(yè),并不適合大范圍推廣,此外在棉花生長期進行人工破膜或揭膜不能夠完全發(fā)揮地膜保濕保墑、增溫抑草等功能,易造成棉花單株成鈴數(shù)減少,降低單鈴質(zhì)量,從而導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)[73-75]。

2.2 機械收膜作業(yè)

為實現(xiàn)新疆棉田殘膜機械化回收,20世紀(jì)80年代新疆部分單位開始對殘膜回收機進行研制[76],30多年來新疆各科研院所、高校及企業(yè)對以棉田殘膜回收機為主進行了大量研究。棉花殘膜回收機械根據(jù)不同作業(yè)時間主要分為播前殘膜回收機械、苗期揭膜回收機械和秋后殘膜回收機械[77],其中秋后殘膜回收機械應(yīng)用最為廣泛。

1)播前殘膜回收機械

播前殘膜回收機械主要是在棉花播種前對耕層內(nèi)前季及多年殘膜碎片進行回收的作業(yè)機械,包括摟耙式、鏈篩式、釘齒式、彈齒式、聯(lián)合整地式及深翻篩土式等類型[78-83]。以摟耙式、彈齒式及釘齒式等結(jié)構(gòu)為主的播前殘膜回收機械作業(yè)深度一般為50 mm,該類型機具回收的棉田殘膜以短條或碎片為主,含雜量少,有利于棉田殘膜初清理及資源化利用。

深翻篩土式播前殘膜回收機又稱為耕層殘膜回收機,作業(yè)深度可達200 mm以下。在作業(yè)過程中,主要采用旋耕裝置將土壤打散,利用鏈篩式等分離裝置將土壤與殘膜進行篩分,繼而實現(xiàn)殘膜的有效回收,該類作業(yè)機具回收的殘膜以碎片為主且含雜量較高,若處理不及時或不合理極易造成二次環(huán)境污染。另外,由于機收殘膜中夾雜大量往季或當(dāng)季還田的棉稈,對秸稈還田實際效果也會產(chǎn)生一定影響。

2)苗期揭膜回收機械

苗期揭膜作業(yè)主要是在棉花首次灌溉前進行揭膜,由于此時農(nóng)田地膜鋪設(shè)時間較短,強度較好,易于進行整膜回收。根據(jù)回收方式不同苗期揭膜回收機主要分為卷模式、齒鏈?zhǔn)降阮愋停捎诨厥盏拿尢餁埬ね暾院?,殘膜收凈率較高且含雜率較少[13,84-85],有利于后續(xù)的初清理及資源化利用。但苗期揭膜致使農(nóng)田地膜起不到保溫、保濕及抑草等作用,不僅會導(dǎo)致棉花灌溉次數(shù)及灌水量增加,還會造成棉田雜草瘋長及棉花減產(chǎn),該方法極不適用于以膜下滴灌技術(shù)為主的新疆等干旱地區(qū),因此目前新疆大部分地區(qū)均未采用該作業(yè)方式,只在降水量充沛及水資源豐富的小部分地區(qū)進行了推廣示范。

3)秋后殘膜回收機械

秋后殘膜回收機械目前在新疆推廣應(yīng)用最為廣泛,該類型機械作業(yè)時間主要集中在棉花收獲結(jié)束后,其根據(jù)作業(yè)功能可分為單功能作業(yè)機具和聯(lián)合作業(yè)機具。

單功能作業(yè)機具只能進行殘膜回收作業(yè),主要包括立桿式、滾筒式、滾刀式及夾指鏈?zhǔn)降阮愋蚚86-90],其中以立桿式殘膜回收機應(yīng)用作為廣泛。該類型機具在棉稈粉碎還田前進行作業(yè)時,棉花根部及壓入土壤中的地膜回收困難,且殘膜易被棉稈纏繞,降低了殘膜回收率;當(dāng)該類型機具在棉稈粉碎還田后進行作業(yè)時,雖可避免棉稈纏繞問題,但還田棉稈也被同時回收,造成殘膜含雜量高,不利于后續(xù)初清理及資源化利用。

秋后殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機具主要包括彈齒式、夾指鏈?zhǔn)?、鏈耙式、隨動式及二次分離式等類型[91-97]。該類機具在作業(yè)過程中,利用棉花秸稈粉碎裝置將棉稈粉碎,采用絞龍、輸送帶或氣吹等多種方式將粉碎的棉稈拋至機具后側(cè)或側(cè)面,與此同時機具中的殘膜回收裝置對殘膜進行有效回收,并將其送至集膜箱、卷膜輥或壓膜打包輥等殘膜收集裝置中,一次性完成棉稈還田和殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)。由于部分秋后殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機具回收的棉田殘膜含雜量高,極不利于初清理及資源化利用。另外,該類型機具多采用側(cè)置式拋稈,粉碎的棉稈被集條堆放在一行內(nèi),不易腐爛分解,在土壤耕層中易形成隔離層,影響棉花播種,降低棉種發(fā)芽率及成活率,致使棉花減產(chǎn)。

以陳學(xué)庚院士為主的研究團隊研制的隨動式及二次撿拾式秋后棉田殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機,在作業(yè)過程中可將棉田殘膜整片卷起,殘膜雜質(zhì)含量少,運輸方便,有利于棉田殘膜初清理及資源化利用,該機型目前仍處于試驗驗證階段,還未進行市場推廣[91]。

受殘膜機類型、地區(qū)及作業(yè)工況條件等因素影響,當(dāng)前新疆棉田殘膜機械回收作業(yè)成本為150~525元/hm2,立桿式摟膜機作業(yè)費用最低,為150元/hm2,但回收后的殘膜含雜量較高,需人工挑膜、撿膜;秋后殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機具可一次性完成棉桿粉碎及殘膜回收作業(yè),作業(yè)成本較高,為525元/hm2,該機具回收后的殘膜雖比立桿式摟膜機含雜量低,但其回收后的物料仍需人工撿膜,增加了殘膜回收再利用成本;另外,若再對殘膜運輸、裝卸成本進行核算,則回收與運輸總成本又會增加,成本過高必然會降低農(nóng)民回收殘膜的積極性,從而會在一定程度上影響農(nóng)田殘膜回收及再利用,若政府出臺相關(guān)補貼政策支持,農(nóng)戶回收農(nóng)田殘膜的積極性會提高。

3 新疆棉田殘膜初清理及資源化利用現(xiàn)狀

近年來,隨著政府對殘膜污染治理投入及宣傳力度加大,新疆大部分地區(qū)均進行了殘膜回收作業(yè),殘膜污染治理工作取得了初步成效,但回收后的殘膜并未被有效與及時處理,而是多被堆棄、填埋或焚燒,從而造成了二次環(huán)境污染及資源浪費,由于農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理屬于系統(tǒng)工程,殘膜回收和資源化利用應(yīng)并舉并重,才能有效的解決殘膜污染問題。

國內(nèi)學(xué)者針對廢舊農(nóng)膜(主要是農(nóng)業(yè)大棚覆蓋用膜)的加工再利用工藝、方法及設(shè)備進行了大量研究[98-103],并取得了一定的成果,但其所處理物料雜質(zhì)含量均較少,易于處理,而新疆機收棉田殘膜中棉稈、土壤等雜質(zhì)含量較高,且膜-土-稈分布無序、膜-土粘附較強及膜-稈相互纏繞復(fù)雜,傳統(tǒng)的大棚膜、包裝膜及其他廢舊塑料加工再利用工藝流程及配套機械難以對其進行有效處理。針對新疆棉田機收殘膜初清理問題,部分學(xué)者也進行了相關(guān)研究[104-105],但目前仍處于試驗階段。為了解新疆棉田殘膜初清理、再生處理及資源化利用狀況,2018年10月至12月對新疆阿拉爾市、石河子市、奎屯市及昌吉州瑪納斯縣、吉木薩爾縣等地區(qū)殘膜初清理及資源化利用加工企業(yè)進行了實地調(diào)查。

