李永祥,李飛翔,徐雪萌,申長(zhǎng)璞,孟坤鵬,陳 靜,常東濤
基于顆??s放的小麥粉離散元參數(shù)標(biāo)定
李永祥1,李飛翔1,徐雪萌1※,申長(zhǎng)璞1,孟坤鵬1,陳 靜1,常東濤2
(1. 河南工業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院,鄭州 450001;2. 河南金谷實(shí)業(yè)有限公司,鄭州 450001)
為獲得小麥粉離散元仿真精確的接觸參數(shù),將不規(guī)則形狀的小麥粉簡(jiǎn)化成軟質(zhì)球形顆粒,利用顆粒接觸縮放原理和量綱分析進(jìn)行顆粒縮放,將平均粒徑0.212 mm的小麥粉放大至1.2 mm,選擇“Hertz–Mindlin with JKR”接觸模型,利用休止角對(duì)接觸參數(shù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定。首先通過(guò)Plackett-Burman 試驗(yàn)篩選出對(duì)休止角影響顯著的參數(shù):表面能JKR(Johnson Kendall Roberts)、小麥粉-小麥粉滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)、小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù);然后根據(jù)Box-Behnken 試驗(yàn)建立并優(yōu)化休止角與顯著性參數(shù)的二階回歸模型,得到顯著性參數(shù)的最佳組合為JKR為0.157、小麥粉-小麥粉滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)為0.25、小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù)為0.58;最后用標(biāo)定參數(shù)仿真所得休止角大小與真實(shí)試驗(yàn)值進(jìn)行對(duì)比,二者相對(duì)誤差為0.61%。結(jié)果表明標(biāo)定所得的接觸參數(shù)可用于小麥粉放大顆粒的離散元仿真,為定量供送螺桿的設(shè)計(jì)提供參考。
農(nóng)產(chǎn)品;顆粒尺寸;離散元;參數(shù)標(biāo)定;休止角
自動(dòng)包裝生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)上小麥粉的輸送與計(jì)量大多采用螺旋輸送裝置,螺旋輸送裝置的合理設(shè)計(jì)是提高小麥粉輸送效率及包裝精度的關(guān)鍵因素。利用離散元法(DEM,discrete element method)全面、系統(tǒng)研究粉體與螺桿間的相互作用機(jī)理及粉體流的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),可以?xún)?yōu)化螺桿參數(shù),提高小麥粉包裝的速度及精度,同時(shí)也可以提高研發(fā)效率、降低研發(fā)成本。Gao等建立了螺旋集料裝置工作過(guò)程的離散元數(shù)值模型并進(jìn)行仿真研究,獲得了螺旋集料裝置設(shè)計(jì)所需的最優(yōu)參數(shù),為螺旋集料裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)提供了參考[1];Mazor等采用離散元(DEM)和有限元(FEM,finite element method)相結(jié)合的方法,通過(guò)分析粉末在給料區(qū)和壓實(shí)區(qū)的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),得出了粉體密度參數(shù)的變化趨勢(shì)曲線(xiàn)[2];Sun等通過(guò)對(duì)螺旋進(jìn)料頭的離散元仿真,提出了不同摩擦系數(shù)下進(jìn)料頭的曲線(xiàn)方程并得出計(jì)算輸送量的公式,對(duì)提高螺旋進(jìn)料頭研發(fā)的效率具有一定意義[3]。離散元仿真所需參數(shù)眾多,一般通過(guò)直接測(cè)量和虛擬標(biāo)定來(lái)進(jìn)行獲得,在此研究領(lǐng)域,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者基于JKR Cohesion模型對(duì)含濕物料的參數(shù)標(biāo)定開(kāi)展了大量研究[4-8],但對(duì)于小麥粉、淀粉等顆粒較小物料的離散元仿真及參數(shù)標(biāo)定的相關(guān)研究還比較少。
