劉娟
筆者經(jīng)過十年的教學(xué)探索發(fā)現(xiàn),標(biāo)注是助力閱讀的一種行之有效的手段。而目前考生在閱讀過程中對于標(biāo)注的使用及標(biāo)注手段的種類了解較少,其原因是,考生沒有受到系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練,自己主觀上也不夠重視。
標(biāo)注即標(biāo)示注記,是一種幫助閱讀和理解的手段。經(jīng)過本人多年實(shí)踐,總結(jié)標(biāo)注的概念如下:“標(biāo)”泛指使用下劃線、波浪線、方框、圓圈、橢圓、箭頭等形狀對閱讀中的相關(guān)文字或句子進(jìn)行標(biāo)示,“注”一方面泛指在閱讀過程中,通過標(biāo)記、數(shù)字、序號(hào)或字母對文段或過程性描述等進(jìn)行標(biāo)注,另一方面“注”也指在閱讀中對于某些文字所做的注解、對某些文段主旨所作的簡要概括或用簡圖注解說明某段文字。
對考生來說,限時(shí)閱讀長達(dá)幾百詞的英文文章并接受從概括主旨大意、細(xì)節(jié)把握、推測詞義到判斷作者態(tài)度等角度的考查是很有挑戰(zhàn)性的,而標(biāo)注手段的使用就可以使考生的閱讀更加高效。標(biāo)注后閱讀材料上顯現(xiàn)的標(biāo)注信息可以清晰地展現(xiàn)出文章的輪廓和相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)要點(diǎn),考生在做題目時(shí)就可以準(zhǔn)確匹配題目和題眼,避免了目前考生閱讀中逐句翻譯、不斷回讀這個(gè)最大的障礙,從而節(jié)省閱讀時(shí)間,提高做題效率。
1. 用方框?????????? 標(biāo)出段落的中心句、關(guān)鍵詞或簡要概括注釋。
英美文章尤其是議論文、說明文邏輯性強(qiáng),結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),段落首句或尾句即是段落的中心句,所以對首尾句的關(guān)注對全文和相應(yīng)段落的理解很有幫助。因此,在閱讀的同時(shí),我們用?????????? 標(biāo)出中心句、關(guān)鍵詞或簡要注釋以凸顯其位置。如:
2018年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀理解C篇
We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that? we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — ...(注:例析)
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones . ... and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So whats the solution(解決方案)? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, ... They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
通過用?????????? 對段落中心句、關(guān)鍵詞的標(biāo)注,一篇370字的文章“瘦身”成四個(gè)短句組成的清晰的文章脈絡(luò),在此脈絡(luò)的帶領(lǐng)下,根本無需再重新閱讀尋找信息,以下三個(gè)小題的答案呼之欲出:
32. What does the author think of new devices?
33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
而第34題Which of the follwing uses the least energy?的“題眼”所在也很清晰,回到相應(yīng)的中心句所在段落分析細(xì)節(jié)即可。此外,對于新舊產(chǎn)品的選擇,讀者不僅做對了四道選擇題目,也在字里行間吸收到了作者想要傳遞的信息。
2. 使用小序號(hào)數(shù)字標(biāo)注。
使用小序號(hào)數(shù)字標(biāo)注文章中的不同觀點(diǎn)的列舉、不同方面的論述、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟等可以清晰呈現(xiàn)文章嚴(yán)密的邏輯性和結(jié)構(gòu)的緊密性。如:
2017年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀理解D篇
...
To construct a working still, ①use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity.②Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. ③Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
④Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, ⑤securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.
...