3.1 棉田殘膜初清理方式

目前新疆大部分地區(qū)棉田殘膜初清理主要為水洗,主要包括滴灌帶初清理和塑料水洗初清理2種。

滴灌帶初清理成套設(shè)備主要由高速塑料破碎清洗機、橫向輸送滾筒、攪拌清洗池及輸送裝置等組成,可一次性完成棉田殘膜的破碎、清洗及輸送等,如圖4所示。該設(shè)備生產(chǎn)規(guī)模較小,制造或購買成本較低,在市場上占有一定比例。該類設(shè)備工藝流程為:破碎→漂洗→輸送堆積,處理過程為:團狀或條狀無棉稈殘膜被工程抓機夾至高速塑料破碎清洗機前并采用人工將其喂入,物料被高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的滾刀式破碎輥破碎,與此同時破碎后的物料被破碎機上方注入的高速水流送至橫向輸送滾筒,經(jīng)清洗攪拌池反復(fù)攪拌清洗后,再被拋至輸送裝置進行集中堆放,可一次性完成棉田殘膜的初清理。

a. 高速塑料破碎清洗機a. High speed plastic crushing and cleaning machineb. 攪拌清洗池b. Stirring cleaning pool

塑料水洗初清理設(shè)備主要由輸送帶、破碎機(撕碎機)、搓洗機、清洗槽等立式脫水機等組成。該類成套設(shè)備配套功率均在150 kW以上,加工能力為1 500 t/a左右,整體售價均在100萬元以上。該類設(shè)備工藝流程為:撕碎(破碎)→高速搓洗→漂洗→脫水,主要工作過程為:利用單軸破碎機(撕碎機)對無棉稈的長條狀或團狀殘膜進行破碎,破碎后的棉田殘膜則被送至高速螺旋搓洗機中進行反復(fù)搓洗,盡可能去除棉田殘膜碎片表面粘附土壤,搓洗后的棉田殘膜碎片再被送至攪拌清洗水槽中進行反復(fù)攪拌清洗,清洗干凈后的棉田殘膜碎片則被攪拌清洗槽中的撿拾拋送機構(gòu)拋送至立式脫水機中進行脫水,完成棉田殘膜的初清理。為使棉田殘膜清理干凈,該成套設(shè)備配置的攪拌清洗槽較長,最長可達24 m,沉淀循環(huán)水池為3 000 m3左右,在水洗過程中雖可加濾網(wǎng)對較大尺寸殘膜碎片進行過濾,但在沉淀水池中仍有較小的殘膜碎片存在。

滴灌帶初清理設(shè)備與塑料水洗初清理設(shè)備雖在工作性能、成本造價、安全性、可靠性及功耗等方面差異較大,但兩者對物料含雜率要求、設(shè)備性能及工藝流程基本相同。另外,以水洗為主的成套設(shè)備對棉田殘膜含雜量及含雜類型要求較高,含雜量應(yīng)<5%;為保證初清理生產(chǎn)線正常運轉(zhuǎn),需人工進行膜雜分離,費用約為120~150元/(人·d),人工成本超過150元/(人·d)時,企業(yè)就不再組織生產(chǎn)。

3.2 棉田殘膜資源化利用情況

目前新疆初清理后的棉田殘膜再生加工方法主要以再生造粒為主,該方式所配套的設(shè)備主要包括輸送裝置、熔融裝置、擠出機及切粒機等,如圖5所示。

a. 殘膜造粒設(shè)備a. Plastic film processing grains equipmentb. 塑料顆粒b. Plastic grains

以水洗造粒為主的棉田殘膜再生加工設(shè)備所生產(chǎn)的再生塑料顆粒最優(yōu)可達二級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),市場售價最高可達7 000元/t(原生新料價格為9 000元/t),該再生塑料顆??膳c新塑料顆粒按一定比例混合后用于滴灌帶、周轉(zhuǎn)箱及包裝膜等塑料產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)制造。

綜上所述,新疆棉田殘膜初清理及再利用總體加工工藝流程如圖6所示。

圖6 殘膜初清理及再生加工工藝流程

4 棉田殘膜資源化利用問題及策略

4.1 棉田殘膜資源化利用存在的主要問題

1)先進適用的棉田殘膜回收機械較為缺乏

30多年來各高校、科研院所及企業(yè)開發(fā)的棉田殘膜回收機械種類雖然較多,而核心部件(起膜挑膜機構(gòu)、輸膜脫膜機構(gòu)等)可靠性差、膜雜分離不徹底、邊膜及根膜未能有效回收及耕層殘膜回收難等是殘膜回收中存在的主要瓶頸問題,先進適用的棉田殘膜回收機械較為缺乏,受地膜厚度、強度及作業(yè)環(huán)境等多重因素影響,各類機型均存在可靠性差、回收效率低、回收的棉田殘膜含雜量高等問題,造成大量棉田殘膜難以及時有效回收或回收后無法進行資源化利用,進而造成殘膜初清理及資源化再生加工企業(yè)生產(chǎn)原料不足,影響殘膜初清理及再利用成套設(shè)備的正常運轉(zhuǎn),這不僅在一定程度上制約了棉田殘膜資源化資利用進程,也嚴(yán)重阻礙了棉田殘膜污染治理問題。

2)機收棉田殘膜含雜量較高

機收播前及秋后棉田殘膜含雜量較高,膜-土-稈分布無序、膜-土粘附較強及膜-稈相互纏繞復(fù)雜,造成棉田殘膜初清理加工繁瑣,為保證棉田殘膜初清理工藝生產(chǎn)線正常運行,棉田殘膜加工前需膜雜分離,該環(huán)節(jié)均采用人工分揀,勞動強度大、成本高、效率低且與實際生產(chǎn)加工需求極不匹配,增加了企業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)及運營成本,在一定程度上降低了企業(yè)對棉田殘膜回收處理積極性。部分殘膜回收加工企業(yè)雖要求農(nóng)戶按等級交收棉田殘膜,但棉田殘膜中仍帶有或多或少的棉稈,仍需人工后續(xù)除雜作業(yè)。另外,現(xiàn)有膜雜分離設(shè)備多以滾筒篩為主,雖可去除一定土壤,但不能有效清理棉稈,且分離效率低,除雜后的棉田殘膜仍裹卷大量土壤顆粒,不利于后續(xù)清洗,在一定程度上影響了棉田殘膜回收再利用進程。

3)殘膜初清理及再加工設(shè)備缺乏且技術(shù)不成熟

新疆殘膜初清理及再加工專用設(shè)備較為缺乏且技術(shù)不成熟,現(xiàn)有殘膜初清理及再加工成套設(shè)備多由滴灌帶或廢舊塑料成套處理設(shè)備及再加工改進而成,對物料含雜量、含雜種類等要求較高,由于滴灌帶、廢舊塑料與及棉田殘膜之間物料特性、形態(tài)特征等差異性較大,該類成套設(shè)備并不完全適用于棉田殘膜的初清理及再加工利用;而且現(xiàn)有殘膜成套處理設(shè)備均以水洗為主,棉田殘膜清洗過程中需大量水體進行循環(huán),清洗次數(shù)減少或清洗線縮短雖可節(jié)水,但其表面粘附土壤顆粒清除不凈會造成再生顆粒灰分增加,降低再生顆粒等級;若增加水洗次數(shù)或加長清洗線,雖可減少土壤含量,但又會在一定程度上增加運行成本。另外,由于新疆屬于西北干旱地區(qū),水資源彌足珍貴,以水洗造粒為主的殘膜初清理及再加工與新疆自然資源可利用度不符。