小麥粉粒徑較小,螺旋輸送料筒內(nèi)物料顆粒的數(shù)量達(dá)到上千萬(wàn)甚至數(shù)十億,普通計(jì)算機(jī)能力有限而不能有效模擬,顆??s放法是目前較為可行的處理方式,已廣泛應(yīng)用于工程研究中,該方法將原系統(tǒng)中顆粒放大,降低了模型中的離散單元數(shù),使原物理模型問(wèn)題能在合理有效的時(shí)間內(nèi)解決。如任建莉等基于顆粒縮放理論,通過(guò)對(duì)垂直螺旋輸送中鑄鐵煤粉顆粒運(yùn)動(dòng)的離散元仿真,驗(yàn)證了顆??s放法的準(zhǔn)確性[9];Sakai等建立了粗粒模型并對(duì)其在流化床中進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬,得出了粗粒模型能較精確模擬原始粒子行為的結(jié)論[10];Weinhart等為表明對(duì)高度局部化系統(tǒng)中空間粗粒寬度及時(shí)間間隔選擇的重要性,以粗粒模型對(duì)筒倉(cāng)進(jìn)行了離散元仿真[11]。本研究利用縮放理論,以小麥粉休止角作為響應(yīng)值,通過(guò)Plackett-Burman、最陡爬坡以及Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)對(duì)放大顆粒的離散元仿真接觸參數(shù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定,得到接觸參數(shù)的最佳組合,以期為小麥粉、淀粉等其他粉體的離散元模擬提供參考。
原材料:鄭州海嘉食品有限公司生產(chǎn)的普通粉:含水率13.5%,蛋白質(zhì)11.5%,灰分0.51%;將原材料通過(guò)70目的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)孔篩制得試驗(yàn)所用小麥粉,其平均粒徑為0.212 mm。
1.2.1 量綱分析
為使離散元能夠合理有效仿真,通過(guò)調(diào)整離散元仿真參數(shù),使縮放粒子仿真結(jié)果盡可能表現(xiàn)出與原系統(tǒng)粒子相同的動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)特性,以減小由于粒子縮放而造成的模擬誤差。Feng等采用簡(jiǎn)單方法,建立了原系統(tǒng)物理模型和縮放模型之間單個(gè)物理量間的比例因子[12]。
式中為軸向力,N;為楊氏模量,Pa;為橫截面積,m2;為軸向位移,m。
式中為速度,m/s;為長(zhǎng)度,m;為時(shí)間,s。
對(duì)于黏合彈性顆粒接觸模型來(lái)說(shuō),2個(gè)黏著彈性球間接觸力可表示為
由量綱分析結(jié)果可知,縮放模型密度保持不變,接觸剛度與顆粒尺寸成線(xiàn)性關(guān)系,不是固定常數(shù),參數(shù)彈性模量的設(shè)置不是固定的原始數(shù)值,而是隨變徑縮放而被縮放,根據(jù)參數(shù)范圍,取其較大值。
1.2.2 縮放接觸原理
Stefan基于原始系統(tǒng)和縮放系統(tǒng)中相同的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)動(dòng)能,對(duì)線(xiàn)性彈性模型進(jìn)行分析,根據(jù)牛頓運(yùn)動(dòng)定律,顆粒間法向重疊的微分方程可表示為[13]
式中m為有效質(zhì)量,kg;k為顆粒剛度,N/m;c為阻尼系數(shù),kg/s;δ為重疊量,m。
式中為顆粒密度,kg/m3;為顆粒粒度比,R為原系統(tǒng)顆粒半徑,m。
式中R為有效半徑,m;R為縮放系統(tǒng)顆粒半徑,m。
將(8)、(9)2式用無(wú)量綱量轉(zhuǎn)換。
式中*為無(wú)量綱數(shù),δ為重疊量,m;為時(shí)間,s;0為速度,m/s。
代入(9)式可得
式中k為顆粒剛度,N/m;c為阻尼系數(shù),kg/s。
簡(jiǎn)化可得
式(12)中系數(shù)可用以下無(wú)量綱數(shù)表示為
范德華力是細(xì)顆粒黏附的主要來(lái)源。在細(xì)顆粒離散元建模中,一般采用理論黏著彈性模型來(lái)表示范德華力[14]。對(duì)于JKR模型,將范德華力與顆粒半徑關(guān)聯(lián):
式中為每單位接觸面積的表面能,J/m2。
Subhash等給出了具有隨機(jī)各向同性物料的硬質(zhì)單分散球體系拉伸強(qiáng)度與顆粒間接觸力的關(guān)系[14]:
這表明顆粒間接觸力與縮放粒子半徑的平方成正比,隨著粒子半徑的增加,單對(duì)顆粒間接觸表面積也相對(duì)增加。由于粘附力與顆粒間接觸面積有關(guān),而接觸面積與顆粒半徑的平方成比例,表明了粘附力與顆粒半徑二次方的比例關(guān)系。參數(shù)JKR設(shè)置中,JKR隨縮放比例變動(dòng),沒(méi)有特定的參考數(shù)值,根據(jù)其范圍,通過(guò)標(biāo)定確定。為了盡量減小仿真誤差及獲得合理有效的仿真時(shí)間,縮放比例根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[15-16],本文將小麥粉顆粒放大近6倍進(jìn)行仿真模擬。
試驗(yàn)參照GB/T 16913.5-1997國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并結(jié)合已有文獻(xiàn)對(duì)休止角的相關(guān)研究[17-21],采用注入法測(cè)量小麥粉休止角,測(cè)量裝置如圖1所示,漏斗下口內(nèi)徑為5 mm,錐度為60o,圓柱底盤(pán)直徑為80 mm,漏斗下端口距圓柱底盤(pán)上表面距離75 mm。測(cè)量時(shí),將所制備的小麥粉緩慢倒入漏斗中,使用玻璃棒輕微攪動(dòng),防止小麥粉顆粒堵住漏斗出口,待圓柱底盤(pán)溢出一定數(shù)量的小麥粉后,停止向漏斗添加小麥粉,待顆粒堆積高度不再發(fā)生變化,用鋼尺測(cè)出底盤(pán)上小麥粉的堆積高度。根據(jù)公式(16)計(jì)算小麥粉休止角,重復(fù)5次取其平均值,測(cè)得小麥粉休止角為52.37o。
