武丹妮 栗平 田海燕
[摘要] 二維彩色多普勒心臟超聲因其操作的快速、便攜、經(jīng)濟(jì)等優(yōu)勢(shì)應(yīng)用于心臟功能和結(jié)構(gòu)的評(píng)價(jià),并通過(guò)M型超聲心動(dòng)圖、二維Simpson雙平面法完成心室收縮和舒張功能及心室容積的測(cè)定。但對(duì)于左心室收縮功能存在細(xì)微變化者則二維彩色多普勒心臟超聲各項(xiàng)參數(shù)則不能真實(shí)反映其變化。隨著現(xiàn)代超聲醫(yī)學(xué)影像的逐步發(fā)展,二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤成像技術(shù)(2D-STI)通過(guò)動(dòng)態(tài)追蹤心肌組織實(shí)時(shí)回聲斑點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)價(jià)左心室收縮,彌補(bǔ)了二維彩色多普勒心臟超聲的諸多不足。本文現(xiàn)就2D-STI對(duì)左心室收縮功能的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤成像技術(shù);左心室收縮功能;應(yīng)變
[中圖分類號(hào)] R541.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)08(b)-0045-04
[Abstract] Two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography has been applied to evaluate cardiac function and structure for its advantages of fast, portable and economical operation. The measurement of ventricular systolic and diastolic function and ventricular volume has been completed by M-mode echocardiography and two-dimensional Simpson biplane method. However, for some special diseases or slight changes in left ventricular systolic function, the parameters of two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography can not truly reflect the changes. With the gradual development of modern ultrasound medical imaging, two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) makes up for many shortcomings of conventional two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography. It can dynamically track the real-time echo speckle movement of myocardial tissue, and then evaluate left ventricular systolic function. This article reviews the research progress of 2D-STI on left ventricular systolic function.
[Key words] Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging; Left ventricular systolic function; Strain
超聲心動(dòng)圖因其操作方便、快速、有效、經(jīng)濟(jì)等優(yōu)勢(shì),已成為臨床評(píng)價(jià)左心室收縮功能的首選方法[1]。但有些特殊疾病或左心室收縮功能存在細(xì)微變化時(shí),左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)則無(wú)法真實(shí)反映左心室收縮功能變化[2]。2D-STI通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)逐幀追蹤高幀頻二維圖像的斑點(diǎn)回聲定量分析,全面觀察心肌運(yùn)動(dòng)及機(jī)械變形能力,追蹤和測(cè)量左心室應(yīng)變及應(yīng)變率,由此可準(zhǔn)確評(píng)價(jià)左心室收縮功能變化。本文現(xiàn)將2D-STI技術(shù)在左心室收縮功能評(píng)價(jià)的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 概述
左心室收縮功能的準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估是臨床診斷和治療心臟疾病的關(guān)鍵[3],其主要評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)包括左心室容積參數(shù)、扭轉(zhuǎn)參數(shù)、心肌應(yīng)變參數(shù)等。應(yīng)變是指物體的變形能力,心肌應(yīng)變即心肌在心臟收縮與舒張運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)發(fā)生相對(duì)于原來(lái)形狀的變形。根據(jù)心肌運(yùn)動(dòng)模式,心臟的應(yīng)變包括4個(gè)部分[4],分別是縱向應(yīng)變(LS)、徑向應(yīng)變(RS)、周向應(yīng)變(CS)、旋轉(zhuǎn)角度(RA)。左心室應(yīng)變的常規(guī)指標(biāo)主要包括左心室長(zhǎng)軸整體收縮期最大峰值應(yīng)變(GLS)、左心室軸向整體收縮期最大峰值應(yīng)變(GCS)、左心室整體扭轉(zhuǎn)度(ROT)、心臟整體收縮期應(yīng)變率(GSRs)、舒張?jiān)缙趹?yīng)變率(GSRe)、舒張晚期應(yīng)變率(GSRa)[5]。