4)殘膜資源化利用加工方式及制品單一

受現(xiàn)有殘膜再生加工工藝及配置設(shè)備限制,當(dāng)前新疆棉田殘膜資源化利用加工方式及制品單一,初清理后的棉田殘膜多以生產(chǎn)再生塑料顆粒為主,由于地膜前期使用環(huán)境較為惡劣及后續(xù)初清理程度不一,再生塑料顆粒表面光潔度、力學(xué)特性及強度等均已發(fā)生變化,其應(yīng)用范圍會受到限制,該類塑料顆粒只能與新塑料顆粒按一定比例混合后用于滴灌帶、周轉(zhuǎn)箱及包裝膜等塑料制品的生產(chǎn)制造,若再生塑料顆粒性能品質(zhì)較差只能用于低端產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)制造或直接淘汰,但再生造粒生產(chǎn)工藝過程較為復(fù)雜,利潤空間有限,不利于棉田殘膜資源化利用產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。

5)殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)較少

目前新疆棉田地膜使用總用量均在20萬t以上,總體投入較大,棉田殘膜回收再利用前景較為廣闊,但每單位面積農(nóng)田殘膜回收量小且分散。近年來農(nóng)戶對土壤污染危害認(rèn)識及土地保護意識雖有所提高,但環(huán)境保護意識仍較差,由于殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)較少,覆蓋范圍擴大及運輸距離增加,增加了農(nóng)戶或企業(yè)運輸成本,降低了農(nóng)戶或企業(yè)回收殘膜的積極性,致使回收成本與殘膜資源化利用之間的矛盾日益突出,雖有相關(guān)政策及獎懲機制對殘膜回收處理方式進行限制,回收后的棉田殘膜仍多被丟棄、填埋或焚燒,致使棉田殘膜實際回收量較少,造成企業(yè)生產(chǎn)原料不足,難以維系企業(yè)實際加工需求。另外,由于棉田殘膜較為松散,未打包或打捆時長途露天運輸極易造成二次環(huán)境污染。

6)殘膜資源化利用市場推動較為困難

當(dāng)前新疆農(nóng)田殘膜采用多種方式及方法進行回收,棉田殘膜回收工作進展也較為順利,為棉田殘膜再利用提供了前提條件;此外塑料回收再利用技術(shù)(再生造粒、木塑造粒、固體燃料制造等)較為成熟或趨于成熟,給棉田殘膜再利用提供了后續(xù)保障;再者,以再生塑料顆粒、木塑顆粒為主原料的再生產(chǎn)品市場需求較大且利潤較高,給棉田殘膜回收再利用提供了良好的市場保障,棉田殘膜回收再利用具有一定市場競爭力及較好市場效益,前景廣闊。但由于殘膜初清理技術(shù)匱乏及不成熟,造成殘膜初清理及再利用成本較高,給企業(yè)運行帶來一定的阻力和壓力,致使棉田殘膜從回收、初清理、再利用及市場銷售產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈不健全,殘膜資源化利用市場推動及運行較為困難。

4.2 策略及建議

1)加快耐候性及高強度地膜推廣與示范

目前普通地膜厚度雖達到了GB 13735-2017《聚乙烯吹塑農(nóng)用地面覆蓋薄膜》的規(guī)定要求,但其強度未必能達到相應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由于新疆棉田地膜覆蓋時間需100 d以上,該類地膜在回收時若強度不夠也難以收集,且回收的棉田殘膜碎片化較為嚴(yán)重及含雜量較高,因此在要求地膜厚度的同時,也需對其強度進行規(guī)定。與此同時應(yīng)加快耐候性、高強度及可降解地膜的推廣力度及速度,從根本上解決棉田殘膜回收困難、含雜量高且雜質(zhì)難以清理的問題,以便于初清理及資源化利用。

2)提升棉田殘膜機械化回收技術(shù)水平

針對現(xiàn)有的棉田殘膜回收機械存在的諸多問題,應(yīng)加大科研投入,以農(nóng)機與農(nóng)藝融合為出發(fā)點,以提升機械化棉田殘膜回收技術(shù)水平為總體目標(biāo),研究開發(fā)高效、高可靠性、適應(yīng)性強且適用于普通標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地膜(厚度為0.01 mm)的棉田殘膜回收機械,突破技術(shù)難點及攻克技術(shù)瓶頸,解決棉田邊膜、根膜及耕層殘膜回收難、殘膜含雜量高等問題[54],重點攻克膜雜分離技術(shù)、邊膜收獲技術(shù)、起膜挑膜技術(shù)、輸膜脫膜技術(shù)及耕層殘膜回收技術(shù)等,并且能夠滿足整機價格低廉、操作簡單及輕簡化等要求,有效降低棉田殘膜回收及資源化利用成本,增加企業(yè)受益及提高積極性。另外,還應(yīng)對棉田殘膜專用的裝卸、打捆及轉(zhuǎn)運機械進行開發(fā),解決棉田殘膜長距離轉(zhuǎn)運問題。

3)開發(fā)合適的棉田殘膜初清理及再加工技術(shù)

以水洗為主的棉田殘膜初清理生產(chǎn)線及以再生造粒為主的棉田殘膜再加工生產(chǎn)線與新疆自然條件及實際情況極為不符。因此,應(yīng)針對目前新疆棉田殘膜機械化回收的具體情況對棉田殘膜初清理及資源化利用技術(shù)進行深入研究,研究開發(fā)適合新疆棉田殘膜初清理及資源化利用的成套設(shè)備,合理布置加工工藝流程,盡量采用干式分離法或在膜雜不分離的情況下就可對其進行有效利用,從而降低企業(yè)運行成本及設(shè)備要求,在一定程度上減少二次環(huán)境污染。

4)拓展棉田殘膜資源化利用路徑

在開發(fā)合適的棉田殘膜初清理及再加工技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,多方面拓展棉田殘膜資源化利用路徑及使用范圍,改變現(xiàn)有的再生塑料顆粒生產(chǎn)及利用模式,綜合新疆豐富的農(nóng)作物秸稈資源,通過發(fā)展木塑制粒,經(jīng)后續(xù)加工將木塑顆粒轉(zhuǎn)化為木塑制品用于室內(nèi)裝修、景區(qū)建設(shè)、環(huán)保物品制作及物流包裝等,減少木材的使用及消耗;發(fā)展催化熱解及生物質(zhì)發(fā)電等資源化利用技術(shù),將其轉(zhuǎn)化為燃料或電能,實現(xiàn)棉田殘膜及秸稈等廢棄物的資源化綜合利用,促進節(jié)能減排及綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

5)合理布局殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)

在現(xiàn)有殘膜資源化利用加工工藝及處理能力的基礎(chǔ)上,對處理能力、運營成本及產(chǎn)出效益進行分析,核算殘膜回收、運輸、初清理及資源化利用各環(huán)節(jié)投入成本,在合適及合理范圍建立殘膜回收點,并對殘膜初清理及再加工企業(yè)進行規(guī)劃與合理布局,解決殘膜回收、運輸及裝卸等環(huán)節(jié)的高成本問題;根據(jù)各級政府出臺的殘膜污染治理法律法規(guī),各團場或鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)以戶為單位落實任務(wù)并建立獎懲制度,通過建立回收登記表、交納保證金、回收檢查卡及收后補貼的方式推動殘膜回收,在該過程中明確農(nóng)田地膜生產(chǎn)者、銷售者及使用者在農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理過程中的責(zé)任,建立有效獎懲機制,明確地膜使用者及加工企業(yè)相互之間責(zé)任與利益關(guān)系,確保農(nóng)戶及企業(yè)對農(nóng)田殘膜回收及再加工利用的積極性;在現(xiàn)有殘膜污染治理法律及法規(guī)下,嚴(yán)格把控與積極引導(dǎo),對農(nóng)戶及企業(yè)補貼金額、補貼方式及流程進行規(guī)范,探索農(nóng)田殘膜回收再利用長效運營機制,保證在無政府補貼時也可正常及長期運營;與此同時,積極宣傳殘膜危害及回收利用價值,在水源豐沛及氣候條件適宜地區(qū)積極推動地膜減量化應(yīng)用,從源頭上解決殘膜回收問題。