2.2.1 仿真參數(shù)
結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)對(duì)粉體顆粒與不銹鋼離散元仿真參數(shù)的設(shè)置[22-25]及軟件內(nèi)置 GEMM 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),本研究中各仿真參數(shù)的變化范圍如表1所示。結(jié)合粉體仿真相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[26-29]以及顆粒縮放理論規(guī)則,模擬所需小麥粉本征參數(shù)設(shè)定為:密度1 960 kg/m3、泊松比0.25、小麥粉剪切模量6.0′107Pa。材料的接觸參數(shù)隨材料密度、形狀、粒徑等不同變化較大,無(wú)法通過(guò)查閱物性手冊(cè)或文獻(xiàn)資料獲取,采用虛擬試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定。
2.2.2 仿真模型
仿真參照GB/T11986-98《表面活性劑粉體和顆粒休止角的測(cè)量》標(biāo)準(zhǔn),采用注入法,漏斗出口內(nèi)徑為10 mm,接收?qǐng)A柱底面直徑=100 mm,漏斗下端口距圓柱底盤(pán)上表面距離75 mm,放大顆粒粒徑設(shè)置為=1.2 mm,由于模擬條件及時(shí)間限制,仿真采用球形顆粒[30-32]。仿真模型如圖2所示,顆粒生成方式為Dynamic,生成速率設(shè)為2 000個(gè)/s,生成數(shù)量設(shè)為不限,仿真時(shí)間設(shè)為20 s,待圓柱底面接收的顆粒處于溢出狀態(tài),將生成速率設(shè)為0個(gè)/s,繼續(xù)仿真,待漏斗中顆粒落完后,采用軟件后處理中記錄顆粒位置的功能,記錄顆粒堆積高度隨時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì),導(dǎo)出數(shù)據(jù),找到處于相對(duì)靜止下的高度值,采用自帶的量角器工具,測(cè)量休止角。
表1 離散元仿真參數(shù)表
圖2 小麥粉顆粒堆積的模擬仿真
2.3.1 Plackett-Burman試驗(yàn)
Plackett-Burman試驗(yàn)通過(guò)考察目標(biāo)響應(yīng)與各因子間關(guān)系,比較各個(gè)因子2水平間的差異來(lái)確定因子顯著性。本文Plackett-Burman 設(shè)計(jì)以小麥粉休止角為響應(yīng)值,對(duì)仿真接觸參數(shù)的顯著性進(jìn)行篩選。低水平設(shè)定為最初原始水平,高水平設(shè)為低水平的2倍,試驗(yàn)參數(shù)如表2所示。
表2 Plackett-Burman試驗(yàn)參數(shù)列表
Plackett-Burman設(shè)計(jì)及結(jié)果如表3所示,利用Design Expert軟件對(duì)該結(jié)果進(jìn)行方差分析,得到各個(gè)接觸參數(shù)的顯著性如表4所示。由表4可知,JKR、小麥粉-小麥粉滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)、小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù)的<0.01,對(duì)放大顆粒休止角的影響極其顯著;小麥粉-不銹鋼滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)的<0.05,對(duì)放大顆粒的休止角影響顯著;而其余參數(shù)>0.05,對(duì)放大顆粒的休止角影響極小。為方便后續(xù)試驗(yàn),在最陡爬坡以及 Box-Behnken 試驗(yàn)中只考慮這3個(gè)影響極其顯著(<0.01)的參數(shù)。其余參數(shù)結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[30-32]取值為(小麥粉-小麥粉恢復(fù)系數(shù)0.2、小麥粉-小麥粉靜摩擦系數(shù)0.6、小麥粉-不銹鋼恢復(fù)系數(shù)0.2、小麥粉-不銹鋼滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)0.25)來(lái)進(jìn)行最陡爬坡以及響應(yīng)面試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)。
表3 Plackett-Burman試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)及結(jié)果
表4 Plackett-Burman試驗(yàn)參數(shù)顯著性分析