常規(guī)超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)左室收縮功能是通過(guò)間接途徑測(cè)量心腔內(nèi)徑的縮短來(lái)反映心臟長(zhǎng)軸方向縱向心肌和短軸方向環(huán)形心肌的收縮能力,2D-STI是基于二維灰階圖像實(shí)時(shí)追蹤不同像素心肌組織在高幀頻二維圖像中的位置,對(duì)斑點(diǎn)回聲定量分析,計(jì)算并描繪心肌運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和變化,可真實(shí)反映心室整體扭轉(zhuǎn)的程度、心肌收縮性能及心臟輸出能力[6-7]。并通過(guò)量化后的應(yīng)變參數(shù)真實(shí)反映心肌局部和整體運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[8],進(jìn)而無(wú)創(chuàng)性定量評(píng)價(jià)和測(cè)量左心室局部及整體收縮功能。
2 2D-STI在左心室收縮功能中的臨床應(yīng)用
2.1 對(duì)正常人左心室收縮功能的評(píng)價(jià)
構(gòu)成心臟的心肌纖維呈螺旋狀排列,內(nèi)層肌纖維呈縱向排列,中層心肌呈環(huán)形走行,而外層心肌纖維由基底向心尖部呈逆時(shí)針?lè)较蛐毙?。因此心臟的收縮和舒張包括縱向、徑向、周向三個(gè)空間方向的復(fù)雜機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)[9]。Matre等[10]應(yīng)用2D-STI技術(shù)對(duì)比正常人群心臟的局部心肌應(yīng)變值,結(jié)果顯示,室間隔心肌應(yīng)變值較左室側(cè)壁、后壁相應(yīng)節(jié)段心肌應(yīng)變值高,同時(shí)對(duì)比左心室內(nèi)、外層心肌GCS,內(nèi)層心肌整體及局部不同室壁節(jié)段GCS值更高。Amundsen等[11]應(yīng)用聲納微測(cè)量法及加標(biāo)記的心臟磁共振成像技術(shù)對(duì)斑點(diǎn)追蹤超聲心動(dòng)圖(speckle tracking echocardiography,STE)的準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果顯示2D-STI的測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)與聲納微測(cè)量法及加標(biāo)記的心臟磁共振成像技術(shù)測(cè)量結(jié)果基本一致,證實(shí)2D-STI能夠準(zhǔn)確反映心肌運(yùn)動(dòng)及收縮功能狀態(tài)。李倩等[12]采用2D-STI技術(shù)測(cè)量生理狀態(tài)下實(shí)驗(yàn)豬左心室內(nèi)、外層心肌的GCS,結(jié)果顯示心臟各個(gè)節(jié)段內(nèi)層心肌的GCS均高于外層心肌,以室間隔、左室側(cè)壁、左室下壁及前間隔差異最為顯著。
2.2 對(duì)冠心病患者左心室收縮功能的評(píng)價(jià)
超聲心動(dòng)圖因其能夠反映心肌缺血或梗死導(dǎo)致的節(jié)段性室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)異常,在冠心病的診斷、預(yù)后及療效觀察等方面均有重要意義[13]。組織多普勒(TDI)極大地提高了超聲心動(dòng)圖檢測(cè)節(jié)段性室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)及左心室收縮功能的敏感性和準(zhǔn)確性[14]。但許多學(xué)者在對(duì)心肌運(yùn)動(dòng)速度測(cè)量研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)TDI存在較大的角度依賴性,影響其準(zhǔn)確性[15]。2D-STI技術(shù)克服了TDI技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)[16],其時(shí)間和空間分辨率均較高,通過(guò)連續(xù)觀察左室所有節(jié)段同步運(yùn)動(dòng)情況及心肌各個(gè)節(jié)段應(yīng)變性,獲取左心室實(shí)時(shí)全容積數(shù)據(jù),從而整體評(píng)價(jià)冠心病患者心肌收縮功能。Hua等[17]應(yīng)用2D-STI技術(shù)評(píng)估40只急性心梗建模成功的成年大鼠的左心室收縮功能,結(jié)果顯示2D-STI技術(shù)在有效反映心臟縱向變形運(yùn)動(dòng)的同時(shí),還能反映徑向及周向的變形運(yùn)動(dòng)。Helle-Valle等[18]應(yīng)用2D-STI技術(shù)對(duì)8只急性心肌梗死實(shí)驗(yàn)豬模型進(jìn)行應(yīng)變分析,結(jié)果示收縮期應(yīng)變隨LS的變化較大,隨著LS的增加,應(yīng)變沒(méi)有顯著降低。Ng等[19]對(duì)122名健康受試者及40例非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者通過(guò)TDI技術(shù)及2D-STI技術(shù)對(duì)比分析其左心室收縮及舒張同步指數(shù),認(rèn)為2D-STI技術(shù)可能比TDI技術(shù)能夠更敏感地鑒別左室收縮不同步。Tatsumi等[20]同時(shí)應(yīng)用介入機(jī)械延遲技術(shù)、Yu指數(shù)和2D-STI技術(shù)評(píng)估心臟再同步化治療,發(fā)現(xiàn)2D-STI技術(shù)可以同時(shí)測(cè)量縱向、周向、徑向三個(gè)方向的應(yīng)變不同步指數(shù),能夠更加準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)心臟再同步化治療術(shù)后效果。
2.3 對(duì)肥厚型心肌病左心室收縮功能的評(píng)價(jià)
肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)是一種具有遺傳異質(zhì)性的常染色體顯性遺傳心肌病,解剖特點(diǎn)為心室非對(duì)稱性肥厚[21]。大量文獻(xiàn)證實(shí),HCM患者左室收縮功能減低與預(yù)后情況差、死亡率增加呈正相關(guān)[22]。Serri等[23]應(yīng)用2D-STI技術(shù)對(duì)26例非梗阻型肥厚型心肌?。∟HCM)患者及45名健康受試者進(jìn)行檢查,發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管部分患者的左心室整體收縮功能正常,但應(yīng)變的所有成分均顯著降低,縱向、徑向、周向應(yīng)變平均值較對(duì)照組明顯降低。Huang等[24]應(yīng)用實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖和2D-STI技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)HCM患者的左室收縮和舒張功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)在HCM患者中,心肌功能障礙在非肥厚的部分也有分布,即使左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)正常,左室收縮和舒張功能也會(huì)受損。
2.4 對(duì)心力衰竭患者左心室收縮功能的評(píng)價(jià)
心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)患者有左心室運(yùn)動(dòng)功能不良伴L(zhǎng)VEF的降低,李慎義等[25]研究應(yīng)用2D-STI評(píng)價(jià)急性HF患者左心室收縮功能時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著患者LVEF降低,其左心室整體周向、縱向、徑向應(yīng)變值隨之降低,且心肌的應(yīng)變亦減低。左心室扭轉(zhuǎn)指心尖部相對(duì)于基底部的旋轉(zhuǎn),其取決于心肌收縮力,因此左心室ROT可用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)其收縮功能。Song等[26]對(duì)HF患者心肌縱向、徑向、周向及心肌扭轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)行定量檢測(cè),研究表明射血分?jǐn)?shù)正常的心力衰竭(HFNEF)患者左心室收縮功能局部存在受損情況,而Toufan等[27]利用2D-STI評(píng)估HFNEF患者左心室的縱向收縮功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)HFNEF患者左心室各個(gè)節(jié)段的縱向收縮功能均減低。王銀榮等[28]研究結(jié)果與Toufan等[27]一致,且徑向及周向收縮功能均有減低。
2.5 對(duì)妊娠期高血壓患者左心室收縮功能的評(píng)價(jià)
早期識(shí)別并控制妊娠期高血壓(hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy,HDCP)可改善母嬰預(yù)后,降低圍生期母胎死亡率[29]。2D-STI能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)HDCP孕婦早期左心室心肌結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)微變化。張蕾等[30]研究應(yīng)用2D-STI評(píng)價(jià)HDCP患者左心室心肌應(yīng)變,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組研究對(duì)象LVEF值均>50%時(shí),HDCP 患者左心室長(zhǎng)軸心肌縱向收縮期應(yīng)變較正常妊娠婦女顯著降低,舒張晚期應(yīng)變與舒張功能障礙呈正相關(guān),收縮力代償性增強(qiáng),提示在心臟整體收縮功能無(wú)明顯變化時(shí)局部心肌收縮力已出現(xiàn)減低的趨勢(shì)。Ajmi等[31]應(yīng)用2D-STI技術(shù)對(duì)比研究30例HDCP患者和30名健康孕婦的左心室的充盈壓力和應(yīng)變峰值,結(jié)果表明GLS對(duì)HDCP患者亞臨床心功能不全的檢測(cè)比其他超聲心動(dòng)圖參數(shù)更敏感。
2.6 對(duì)2型糖尿病患者左心室收縮功能的評(píng)價(jià)
2型糖尿?。═2DM)控制不滿意時(shí)引起心臟微血管病變和心肌代謝紊亂,早期識(shí)別其功能變化并及時(shí)干預(yù)可顯著改善預(yù)后。楊勇等[32]研究應(yīng)用2D-STI在T2DM患者早期左心室整體與不同節(jié)段長(zhǎng)軸收縮功能改變時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),T2DM患者左心室容積及LVEF在疾病早期無(wú)明顯變化,左心室整體與節(jié)段長(zhǎng)軸收縮功能應(yīng)變值減低,提示T2DM患者左心室收縮功能的異常在疾病早期已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。韓紅生等[33]研究應(yīng)用2D-STI評(píng)估T2DM患者出現(xiàn)心肌損害時(shí)左心室整體平均縱向應(yīng)變值從健康對(duì)照組、單純糖尿病組、糖尿病合并微血管病變組逐次減低,糖尿病合并微血管病組相較其他組別變化更明顯。
3 小結(jié)
綜上所述,2D-STI通過(guò)對(duì)心肌組織斑點(diǎn)回聲的追蹤,能夠早期、敏感地評(píng)價(jià)左心室整體和局部的收縮功能,為臨床各類心臟疾病的診療及預(yù)后評(píng)估提供重要參考依據(jù),然而由于二維斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)在測(cè)量過(guò)程中對(duì)時(shí)間和空間分辨率要求均較高,部分患者可能會(huì)在同一個(gè)心動(dòng)周期內(nèi)不能有效顯示所有心肌節(jié)段同步運(yùn)動(dòng)狀況,可能導(dǎo)致追蹤的失敗。隨著超聲影像技術(shù)的逐步發(fā)展,2D-STI技術(shù)會(huì)逐漸完善,并且會(huì)更廣泛地應(yīng)用于心臟疾病的臨床診斷和治療效果評(píng)價(jià)。
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(收稿日期:2018-04-16? 本文編輯:任? ?念)