6)利用經(jīng)濟杠桿撬動殘膜資源化利用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展

農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理是一個系統(tǒng)工程,在解決農(nóng)田殘膜機械化回收的同時,還應(yīng)從全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈薄弱環(huán)節(jié)入手,以政府相關(guān)部門為主導(dǎo),聯(lián)合各高校、科研院所及企業(yè),通過各種渠道吸納資金投入對殘膜初清理關(guān)鍵技術(shù)進行研究開發(fā),并加快和加大科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化速度及力度,實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的市場布局與推廣,打通地膜生產(chǎn)、使用、殘膜回收、運輸、初清理及資源化利用的各個環(huán)節(jié),形成全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈閉環(huán)處理模式;此外,政府還應(yīng)加大招商引資力度,吸引個人資金及企業(yè)資金進入,多途徑及多路徑解決殘膜資源化利用產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展資金問題,利用經(jīng)濟杠桿撬動殘膜資源化利用產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

5 結(jié) 論

1)截止到2017年,新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總使用量為21.9萬t,新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)田地膜總使用量約占全國農(nóng)田地膜總使用量的15.3%,若按新疆當(dāng)年棉花覆膜總面積約占新疆當(dāng)年農(nóng)作物覆膜總面積的58.4%推算,則2017年新疆當(dāng)年棉花農(nóng)田地膜使用總量為12.8萬t。隨著地膜使用量的增加及覆蓋面積的擴大,殘膜污染問題也日益凸顯,新疆長期覆膜棉田耕層地膜殘留量為42~540 kg/hm2,平均殘留量在260 kg/hm2以上,是全國農(nóng)田地膜平均殘留量的4倍多,對生態(tài)環(huán)境及農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境造成了重大影響,地膜使用與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護及農(nóng)業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展之間的矛盾日益突出,殘膜機械化回收雖在一定程度上解決了殘膜污染問題,收而不用又會造成二次環(huán)境污染及有效資源浪費,殘膜回收和資源化利用應(yīng)并舉并重,才能在根本上解決殘膜污染問題。

2)專用的殘膜初清理及資源化利用加工成套處理設(shè)備較為缺乏且技術(shù)不成熟,難以直接處理含雜量較高的機收棉田殘膜,且該類成套設(shè)備多以水洗造粒主,由于新疆屬于干旱地區(qū),水資源較為匱乏,以水洗造粒為主的殘膜初清理及再生加工生產(chǎn)線與實際情況不適應(yīng),在一定程度上阻礙了新疆棉田殘膜資源化利用進程。因此,亟待研究與開發(fā)適合于新疆機收棉田殘膜初清理、資源化利用加工工藝及技術(shù)裝備。

3)新疆棉田殘膜資源化利用面臨的問題及困難較多,在開發(fā)合適的殘膜初清理及再利用技術(shù)、設(shè)備的同時,還應(yīng)打通地膜生產(chǎn)、使用、殘膜回收、運輸、初清理及資源化利用的各個環(huán)節(jié),形成全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈閉環(huán)處理模式;整合現(xiàn)有資源,合理布局加工企業(yè),明確各環(huán)節(jié)責(zé)任,探索殘膜回收再利用長效運營機制,多層次及全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈融合發(fā)展,解決新疆棉田殘膜污染問題。

[1] Anikwe M A N, Mbah C N, Ezeaku P I, et al. Tillage and plastic mulch effects on soil properties and growth and yield of cocoyam () on an ultisol in southeastern Nigeria[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2007, 93(02): 264-272.

[2] 嚴(yán)昌榮,何文清,薛穎昊,等. 生物降解地膜應(yīng)用與地膜殘留污染防控[J]. 生物工程學(xué)報,2016,32(6):748-760. Yan Changrong, He Wenqing, Xue Yinghao, et al. Application of biodegradable plastic film to reduce plastic film residual pollution in Chinese agriculture[J]. Chinese journal of biotechnology, 2016, 32(6): 748-760. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[3] 李昊,李世平,南靈,等. 中國棉花地膜覆蓋產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)的Meta分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2017,48(7):228-235. Li Hao, Li Shiping, Nan Ling, et al. Meta-analysis of effect of plastic film mulching on cotton yield in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017, 48(7): 228-235. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[4] Zhao H, Xiong Y, Li F, et al. Plastic film mulch for half growing-season maximized WUE and yield of potato via moisture-temperature improvement in a semi-arid agroecosystem[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2012, 104 (2): 68-78.

[5] Hou X, Wang F, Han J, et al. Duration of plastic mulch for potato growth under drip irrigation in an arid region of Northwest China[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010, 150(1): 0-121.

[6] 張俊鵬,曹彩云,馮棣,等. 微咸水造墑條件下植棉方式對產(chǎn)量與土壤水鹽的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2013,44(2):97-102. Zhang Junpeng, Cao Caiyun, Feng Di, et al. Effects of different planting patterns on cotton yield and soil water-salt under brackish water irrigation before sowing[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2013, 44(2): 97-102. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[7] 張佳喜,謝建華,薛黨勤,等. 國內(nèi)外地膜應(yīng)用及回收裝備的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2013,35(12):237-240. Zhang Jiaxi, Xie Jianhua, Xue Dangqin, et al. Development status of applying plastic film and the residue mulching film collecting machine at domestic and overseas[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2013, 35(12): 237-240. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[8] 嚴(yán)昌榮,梅旭榮,何文清,等. 農(nóng)用地膜殘留污染的現(xiàn)狀與防治[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2006,22(11):269-272.Yan Changrong, Mei Xurong, He Wenqing. et al. Present situation of residue pollution of mulching plastic film and controlling measures[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2006, 22(11): 269-272. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[9] 陳奇恩. 中國塑料薄膜覆蓋農(nóng)業(yè)[J]. 中國工程科學(xué),2002(4):12-15,21.Chen Qien. Mulching agriculture using thin plastic film in China[J]. Engineering and Science, 2002(4): 12-15, 21. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[10] 張東興. 農(nóng)用殘膜的回收問題[J]. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報,1998,3(6):103-106. Zhang Dongxing. Study on collection of used plastic film in fields[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 1998, 3(6): 103-106. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[11] 王志超,李仙岳,史海濱,等. 農(nóng)膜殘留對土壤水動力參數(shù)及土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2015,46(5):101-106,140. Wang Zhichao, Li Xianyue, Shi Haibin, et al. Effects of residual plastic film on soil hydrodynamic parameters and soil structure[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2015, 46(5): 101-106,140. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[12] Liu Enke, He Wenqing, Yan Changrong. ‘White revolution’ to ‘white pollution’-agricultural plastic film mulch in China[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2014, 9(9): 091001.

[13] 趙巖,陳學(xué)庚,溫浩軍,等. 農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀與展望[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2017,48(6):1-14. Zhao Yan, Chen Xuegeng, Wen Haojun, et al. Research status and prospect of control technology for residual plastic film pollution in farmland[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017, 48(6): 1-14. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[14] Liu C A, Jin S L, Zhou L M, et al. Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2009, 31(4): 241-249.

[15] Xie Z K, Wang Y J, Li F M. Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of northwest China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2005, 75(1): 71-83.

[16] Zhou L M, Li F M, Jin S L, et al. How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water, soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J]. Field Crops Research, 2009, 113(1): 41-47.

[17] 王琦,張恩和,李鳳民,等. 半干旱地區(qū)溝壟微型集雨種植馬鈴薯最優(yōu)溝壟比的確定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報, 2005,21(2):38-41. Wang Qi, Zhang Enhe, Li Fengmin, et al. Optimum ratio of ridge to furrow for planting potato in micro-water harvesting system in semiarid areas[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2005, 21(2): 38-41. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[18] Wang X L, Li F M, Jia Y, et al. Increasing potato yields with additional water and increased soil temperature[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2005, 78(3): 181-194.

[19] 葉永成,白福臣,于愷. 我國農(nóng)膜技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向[J]. 塑料工業(yè),2002,30(6):1-3. Ye Yongcheng, Bai Fuchen, Yu Kai. Developing trends of technique for agricultural films in China[J]. China Plastics Industry, 2002, 30(6): 1-3. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[20] 國家統(tǒng)計局. 中國統(tǒng)計年鑒[M]. 北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社. 2018.