2.3.2 最陡爬坡試驗(yàn)
Plackett-Burman 試驗(yàn)后,根據(jù)篩選的顯著性參數(shù),進(jìn)行最陡爬坡試驗(yàn),以便能快速進(jìn)入到最優(yōu)值的附近區(qū)域。最陡爬坡試驗(yàn)從PB試驗(yàn)中心點(diǎn)開(kāi)始,根據(jù)PB試驗(yàn)所得的回歸系數(shù)來(lái)確定爬坡步長(zhǎng),為能盡快逼近最優(yōu)值,爬坡步長(zhǎng)通常取較大值。本爬坡試驗(yàn)選定步長(zhǎng)以及結(jié)果如表5所示。根據(jù)表5結(jié)果可知,在4號(hào)水平休止角相對(duì)誤差最小,由3號(hào)到5號(hào)水平相對(duì)誤差由大變小再變大,由此選取4號(hào)水平為中心點(diǎn),3號(hào)、5號(hào)水平為低、高水平進(jìn)行后續(xù)響應(yīng)面設(shè)計(jì)。
表5 最陡爬坡試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)及結(jié)果
2.3.3 Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)及回歸模型
根據(jù)最陡爬坡試驗(yàn)結(jié)果及響應(yīng)面設(shè)計(jì)原理,選取顯著性參數(shù)的低、中、高3水平進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),試驗(yàn)選3個(gè)中心點(diǎn)對(duì)誤差進(jìn)行評(píng)估。Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表6所示,應(yīng)用Design-Expert建立3個(gè)顯著性參數(shù)與休止角的二階回歸方程為
表6 Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)及結(jié)果
Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)?zāi)P头讲罘治鼋Y(jié)果如表7所示,根據(jù)表7結(jié)果可知,該擬合模型<0.0001;JKR 表面能()、小麥粉顆粒間的滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)()、小麥粉-不銹鋼的靜摩擦系數(shù)()、JKR表面能-滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)(í)以及JKR表面能的二次項(xiàng)(2)值都<0.01;JKR表面能-靜摩擦系數(shù)(í)<0.05,說(shuō)明各個(gè)參數(shù)對(duì)休止角的影響顯著,表明了回歸模型的有效性。失擬項(xiàng)=0.5405>0.05,表明模型良好,沒(méi)有彎曲失擬現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。試驗(yàn)中變異系數(shù)CV=0.74%,說(shuō)明試驗(yàn)有較高的可靠性。決定系數(shù)2=0.994;校正決定系數(shù)2adj=0.984;預(yù)測(cè)決定系數(shù)2pre=0.943;三值都>0.9,表明模型能夠真實(shí)的反應(yīng)實(shí)際情況。試驗(yàn)精密度Adep Precision=33.455,說(shuō)明模型具有良好的精確度。
表7 Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)二次多項(xiàng)式模型方差分析
根據(jù)表7結(jié)果,在保證模型良好前提下,剔除對(duì)休止角影響不顯著的項(xiàng)(í、2、2),優(yōu)化模型后的方差分析結(jié)果如表8所示,失擬項(xiàng)=0.511 9;變異系數(shù)CV=0.80%;決定系數(shù)2=0.989;校正決定系數(shù)2adj=0.981;預(yù)測(cè)決定系數(shù)2pre=0.939;試驗(yàn)精密度Adep Precision=37.684??芍P蛿M合性,可靠性以及精確性良好,較優(yōu)化前有了一定改善,優(yōu)化后回歸方程為
表8 Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)優(yōu)化回歸模型方差分析
2.3.4 回歸模型交互效應(yīng)分析