本文屬于科普實(shí)驗(yàn)類文章,講解如何在野外利用簡便工具制作簡易蒸餾器提取飲用水,文章的難點(diǎn)就在于這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟的描述。在閱讀的過程中,借助小數(shù)字序號(hào)對其標(biāo)注,實(shí)驗(yàn)過程的描述便由大段的文字描述變成條理清晰的①②③④⑤幾個(gè)實(shí)操步驟。那么,考查實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟細(xì)節(jié)的34題Whats the last step of constructing a working solar still?的答案亦即刻出現(xiàn)。
小序號(hào)數(shù)字標(biāo)注的作用顯而易見,同時(shí)我們也可以根據(jù)文字描述畫出實(shí)驗(yàn)簡圖(如下圖):
一個(gè)清晰的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置躍然于紙上,結(jié)合最后一段實(shí)驗(yàn)原理的描述,35題When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from__________. 的答案D. Beneath the sheet也明了。
小序號(hào)數(shù)字標(biāo)注和簡圖注解能夠助力科普實(shí)驗(yàn)類閱讀文的閱讀效率,它們對于培養(yǎng)考生條理清晰的概括能力、嚴(yán)密的思維能力和對科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)態(tài)度大有裨益。
3. 用 ?標(biāo)出邏輯關(guān)系詞。
邏輯關(guān)系詞在文章中的作用不容小覷,它使得文章內(nèi)容連貫,邏輯嚴(yán)密,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),閱讀過程中對于此類詞的標(biāo)注可以幫助讀者留意文章句與句之間、段與段之間的聯(lián)系,感受作者的行文思路。如:
2016 年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀理解 B篇的最后一段
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices,??sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling,giving up the life you know may be harder.
此文前邊三段講述老年人和成年子女同住幫助照顧第三代,促進(jìn)家庭和諧,最后一段通過兩個(gè)but表達(dá)了作者的態(tài)度:to say no is wiser, giving up your own life maybe harder, 即還是要根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況來確定同住與否。此段關(guān)于兩個(gè)but的解讀就是相應(yīng)28題What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?的答案. A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own。
閱讀文中yet, but, however, while等轉(zhuǎn)折詞的后邊,通常是作者要強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容,將這些詞用 ?加以標(biāo)注,可以警醒我們此處是“題眼”,此處要精讀,理解作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。
類似邏輯關(guān)系詞還有表遞進(jìn)的besides,whats more,whats worse等;表因果的therefore, as a result, because, since等,他們在行文邏輯中都起著重要的作用,通過對這些邏輯關(guān)系詞的標(biāo)注,讀者腦海中可以呈現(xiàn)出清晰的文本發(fā)展的邏輯線,不僅可以更全面了解文章內(nèi)容,也培養(yǎng)了邏輯思維能力。
4. 借用語文句子成分劃分標(biāo)志劃分長難句。
長難句被學(xué)生視為閱讀路上最大的一只“攔路虎”,是衡量閱讀理解難易度的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對考生的閱讀效率和心理狀態(tài)都有很大的影響,因此,借助標(biāo)注手段為長難句“瘦身”顯得尤為重要。
長難句之所以難,在于其長,過多修飾語影響大家理解,劃分長難句,就是將其修飾語“剝除”,凸顯句子主干。在這個(gè)方面,與語文句子成分劃分有相通的地方,我們可以借助語文劃分句子成分的標(biāo)記符號(hào)來抓長難句的主干。
在語文句子成分劃分中,主語下面劃雙行線 ?? 、謂語下面劃單行線_______、賓語下面劃波浪線~~~、在定語前后用小括號(hào)( )、狀語前后用中括號(hào)[ ]、補(bǔ)語前后用單書名號(hào)〈 〉標(biāo)記。如:
2018年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀理解 D篇第二段
[To figure out how much power these devices are using,] Callie Babbitt and her colleagues(at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York)tracked the environmental costs(for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.)