[21] 王志超. 農(nóng)膜殘留對土壤水分運移的影響及模擬研究[D]. 呼和浩特:內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2017. Wang Zhichao. Effect and Simulation of Soil Moisture Migration with Residual Plastic Film[D]. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2017.

[22] 李元橋,何文清,嚴(yán)昌榮,等. 點源供水條件下殘膜對土壤水分運移的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2015,31(6):145-149. Li Yuanqiao, He Wenqing, Yan Changrong, et al. Effect of residual film on soil infiltration under drip irrigation[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2015, 31(6): 145-149. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[23] 王學(xué)農(nóng),史建新,郭俊先,等. 懸掛式棉稈粉碎還田摟膜機摟膜機構(gòu)的設(shè)計與試驗研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2008,24(1):135-140. Wang Xuenong, Shi Jianxin, Guo Junxian, et al. Experimental study and design on film raking mechanism of hanging film raker with cotton-stalk crushing and returning to field[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2008, 24(1): 135-140. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[24] 鄔強,王振華,鄭旭榮,等. PBAT生物降解膜覆蓋對綠洲滴灌棉花土壤水熱及產(chǎn)量的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(16):135-143. Wu Qiang, Wang Zhenhua, Zheng Xurong, et al. Effects of biodegradation film mulching on soil temperature, moisture and yield of cotton under drip irrigation in typical oasis area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(16): 135-143. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[25] 董合干,劉彤,李勇冠,等. 新疆棉田地膜殘留對棉花產(chǎn)量及土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2013,29(8):91-99. Dong Hegan, Liu Tong, Li Yongguan, et al. Effects of plastic film residue on cotton yield and soil physical and chemical properties in Xinjiang[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2013, 29(8): 91-99. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[26] 牛瑞坤. 新疆阿克蘇地區(qū)棉田殘膜污染區(qū)域分布現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查與分析[D]. 阿拉爾:塔里木大學(xué),2016. Niu Ruikun. Investigation and Analysis of the Current Status on Regional Distribution of Plastic Film Residue Pollution of Cotton Field in Xinjiang Aksu Area[D]. Alar: Tarim University, 2016.

[27] 程桂蓀,劉小秧,劉淵君,等. 農(nóng)田地膜殘片允許值的研究[J]. 土壤肥料,1991(5):27-30.

[28] 解紅娥,李永山,楊淑巧,等. 農(nóng)田殘膜對土壤環(huán)境及作物生長發(fā)育的影響研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2007,26(S1):153-156. Xie Honge, Li Yongshan, Yang Shuqiao, et al. Influence of residual plastic film on soil structure crop growth and development in fields[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2007, 26(S1): 153-156. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[29] 孫志潔. 棉田殘膜污染調(diào)查及其危害[J]. 河南農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2006(4):61-62.

[30] 劉艷霞. 中國農(nóng)村地膜殘留污染現(xiàn)狀及治理對策思考[D]. 楊凌:西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué),2014. Liu Yanxia. Reflections on the Pollution Status and Control Countermeasures of Plastic Film Residuals in Chinese Rural Areas[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&FUniversity, 2014.

[31] 張若宇,丁竹青,李曉良,等. 基于虛擬儀器的籽棉殘膜分離裝置測試系統(tǒng)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2014,45(10):97-102. Zhang Ruoyu, Ding Zhuqing, Li Xiaoliang, et al. Automatic monitor system for mesh roller type unginned cotton and film remnant separator based on virtual instrument[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 2014, 45(10): 97-102. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[32] 郭淑霞,坎雜,張若宇,等. 機采籽棉殘膜靜電分離裝置分離試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2011,27(增刊2):6-10. Guo Shuxia, Kan Za, Zhang Ruoyu, et al. Separation test of electrostatic separating device for machine-h(huán)arvested seed cotton and plastic film residue[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE) 2011, 27(Supp.2): 6-10. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[33] 郭文松,坎雜,張若宇,等. 網(wǎng)狀滾筒式籽棉殘膜分離機物料特性分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2011,27(增刊2):1-5. Guo Wensong, Kan Za, Zhang Ruoyu, et al. Analysis of material character based on mesh roller-type cotton and film remnant separator[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2011, 27(Supp.2): 1-5. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[34] 馬輝,梅旭榮,嚴(yán)昌榮,等. 華北典型農(nóng)區(qū)棉田土壤中地膜殘留特點研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2008,27(2):570-573. Ma Hui, Mei Xurong, Yan Changrong, et al. The residue of mulching plastic film of cotton field in North China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2008, 27(2): 570-573. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[35] 吾甫爾江·托乎提,艾海提·牙生,巴雅爾. 論地膜污染與防治對策[J]. 新疆環(huán)境保護,2000,22(3):176-178. Wupuerjiang Tuohuti, Aihaiti Yasheng, Bayaer. Discussion about mulch film pollution and countermeasure of prevention and control[J]. Environmental Protection of Xinjiang, 2000, 22(3): 176-178. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[36] 翁云宣. 2016生物基材料??蜓訹J]. 生物工程學(xué)報,2016,32(6):711-714. Weng Yunxuan. Preface for special issue on bio-based materials (2016)[J]. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2016, 32(6): 711-714. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[37] 魏佳容. 減量化與資源化:農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物法律調(diào)整路徑研究[J]. 華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報:社會科學(xué)版,2019,139(1):116-122,168. Wei Jiarong. Reduction and recycling: A study on the legal adjustment path of agricultural waste[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University: Social Sciences Edition, 2019, 139(1): 116-122,168. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[38] 楊育紅. 我國應(yīng)對農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的立法和政策研究[J]. 昆明理工大學(xué)學(xué)報:社會科學(xué)版,2018,18(6):18-26. Yang Yuhong. Legislation and policies for prevention and control of agricultural nonpoint sources pollution in China[J]. Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology: Social Science, 2018, 18(6):18-26. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[39] 王蕾. 我國農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物資源化法律制度研究[D]. 蘭州:甘肅政法學(xué)院,2018. Wang Lei. Research on the Legal System of Agriculture Waste Resources in China[D]. Lanzhou: Gansu University of Political Science and Law, 2018.

[40] 王盛毅. 我國農(nóng)用地污染防治立法研究[D]. 杭州:浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué),2013. Wang Shengyi. Research on Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention Legislation[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang A&F University, 2013.

[41] 魏欣. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染管控研究[D]. 楊凌:西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué),2014. Wei Xin. A Novel Framework for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management and Control in China[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2014.