根據(jù)優(yōu)化回歸模型方差分析結(jié)果,可知JKR表面能-滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)(í)以及JKR表面能-靜摩擦系數(shù)(í)的<0.01,這2個(gè)交互項(xiàng)對(duì)小麥粉休止角影響極其顯著。在小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù)()為0.22以及顆粒間滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)()為0.5的2種情況下,應(yīng)用Design-Expert軟件對(duì)JKR表面能-滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)(í)以及JKR表面能-靜摩擦系數(shù)(í)交互作用的三維響應(yīng)曲面進(jìn)行繪制,如圖3所示,可以直觀(guān)的反應(yīng)交互項(xiàng)對(duì)休止角的影響。由í曲面可知,相對(duì)于顆粒間滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)(),JKR表面能()的效應(yīng)面曲線(xiàn)比較陡,表明其對(duì)休止角影響較為顯著。由í曲面可知,相對(duì)于JKR表面能(),小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù)()的效應(yīng)面曲線(xiàn)比較陡,表明其對(duì)休止角影響較為顯著。
圖3 HJ與HK的交互效應(yīng)圖
應(yīng)用Design Expert 軟件以小麥粉實(shí)際休止角為目標(biāo),對(duì)優(yōu)化后的回歸方程進(jìn)行尋優(yōu)求解可知,欲使仿真與試驗(yàn)所得休止角誤差最小,則JKR表面能為0.157,小麥粉-小麥粉滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)為0.25,小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù)為0.58。用最佳參數(shù)組合進(jìn)行休止角仿真試驗(yàn),仿真與物理試驗(yàn)的對(duì)比如圖4所示。仿真試驗(yàn)所得休止角為52.69o,與實(shí)際值52.37o的誤差為0.61%,表明仿真結(jié)果與真實(shí)試驗(yàn)值無(wú)顯著性差異。
圖4 仿真試驗(yàn)與物理試驗(yàn)對(duì)比
1)采用顆粒縮放法將粒徑0.212 mm的小麥粉顆粒放大至1.2 mm,基于離散元中JKR模型對(duì)放大顆粒的接觸參數(shù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定。由 Plackett-Burman 試驗(yàn)篩選出對(duì)小麥粉放大顆粒休止角影響顯著的因素為表面能JKR、小麥粉-小麥粉滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)及小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù)。
2)根據(jù)Box-Behnken試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,建立并優(yōu)化3個(gè)顯著性參數(shù)與休止角間的二次回歸模型,根據(jù)優(yōu)化模型方差分析的結(jié)果可知,除了3個(gè)顯著性參數(shù)(JKR表面能、小麥粉-小麥粉滾動(dòng)靜摩擦系數(shù)及小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù))的一次項(xiàng)外,交互項(xiàng)JKR表面能-滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)、JKR表面能-靜摩擦系數(shù)以及JKR表面能的二次項(xiàng)對(duì)小麥粉放大顆粒休止角影響也極其顯著。
3)以小麥粉實(shí)際休止角為目標(biāo),對(duì)回歸方程進(jìn)行尋優(yōu)求解,得到顯著性參數(shù)的最佳組合為小麥粉-小麥粉滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù)為0.25、小麥粉-不銹鋼靜摩擦系數(shù)為0.58、表面能JKR為0.157,進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)對(duì)比,仿真所得休止角與實(shí)際所得休止角無(wú)顯著性差異(>0.05),表明應(yīng)用響應(yīng)面分析標(biāo)定離散元仿真參數(shù)的可行性。
4)以試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)所得的最佳參數(shù)組合來(lái)進(jìn)行休止仿真試驗(yàn),測(cè)得仿真試驗(yàn)的休止角為52.69°,與試驗(yàn)所測(cè)的小麥粉休止角52.37°,兩者誤差為0.61%,模擬值與試驗(yàn)測(cè)試值無(wú)顯著差異。結(jié)果表明,基于顆??s放理論標(biāo)定所得到的接觸參數(shù)可用于小麥粉離散元仿真。
[1] Gao K D, Xu W B, Zhang X, et al. Analysis of spiral aggregate device on the sump cleaning machine by discrete element method [J]. International Journal of Simulation Modelling (IJSIMM), 2018, 17(4): 643-656.