2018年全國Ⅱ卷閱讀理解 C篇第六段
The most hopeful data(shared in the report)shows clear evidence(of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids)[when it comes to reading]. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently,
通過這些標(biāo)記線的使用,句子像基本的主謂賓單句一樣明顯易讀,針對這兩個(gè)長難句所設(shè)計(jì)的題目33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?和31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?的答案也就清晰可現(xiàn)了。
5. 用△標(biāo)注強(qiáng)調(diào)感情色彩的形容詞或副詞。
強(qiáng)調(diào)感情色彩的形容詞或副詞主要體現(xiàn)在記敘文文體中。記敘文通常是通過對一件事或某人的一些事的描述來記述來表達(dá)作者從中學(xué)習(xí)或領(lǐng)悟到的道理或者是體現(xiàn)某人的一些特征。所記述的事情通常是有重大意義的,或?qū)ψ髡吡粝律羁逃∠?,或是改變了其人的態(tài)度和想法的事,所以,文中表感情色彩的形容詞或副詞對弄懂記敘文的寫作目的起著重要作用。如:
2019 年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀理解B篇第二段
But hes nervous.“Im here to tell you today why you should ... should ...”Chris trips on the“-ld”, a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“... Vote for ... me ...”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
本文主要是通過描述一位學(xué)生從演講前緊張到精彩完成演講的變化來贊揚(yáng)老師幫助學(xué)生提升自信的愛心行為。文中兩個(gè)對比鮮明的形容詞和副詞的使用,凸顯了老師的成功引導(dǎo)作用。
在記敘文閱讀中,學(xué)生通過對感情色彩詞的標(biāo)注,可以幫助自己關(guān)注故事情節(jié)、人物感情變化、故事前因后果等,同時(shí)也可以以文中人物或作者的感情角度來體驗(yàn)文章,避免帶入自己的主觀感情,增強(qiáng)了辨認(rèn)能力和推理判斷能力。
通過以上五種標(biāo)注,長達(dá)300多字的英語文章便“瘦身”為幾個(gè)主題句組成的簡單結(jié)構(gòu)圖,邏輯銜接詞和感情色彩詞也從文中凸顯出來,文章重點(diǎn)在平面紙上似乎有了立體的感覺,大大增強(qiáng)了我們的閱讀效率。下面以2019年全國Ⅰ卷的閱讀理解C篇為例顯示標(biāo)注手段給整個(gè)文章帶來的立體感:
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物測量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces . At present, these technologies are still?? expensive,though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(裝置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard . This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(節(jié)奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It ?doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word“touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
通過標(biāo)注,本篇文章的脈絡(luò)顯現(xiàn)出來:市場需求新科技識(shí)別不同用戶以保護(hù)隱私——新型智能鍵盤及其工作原理——原因——通過測試有望面世。清晰的立體脈絡(luò)可以幫助讀者很快鎖定31題 Where is this text most likely from?的答案:D. A magazine,其他三道題目對應(yīng)的信息也基本上是對每段所標(biāo)注信息的考查:第一段中框出的關(guān)鍵詞和轉(zhuǎn)折詞即是題目28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?的題眼,可輕易得出答案D. To cut the cost of e-space protection。題目29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?考查的是第三段的要義,已框出,即 C. Typing patterns vary from person to person的意思。題目30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?考查最后一段所框出的本段中心意思即選項(xiàng)B. Itll reach consumers soon。
利用標(biāo)注手段順利做完閱讀題目的同時(shí),我們也了解到了新型智能鍵盤的相關(guān)信息,對介紹新科技新發(fā)明的說明文的行文特點(diǎn)也加深了印象,提高了說明文閱讀效率。
筆者在2019屆高三學(xué)生一年的教學(xué)中,專門對所教的110名學(xué)生進(jìn)行了標(biāo)注手段重要性和使用的講解,并不間斷地強(qiáng)調(diào)督促其養(yǎng)成固有的標(biāo)注習(xí)慣。在后期的模擬考中,學(xué)生的閱讀理解部分明顯提高,根據(jù)問卷追蹤,學(xué)生不止題目準(zhǔn)確率提高了,更重要的是讀后有所收獲,吸收了很多題目之外的信息,對文章結(jié)構(gòu)、銜接邏輯等也有了感覺,不自覺中也提高了自己嚴(yán)密的思辨能力和寫作能力。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青