[42] 靳偉,張學(xué)軍,鄢金山,等. 曲軸式棉田地表殘膜回收機撿膜特性分析及工作參數(shù)優(yōu)化[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(16):10-18. Jin Wei, Zhang Xuejun, Yan Jinshan, et al. Characteristic analysis and working parameter optimization of crankshaft type cotton field surface residual film collecting machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(16): 10-18. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[43] 羅凱,袁盼盼,靳偉,等. 鏈篩式耕層殘膜回收機設(shè)計與工作參數(shù)優(yōu)化試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(19):19-27. Luo Kai, Yuan Panpan, Jin Wei, et al. Design of chain-sieve type residual film recovery machine in plough layer and optimization of its working parameters[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(19):19-27. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[44] 康建明,彭強吉,王士國,等. 彈齒式殘膜回收機撿拾裝置改進設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2018,49(S1):295-303. Kang Jianming, Peng Qiangji, Wang Shiguo, et al. Improved design and experiment on pickup unit of spring-tooth residual plastic Film collector[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(S1):295-303. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[45] 辛尚龍,趙武云,戴飛,等. 玉米全膜雙壟溝殘膜回收機改進設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2018,49(S1):311-319. Xin Shanglong, Zhao Wuyun, Dai Fei, et al. Improved design and experiment of collector for corn whole plastic film mulching on double ridges[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(S1): 311-319. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[46] 施麗莉,胡志超,顧峰瑋,等. 耙齒式殘膜回收機自動脫膜機構(gòu)設(shè)計[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(18):11-18. Shi Lili, Hu Zhichao, Gu Fengwei, et al. Design on automatic unloading mechanism for teeth type residue plastic film collector[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(18): 11-18. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[47] 王旭峰,胡燦,魯兵,等. 拋膜鏈齒輸送式殘膜回收機設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2018,49(3):122-129. Wang Xufeng, Hu Can, Lu Bing, et al. Design and experiment of sprocket conveying residual film recycling machine of casting film[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(3): 122-129. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[48] 徐弘博,胡志超,吳峰,等. 網(wǎng)鏈?zhǔn)交ㄉ貧埬せ厥諜C設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(17):1-9. Xu Hongbo, Hu Zhichao, Wu Feng, et al. Design and experiment of network chain type residual plastic film collector for peanut field[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(17): 1-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[49] 羅威,王吉奎,羅新豫,等. 夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥昭b置仿形及收膜機構(gòu)的改進設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(22):27-35. Luo Wei, Wang Jikui, Luo Xinyu, et al. Improved design and experiment of profiling and recycling plastic filmmechanism for clamping finger-chain type device of recycling residual plastic film[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(22): 27-35. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[50] 戴飛,郭笑歡,趙武云,等. 帆布帶式馬鈴薯挖掘-殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2018,49(3):104-113. Dai Fei, Guo Xiaohuan, Zhao Wuyun, et al. Design and experiment of canvas belt combined operation machine for potato digging and plastic film collecting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(3): 104-113. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[51] 謝建華,陳學(xué)庚,孫超偉. 桿齒式殘膜回收機卸膜過程分析及高速攝像試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(10):17-24. Xie Jianhua, Chen Xuegeng, Sun Chaowei. Unloading film process analysis and high-speed photography experiment of pole-tooth residual plastic film collector[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(10): 17-24. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[52] 牛琪,紀(jì)超,趙巖,等. 集條殘膜打包機撿拾清理裝置設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2017,48(5):101-107. Niu Qi, Ji Chao, Zhao Yan, et al. Design and experiment on collecting and separating device for strip plastic film baler[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017, 48(5): 101-107. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[53] 戴飛,趙武云,孫偉,等. 馬鈴薯收獲與氣力輔助殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2017,48(1):64-72. Dai Fei, Zhao Wuyun, Sun Wei, et al. Design and experiment of combined operation machine for potato harvesting and plastic film pneumatic auxiliary collecting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017, 48(1): 64-72. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[54] 趙巖,鄭炫,陳學(xué)庚,等. CMJY-1500型農(nóng)田殘膜撿拾打包聯(lián)合作業(yè)機設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(5):1-9. Zhao Yan, Zheng Xuan, Chen Xuegeng, et al. Design and test of CMJY-1500 type plastic film residue collecting and balling machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(5): 1-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[55] 嚴(yán)偉,胡志超,吳努,等. 鏟篩式殘膜回收機輸膜機構(gòu)參數(shù)優(yōu)化與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(1):17-24. Yan Wei, Hu Zhichao, Wu Nu, et al. Parameter optimization and experiment for plastic film transport mechanism of shovel screen type plastic film residue collector[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(1): 17-24. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[56] 周明冬,侯洪,董合干,等. 新疆農(nóng)用地膜應(yīng)用與殘留污染現(xiàn)狀分析[J]. 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2015,56(12):2058-2061.

[57] 中華人民共和國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)統(tǒng)計年鑒[M]. 北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社, 1993-2017.

[58] 陳學(xué)庚,李亞雄,賀志新,等. 棉花鋪膜播種機技術(shù)改造應(yīng)注意的幾個問題[J]. 新疆農(nóng)墾科技,1996(6):20-21.

[59] 溫浩軍,陳學(xué)庚,李亞雄. 新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團棉花精量播種現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢[J]. 中國農(nóng)機化,2005(5):32-33.

[60] 陳學(xué)庚,趙巖. 棉花雙膜覆蓋精量播種機的研制[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2010,26(4):106-112. Chen Xuegeng, Zhao Yan. Development of double-film mulch precision planter for cotton seeding[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2010, 26(4): 106-112. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[61] 王頻. 殘膜污染治理的對策和措施[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,1998,14(3):190-193. Wang Pin. Measures to reduce the pollution of residual of mulching plastic film in farmland[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 1998, 14(3): 190-193. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[62] 張雨蒙,申麗霞. 農(nóng)田土壤殘膜的污染現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)對措施[J]. 天津農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2018,24(2):86-90. Zhang Yumeng, Shen Lixia. Pollution of residual film in farmland soil and countermeasures[J]. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 24(2): 86-90. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[63] 汪軍,楊杉,陳剛才,等. 我國設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)膜使用的環(huán)境問題芻議[J]. 土壤,2016,48(5):863-867. Wang Jun, Yang Shan, Chen Gangcai, et al. Environmental problems and countermeasures of mulch film application in intensive agriculture system in China[J]. Soils, 2016, 48(5): 863-867. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[64] 肖軍,趙景波. 農(nóng)田塑料地膜污染及防治[J]. 四川環(huán)境,2005,24(1):102-105. Xiao Jun, Zhao Jingbo. Farmland plastic film pollution and its countermeasures[J]. Sichuan Environment, 2005, 24(1): 102-105. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[65] 國家統(tǒng)計局. 2018年全國棉花生產(chǎn)繼續(xù)較快增長[EB/OL]. 2018-12-29[2019-05-18]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201812/ t20181229_1642168.html.

[66] 祖米來提·吐爾干,林濤,嚴(yán)昌榮,等. 地膜覆蓋時間對新疆棉田水熱及棉花耗水和產(chǎn)量的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(11):113-120. Zumilaiti Tuergan, Lin Tao, Yan Changrong, et al. Effect of plastic film mulching duration on soil temperature and moisture in field and cotton water comsumption and yield in Xinjiang[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34 (11): 113-120. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[67] 嚴(yán)昌榮,王序儉,何文清,等. 新疆石河子地區(qū)棉田土壤中地膜殘留研究[J]. 生態(tài)學(xué)報,2008,28(7):3470-3474. Yan Changrong, Wang Xujian, He Wenqing, et al. The residue of plastic film in cotton fields in Shihezi, Xinjiang[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(7): 3470-3474. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[68] 徐剛,杜曉明,曹云者,等. 典型地區(qū)農(nóng)用地膜殘留水平及其形態(tài)特征研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2005,24(1):79-83. Xu Gang, Du Xiaoming, Cao Yunzhe, et al. Residue levels and morphology of agricultural plastic film in representative areas of china[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2005, 24(1): 79-83. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[69] 許詠梅,房世杰,馬曉鵬,等. 農(nóng)用地膜污染防治戰(zhàn)略研究[J]. 中國工程科學(xué),2018,20(5):96-102. Xu Yongmei, Fang Shijie, Ma Xiaopeng, et al. Prevention and control strategy for the pollution of agricultural plastic film[J]. Engineering Sciences, 2018, 20(5): 96-102. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[70] 劉建國,李彥斌,張偉,等. 綠洲棉田長期連作下殘膜分布及對棉花生長的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2010,29(2):246-250. Liu Jianguo, Li Yanbin, Zhang Wei, et al. The distributing of the residue film and influce on cotton growth under continuous cropping in oasis of Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010, 29(2): 246-250. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[71] 王振華,賀懷杰,鄭旭榮,等. 新疆典型綠洲棉稈還田對覆膜滴灌棉田殘膜分布的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(21):120-127. Wang Zhenhua, He Huaijie, Zheng Xurong, et al. Effect of cotton stalk returning to fields on residual film distribution in cotton fields under mulched drip irrigation in typical oasis area in Xinjiang[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(21): 120-127. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[72] 王亮,林濤,嚴(yán)昌榮,等. 地膜殘留量對新疆棉田蒸散及棵間蒸發(fā)的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2016,32(14):120-128. Wang Liang, Lin Tao, Yan Changrong, et al. Effects of plastic film residue on evapotranspiration and soil evaporation in cotton field of Xinjiang[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2016, 32(14): 120-128. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[73] 賀懷杰,王振華,鄭旭榮,等. 長期膜下滴灌棉田殘膜變化趨勢研究[J]. 干旱區(qū)研究,2018,35(6):1487-1495. He Huaijie, Wang Zhenhua, Zheng Xurong, et al. Study on the change trend of the residual film in the cotton field under the long-term mulched drip irrigation[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2018, 35(6): 1487-1495. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[74] 張占琴,魏建軍,楊相昆,等. 揭膜對土壤溫濕度及棉花根系發(fā)育的影響[J]. 干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)研究,2016,34(2):55-61. Zhang Zhanqin, Wei Jianjun, Yang Xiangkun, et al. Effects of plastic film uncovering on soil temperature,moisture level,and cotton root growth[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2016, 34(2): 55-61. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[75] 牛生和,王華兵,朱環(huán)元. 克拉瑪依生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)揭膜對棉花生長的影響[J]. 新疆農(nóng)墾科技,2007(5):14-15.