[2] Mazor A, Orefice L, Michrafy A, et al. A combined DEM & FEM approach for modelling roll compaction process[J]. Powder Technology, 2018, 337: 3-16.
[3] Sun Xiaoxia, Meng Wenjun, Yuan Yuan. Feeding head of relative rotary based on EDEM+ FLUENT[J]. Advances in Mech-an-ic-al Engineering, 2018, 10(7): 1-13.
[4] 羅帥,袁巧霞,楊龍?jiān)? 基于JKR粘結(jié)模型的蚯蚓糞基質(zhì)離散元法參數(shù)標(biāo)定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2018,49(4):343-350. Luo Shuai, Yuan Qiaoxia, Yang Longyuan.Parameters calibration of vermicomposting nursery substrate with discrete element method based on JKR contact model [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(4): 343-350. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5] 袁全春,徐麗明,邢潔潔,等. 機(jī)施有機(jī)肥散體顆粒離散元模型參數(shù)標(biāo)定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(18): 21-27. Yuan Quanchun, Xu Liming, Xing Jiejie, et al. Parameter calibration of discrete element model of organic fertilizer particles for mechanical fertilization [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(18): 21-27. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6] 王憲良,胡紅,王慶杰,等. 基于離散元的土壤模型參數(shù)標(biāo)定方法[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2017,48(12): 78-85. Wang Xianliang, Hu Hong, Wang Qingjie, et al.Calibration method of soil contact characteristic parameters based on DEM theory [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017, 48(12): 78-85. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7] Alizadeh, Mohammadreza, Ghadiri, et al. A methodology for calibration of DEM input parameters in simulation of segregation of powder mixtures: a special focus on adhesion[J]. Powder Technology, 2018, 339: 789-800.
[8] Figueroa I, LI H, Mccarthy Joseph. Predicting the impact of adhesive forces on particle mixing and segregation[J]. Powder Technology, 2009, 195.3: 203-212.
[9] 任建莉,周龍海,韓龍,等. 基于顆??s放理論的垂直螺旋輸送離散模擬[J]. 過(guò)程工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,17(5): 936-943.Ren Jianli, Zhou Longhai, Han Long, et al. Discrete simulation of vertical screw conveyor based on particle scaling theory [J]. Chinese Journal of Process Engineering, 2017, 17(5): 936-943. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10] Sakai M, Takahashi H, Pain C, et al. Study on a large-scale discrete element model for fine particles in a fluidized bed[J]. Advanced Powder Technology, 2012, 23(5): 673-681.
[11] Weinhart T, Labra C, Luding S, et al. Influence of coarse-graining parameters on the analysis of DEM simulations of silo flow[J]. Powder Technology, 2016, 293: 138-148.
[12] Feng Y T, Owen D R J. Discrete element modelling of large scale particle systems-I: Exact scaling laws[J]. Computational Particle Mechanics, 2014, 1(2): 159-168.
[13] Radl S, Radeke C, Khinast J G, et al. Parcel-based approach for the simulation of gas-particle flows[C]. 8th International Conference on CFD in Oil & Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim. 2011.
[14] Thakur SC, Ooi JY, Ahmadian H. Scaling of discrete element model parameters for cohesionless and cohesive solid[J]. Powder Technology, 2016, 293: 130-137.
[15] 周龍海. 垂直螺旋輸送的EDEM仿真與實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江工業(yè)大學(xué),2017. Zhou Longhai. EDEM Simulation and Experiment of Vertical Screw Conveyoring [D].Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Technology, 2017. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16] Sakai M, Abe M, Shigeto Y, et al. Verification and validation of a coarse grain model of the DEM in a bubbling fluidized bed[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 244: 33-43.
[17] 彭飛,王紅英,方芳,等. 基于注入截面法的顆粒飼料離散元模型參數(shù)標(biāo)定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2018,49(4): 140-147.
Peng Fei, Wang Hongying, Fang Fang, et al. Parameter calibration of discrete element model parameters for pellet feed based on injected section method [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018, 49(4): 140-147. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] 劉凡一,張艦,李博,等. 基于堆積試驗(yàn)的小麥離散元參數(shù)分析及標(biāo)定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2016,32(12): 247-253. Liu Fanyi, Zhang Jian, Li Bo, et al. Calibration of parameters of wheat required in discrete element method simulation based on repose angle of particle heap [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2016, 32(12): 247-253. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] 賀一鳴,向偉,吳明亮,等. 基于堆積試驗(yàn)的壤土離散元參數(shù)的標(biāo)定[J]. 湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2018,44(2): 216-220. He Yiming, Xiang Wei, Wu Mingliang, et al. Parameters calibration of loam soil for discrete element simulation based on the repose angle of particle heap[J]. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University: Natural Science Edition, 2018, 44(2): 216-220. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] 張銳,韓佃雷,吉巧麗,等. 離散元模擬中沙土參數(shù)標(biāo)定方法研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2017,48(3): 49-56. Zhang Rui, Han Yulei, Ji Qiaoli, et al.Calibration methods of sandy soil parameters in simulation of discrete element method [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017, 48(3): 49-56. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21] 賈富國(guó),韓燕龍,劉揚(yáng),等. 稻谷顆粒物料堆積角模擬預(yù)測(cè)方法[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2014,30(11): 254-260. Jia Fuguo, Han Yanlong, Liu Yang, et al. Simulation prediction method of repose angle for rice particle materials [J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2014, 30(11): 254-260. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22] 張西良,張建,李萍萍,等. 粉體物料流動(dòng)性仿真分析[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2008(8): 196-198.
[23] 郝友莉. 粉體包裝螺旋式密實(shí)輸送研究[D]. 無(wú)錫:江南大學(xué),2017. Hao Youli. Research on Densifying Transportation of Spiral Powder Packaging Machine [D]. Wuxi:Jiangnan University, 2017. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24] 張帥,單忠德,張杰. 基于離散元方法的型砂流動(dòng)性仿真研究[J].鑄造技術(shù),2016,37(2):288-291. Zhang Shuai, Shan Zhongde, Zhang Jie.Simulation of self-hardening resin sand mobility based on DEM [J]. Foundry Technology, 2016, 37(2): 288-291. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25] 張建. 粉體定量加料器及應(yīng)用研究[D]. 鎮(zhèn)江:江蘇大學(xué),2008. Zhang Jian. Powder Dosing Devices and its Application [D]. Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2008. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26] 李明菲. 不同熱處理方式對(duì)小麥粉特性影響研究[D].鄭州: 河南工業(yè)大學(xué),2016. Li Mingfei. Effect of Different Heat Treatment Methods on Wheat Flour Characteristics[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan University of Technology, 2016. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27] 王崇崇. 粒度對(duì)小麥粉及面條品質(zhì)特性的影響機(jī)理研究[D]. 鄭州: 河南工業(yè)大學(xué), 2018. Wang Chongchong. Study on the Effects of Different Heat Treatment on Wheat Flour Characteristics [D]. Zhengzhou: Henan University of Technology, 2018. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28] Chichti E. Multi-scale Approach for Understanding the Link between Triticum Aestivum Grain Texture and Milling Behaviour: Focus on the Endosperm Microstructure and Local Nano-mechanical Properties[D]. Montpellie: SupAgro, 2013.
[29] Kumar S, Saini C S. Study of various characteristics of composite flour prepared from the blend of wheat flour and gorgon nut flour[J]. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 2016, 9(4): 679-689.
[30] 石林榕,趙武云,孫偉. 基于離散元的西北旱區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤顆粒接觸模型和參數(shù)標(biāo)定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(21): 181-187.Shi Linwei, Zhao Wuyun, Sun Wei.Parameter calibration of soil particles contact model of farmland soil in northwest arid region based on discrete element method[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(21): 181-187. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31] Mio H, Akashi M, Shimosaka A, et al. Speed-up of computing time for numerical analysis of particle charging process by using discrete element method[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2009, 64(5): 1019-1026.
[32] Weinhart T, Hartkamp R, Thornton A R, et al. Coarse-grained local and objective continuum description of three-dimensional granular flows down an inclined surface[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2013, 25(7): 1-26.