[76] 葉良中. 新疆兵團研制成殘膜回收機[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械,1992(7):14-15.

[77] 張學(xué)軍,吳成武,王偉,等. 齒形刮板式殘膜與殘茬輸送裝置設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2008,39(9):49-51. Zhang Xuejun, Wu Chengwu, Wang Wei. et al. Design and experiment on the zigzag scraper transportation device for remnant plastic film and stubble[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2008, 39(9): 49-51. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[78] 楊瑩,白圣賀,趙守瑞,等. 耕層殘膜回收機的研究[J]. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2017,45(7):184-186. Yang Ying, Bai Shenghe, Zhao Shourui, et al. Study on soil residual film recycling machine[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(7): 184-186. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[79] 馬少輝,張學(xué)軍. 1QZ-3900型耕層殘膜收獲機的研制[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2011,33(7):93-96. Ma Shaohui, Zhang Xuejun. Development on 1QZ-3900 plastic film collector[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2011, 33(7): 93-96. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[80] 張攀峰,胡燦,王旭峰,等. 旋耕釘齒式耕層殘膜回收機起膜部件動力學(xué)分析[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2018,40(4):14-18,25. Zhang Panfeng, Hu Can, Wang Xufeng, et al. Kinetic analysis of rotary tillage nail tooth plastic film recycling machine hook film unit[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2018, 40(4): 14-18,25. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[81] 趙攸樂,張學(xué)軍,靳偉,等. 鏈齒耙式耕層殘膜回收機撿拾機構(gòu)的設(shè)計[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2019,41(2):119-122,127. Zhao Youle, Zhang Xuejun, Jin Wei, et al. Design of pick-up mechanism for the chain-teeth-rake topsoil incomplete plastic film recycling machine[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2019, 41(2): 119-122,127. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[82] 周智祥,楊志城,楊宛章,等. 氣吹式春播前殘膜回收機的研制[J]. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報,2005,28(1):61-65. Zhou Zhiyang, Yang Zhicheng, Yang Wanzhang, et al. Development of a type of air blast plastic film collector before spring sowing[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2005, 28(1): 61-65. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[83] 閆盼盼,曹肆林,羅昕,等. 彈齒鏈耙式播前殘膜回收機的設(shè)計研究[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2016,38(6):137-142. Yan Panpan, Cao Silin, Luo Xin, et al. Research on the spring-tooth-chain-rake incomplete plastic film recycling machine[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2016, 38(6): 137-142. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[84] 薛文瑾,王春耀,朱振中,等. 卷膜式棉花苗期殘膜回收機的設(shè)計[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2005,36(3):148-149,147. Xue Wenjin, Wang Chunyao, Zhu Zhenzhong, et al. Design of rolling-film residue collector for cotton seeding[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2005, 36(3): 148-149, 147. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[85] 劉晨,薛文瑾,朱振中,等. MSM-3型苗期殘膜回收機[J]. 新疆農(nóng)機化,1999(4):13.

[86] 羅威,王吉奎,牛海龍,等. 夾指鏈?zhǔn)綒埬せ厥諜C清雜裝置的設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2018,40(2):75-79. Luo Wei, Wang Jikui, Niu Hailong, et al. Design and test on debris clean-up device of clamping finger-chain type device for recycling agricultural plastic film[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2018, 40(2): 75-79. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[87] 張佳喜,楊程,郭俊先,等. 滾刀式青貯玉米起茬及殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機的設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2018,34(6):25-34. Zhang Jiaxi, Yang Cheng, Guo Junxian, et al. Design and experiment of hob-type joint operation machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(6): 25-34. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[88] 劉旋峰,石鑫,郭兆峰,等. 滾筒式殘膜回收機的性能試驗研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(16):26-31. Liu Xuanfeng, Shi Xin, Guo Zhaofeng, et al. Performance test on roller type residual film recycling machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(16): 26-31. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[89] 趙英杰,陳永,周鵬,等. 彈齒軌道式殘膜回收機參數(shù)優(yōu)化及試驗[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2018,40(5):127-131. Zhao Yingjie, Chen Yong, Zhou Peng, et al. Parameter optimization and test on elastic tooth track type machine for residual film recycling[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2018, 40(5): 127-131. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[90] 王科杰,胡斌,羅昕,等. 殘膜回收機單組仿形摟膜機構(gòu)的設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(8):12-20. Wang Kejie, Hu Bin, Luo Xin, et al. Design and experiment of monomer profiling raking-film mechanism of residue plastic film collector[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(8): 12-20. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[91] 楊松梅,顏利民,莫毅松,等. 隨動式殘膜回收機撿拾裝置設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機械學(xué)報,2018,49(12):109-115,164. Yang Songmei, Yan Limin, Mo Yisong, et al. Design and experiment on collecting device for profile modeling residual plastic film collector[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(12): 109-115,164. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[92] 于云海,陳學(xué)庚,溫浩軍. 秸稈粉碎與殘膜集條聯(lián)合作業(yè)機的研制與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2016,32(24):1-8. Yu Yunhai, Chen Xuegeng, Wen Haojun. Developmentand experiment of straw chopping and plastic film strip-collection combined machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2016, 32(24): 1-8. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[93] 何義川,王序儉,王吉亮,等. 棉花秋后殘膜回收與莖稈粉碎聯(lián)合作業(yè)機設(shè)計[J]. 西北農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報,2013,22(8):199-204. He Yichuan, Wang Xujian, Wang Jiliang, et al. Research and design of cotton plastic film collector & field straw chopper combined machine after autumn[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2013, 22(8): 199-204. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[94] 蔣永新,陳發(fā),王學(xué)農(nóng),等. 棉秸稈還田及殘膜回收機改進設(shè)計研究[J]. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2008(S2):159-161.

[95] 由佳翰,陳學(xué)庚,張本華,等. 4JSM-2000型棉稈粉碎與殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機的設(shè)計與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(10):10-16. You Jiahan, Chen Xuegeng, Zhang Benhua, et al. Design and experiment of 4JSM-2000 type combined operation machine for cotton stalk chopping and residual plastic film collecting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(10): 10-16. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[96] 王學(xué)農(nóng),馮斌,陳發(fā),等. 棉秸稈切碎及殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究[J]. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報,2005,28(3):52-55. Wang Xuenong, Feng Bin, Chen Fa, et al. Research on key technic of cotton stalk shredding and used polythene film collecting combined machine[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2005, 28(3): 52-55. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[97] 王吉奎,付威,王衛(wèi)兵,等. SMS-1500型秸稈粉碎與殘膜回收機的設(shè)計[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2011,27(7):168-172. Wang Jikui, Fu Wei, Wang Weibing, et al. Design of SMS-1500 type straw chopping and plastic film residue collecting machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2011, 27(7): 168-172. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[98] 馬莉. 廢舊農(nóng)膜干法造粒工藝研究及應(yīng)用性分析[D]. 上海:同濟大學(xué),2006. Ma Li. Study of Waste Agriculture Film Dry Process Granulitization and Utility Analysis[D]. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2006.

[99] 王志蕓,和麗萍. 廢舊農(nóng)用塑料薄膜再生利用技術(shù)研究[J]. 云南環(huán)境科學(xué),2006,25(4):38-40. Wang Zhiyun, He Liping. Study on regeneration technology of waste and old agriplast[J]. Yunnan Environmental Science, 2006, 25(4): 38-40. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[100] 柴希娟. 造紙廢渣、廢地膜再生處理制備聚合物基廢棄物復(fù)合材料研究[D]. 昆明:昆明理工大學(xué),2007.

[101] 李詩龍. 廢舊農(nóng)膜的回收再生利用技術(shù)[J]. 再生資源研究,2005(1):9-12. Li Shilong. Recycling agricultural plastic films[J]. Recycling Research, 2005(1): 9-12. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[102] 朱夢詩,劉從九. 淺談我國廢舊農(nóng)膜回收利用現(xiàn)狀[J]. 長沙大學(xué)學(xué)報,2015,29(2):101-104. Zhu Mengshi, Liu Congjiu. On the recycle status of agricultural plastic films in China[J]. Journal of Changsha University, 2015, 29(2): 101-104. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[103] 李梅,周恭明,陳德珍. 中國廢舊農(nóng)用塑料薄膜的回收與利用[J]. 再生資源研究,2004(6):18-21. Li Mei, Zhou Gongming, Chen Dezhen. Waste agricultural plastic film recycling technology in China[J]. Recycling Research, 2004(6): 18-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[104] 李俊虹,羅昕,胡斌,等. 機收殘膜混合物水洗清選裝置的研究與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2019,41(5):152-156. Li Junhong, Luo Xin, Hu Bin, et al. Research and experiment of the water-separating device for residual film mixture[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2019, 41(5): 152-156. (in Chinese with English abstract)

[105] 石鑫,牛長河,王學(xué)農(nóng),等. 滾筒篩式廢舊地膜與雜質(zhì)風(fēng)選裝置設(shè)計[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2017,33(18):19-26. Shi Xin, Niu Changhe, Wang Xuenong, et al. Design of roller sieve waste plastic film and trash winnowing machine[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(18): 19-26. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Problems and countermeasures of recycling methods and resource reuse of residual film in cotton fields of Xinjiang

Liang Rongqing, Chen Xuegeng, Zhang Bingcheng, Meng Hewei, Jiang Peng, Peng Xiangbin, Kan Za※, Li Weimin

(1.,,832000,; 2.,832000,)

Plastic film mulching cultivation technology has functions such as improving crop growth environment and regulating crop growth cycle, and it has been widely used in agricultural production processes at home and abroad, and it has promoted agricultural productivity and agricultural industry development. But the problem of mulch film residue has brought many harms to the agricultural production environment and the ecological environment. The contradiction between the use of mulch film and the ecological environment protection of agriculture and the sustainable development of agriculture has become increasingly prominent. Xinjiang is the major cotton producing area in China, and the area covered by plastic film and the amount of its use rank first in the country, and the problem of residual film pollution in cotton fields in Xinjiang is particularly serious, which is affected by multiple factors such as growing planting area, continuous cropping, poor film strength and insufficient recycling. The problem of residual film pollution in cotton fields affects the growth and yield of cotton, and the quality of agricultural machinery operations has been reduced and the content of heterogeneous fibers in cotton textiles has exceeded the standard. In recent years, through the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations and the research and development of cotton film residual membrane mechanized recycling technology, the residual film pollution control work has achieved initial results, but residual film pollution control is a system engineering, and the problem of recycling but not using will cause secondary environmental pollution and effective use of resources. Based on the analysis and induction of the current basic use conditions and residual pollution situation of farmland mulch in Xinjiang, the paper took the current recycling method, the residual film preliminary cleaning method and resource re-utilization situation of cotton fields in Xinjiang as the main research content, and the characteristics of the residual film in cotton fields recycled by different methods were analyzed, the difficulty of initial cleaning and recycling of cotton film residues recovered by different methods was compared and analyzed. Through field investigations on the current basic conditions of the residual film preliminary cleaning method, reprocessing process flow and utilization methods in Xinjiang, the supporting equipment and working process of each production link were analyzed. The results showed that the main influencing factors that hindered the resource reusing process of residual film in cotton fields in Xinjiang were the lack of the advanced and applicable cotton fields residual film recycling machinery, higher residual film impurity in the cotton field harvested by machine, the lack of equipment and immature technology of the residual film preliminary cleaning and reprocessing method, the single cotton fields residual film recycling and reprocessing methods and products, and less residual film preliminary cleaning and reprocessing enterprises. Residual film recycling and resource re-utilization should be carried out in order to effectively solve the residual film pollution problem. Based on this, the coping strategies were proposed. It was recommended to accelerate the production and use of film by improving the weathering and high-strength film promotion and demonstration, improving the mechanized recycling technology of cotton fields residual film, developing suitable residual film preliminary cleaning and reprocessing technology, and rationally arranging the preliminary cleaning and reprocessing enterprises, recycling and reuse of all links to form a closed-loop residual film pollution control model for the entire industrial chain, comprehensive and multi-level solution to the problem of residual film pollution in cotton fields in Xinjiang, which were conducive to energy saving and emission reduction and sustainable development of agriculture and could provide some reference for farmland residual film pollution control and resource reuse in Xinjiang and even the whole country.

films; recycling; cotton; pollution control;preliminary cleaning;resource utilization

2019-05-08

2019-06-14

兵團重大科技項目(2018AA001/04);國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(51605312)

梁榮慶,博士生,主要從事現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)裝備研究。Email:liangrongqing2008@163.com

坎 雜,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)裝備研究。Email:kz-shz@163.com

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.16.001

X705

A

1002-6819(2019)-16-0001-13

梁榮慶,陳學(xué)庚,張炳成,蒙賀偉,姜 鵬,彭祥彬,坎 雜,李衛(wèi)敏. 新疆棉田殘膜回收方式及資源化再利用現(xiàn)狀問題與對策[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2019,35(16):1-13. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.16.001 http://www.tcsae.org

Liang Rongqing, Chen Xuegeng, Zhang Bingcheng, Meng Hewei, Jiang Peng, Peng Xiangbin, Kan Za, Li Weimin. Problems and countermeasures of recycling methods and resource reuse of residual film in cotton fields of Xinjiang[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(16): 1-13. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.16.001 http://www.tcsae.org

猜你喜歡
殘膜棉田資源化
磷石膏資源化綜合利用任重道遠(yuǎn)
人造石行業(yè)固廢資源化處理及綜合利用概述
石材(2022年2期)2022-05-25 13:04:14
地表殘膜回收機在西北成功應(yīng)用
鏈齒式殘膜回收機研制成功
鏈齒式殘膜回收機研制成功
污泥的處理及資源化利用
Design and test of clamping and conveying device for recycling agricultural residual plastic film
秸稈資源化綜合利用的探討
長期膜下滴灌棉田根系層鹽分累積效應(yīng)模擬
一〇一團棉田主要蟲害調(diào)查分析
瑞金市| 天峻县| 泰兴市| 涡阳县| 芮城县| 孟村| 湘潭县| 乐陵市| 高邑县| 电白县| 阿克陶县| 卫辉市| 庆安县| 鹰潭市| 榕江县| 尉犁县| 阿克陶县| 武安市| 安图县| 扎鲁特旗| 日照市| 会泽县| 蓬安县| 大田县| 朝阳市| 舒兰市| 临汾市| 日土县| 双鸭山市| 深水埗区| 黄龙县| 开化县| 巫溪县| 铁岭市| 龙门县| 河西区| 灯塔市| 芜湖县| 土默特左旗| 长丰县| 即墨市|