Parameter calibration of wheat flour for discrete element method simulation based on particle scaling
Li Yongxiang1, Li Feixiang1, Xu Xuemeng1※, Shen Changpu1, Meng Kunpeng1, Chen Jing1, Chang Dongtao2
(1.,,450001,; 2..,450001)
In order to obtain the precise parameters for the wheat flour discrete element simulation, the actual repose angle of wheat flour was firstly measured by injection method. The experimental material was ordinary wheat flour, which average particle diameter is 0.212 mm and went through a 70-mesh standard sieve. Refer to GB 16913.5-1997, the inner diameter of the used funnel was 5 mm, the taper was 60°, and the cylindrical chassis was 80 mm in diameter. The result indicated the repose angle of the wheat flour was 52.37°, which was average value of five experiments. The irregular wheat flour was simplified into soft spherical particles, and then those particles with the size of 0.212 mm were enlarged to 1.2 mm for simulation thanks to the particle scaling and dimensional analysis, during those analyses, the3D modeling and simulation were finished by SolidWorks and EDEM software respectively. Considering the bonding characteristics between wheat flour particles, the “Hertz-Mindlin with JKR” contact model was selected to calibrate the contact parameters of wheat flour for discrete element simulation with the repose angle as a reference. Then, through the design-expert software, the parameters that have significant influence on the repose angle of wheat flour by Plackett-Burman test design are surface energy JKR, the rolling friction coefficient for wheat flour-wheat flour, the static friction coefficient for wheat flour-stainless steel. According to the significance parameters designed and screened by the Plackett-Burman test, the steepest ascent test was carried out so that it could be quickly close to the optimal value. The steepest ascent test was stared at the center of the Plackett-Burman test and the step size was determined by the regression coefficients obtained from the test. The Box-Behnken test was then carried out by selecting the low, medium and high levels of the significant parameters according to the results of steepest ascent test and the design principle of response surface, and then the three mediate points were selected to evaluate the errors. At last, the quadratic polynomial model for the repose angle and the significant parameters was successfully established and optimized by the Box-Behnken test. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic polynomial model showed that this model was significant and the lack-of-fit term was non-significant, which means the model can be applied to determine whether the parameters combination is the best. However, some terms in the quadratic polynomial model were non-significant. Therefore, a modified regression model was established by deleting those non-significant terms. The ANOVA of the modified model showed all of the terms were desirable, and the first-order term of those 3 significant parameters, the interactive term of the wheat flour-wheat flour static friction coefficient and JKR surface energy, and the interactive term of the wheat flour-wheat flour rolling friction coefficient and JKR surface energy had a significant effect on the repose angle. The best combination of the significant parameters could be achieved when the JKR value was 0.157, the rolling friction coefficient of wheat flour-wheat flour was 0.25, and the static friction coefficient of wheat flour-stainless steel was 0.58. Finally, the rest simulation test was carried out with the optimal combination of parameters obtained from the experiments, which showed that the repose angle of the simulation test was 52.69°, the error of the repose angle measured by the test was 0.61%, and there was no significant difference between the simulation results and the actual test values. In conclusion, the contact parameters obtained based on the particle scaling calibration can be used for wheat flour discrete element simulation which was shown by the experimental results.
agricultural products; particle size; discrete element method; calibration of parameters; repose angle
2019-03-15
2019-06-28
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2018YFD0400704);河南省科技廳自然科學(xué)項(xiàng)目(182102110163)
李永祥,教授,博導(dǎo),糧食機(jī)械及理論。Email:liyongxiang@haut.edu.cn
徐雪萌,副教授,主要從事糧油食品包裝工藝與裝備研究。Email:xuxuemeng7439@163.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.16.035
O347.7; TP391.9
A
1002-6819(2019)-16-0320-08
李永祥,李飛翔,徐雪萌,申長(zhǎng)璞,孟坤鵬,陳 靜,常東濤.基于顆粒縮放的小麥粉離散元參數(shù)標(biāo)定[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(16):320-327. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.16.035 http://www.tcsae.org
Li Yongxiang, Li Feixiang, Xu Xuemeng, Shen Changpu, Meng Kunpeng, Chen Jing, Chang Dongtao. Parameter calibration of wheat flour for discrete element method simulation based on particle scaling[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(16): 320-327. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.16.035 http://www.tcsae.org