洪永沛 張敬濤
摘 要: 通過改進(jìn)的非微擾量子電動(dòng)力學(xué)(QED)理論,研究了強(qiáng)激光場中激發(fā)分子產(chǎn)生的高次諧波,并分析了能量低于電離閾值的諧波隨激光波長的變化.研究結(jié)果表明:當(dāng)激光光強(qiáng)較高時(shí),氧分子產(chǎn)生的諧波極小值是多個(gè)分子軌道獨(dú)立產(chǎn)生的諧波相互干涉的結(jié)果;隨著入射光波長的改變,單個(gè)分子軌道輻射的諧波出現(xiàn)π相位的突變,導(dǎo)致總諧波譜中出現(xiàn)了極小值;當(dāng)光強(qiáng)較低時(shí),總諧波由最高占據(jù)分子軌道(HOMO)產(chǎn)生的諧波主導(dǎo),總諧波極小值即為HOMO諧波極小值.另外,隨著激光波長的改變,單個(gè)復(fù)合通道產(chǎn)生的諧波也會(huì)發(fā)生π相位的突變,與不同復(fù)合通道產(chǎn)生的諧波相干疊加后造成單個(gè)分子軌道諧波的極小值.
關(guān)鍵詞: 低閾值諧波; 分子軌道諧波; 諧波干涉
中圖分類號(hào): O 437.1? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A? 文章編號(hào): 10005137(2019)04039307
Abstract: In this paper,the nonperturbative quantum electrodynamics(QED) theory was developed to study the highorder harmonic generation from the molecules irradiated by the strong laser field.The relationship between the harmonics with energy below the ionization threshold and the laser wavelength was analyzed.It was found that the minimum of harmonics generation from oxygen molecules by high light intensity laser field is the result of interference of multiple molecular orbitals.As the wavelength of incident laser changed,the harmonic phases of single molecular orbital appeared to be πphase mutations,resulting in minimum among the total harmonic.When the light intensity was lower,the total harmonic was dominated by the harmonics generated by the highest occupied molecular orbit (HOMO).Therefore,the total harmonic minimum was the minimum of the HOMO harmonic.Besides,with the change of laser wavelength,the harmonic generated by a single return channel would also have a πphase mutation.The harmonics generated by different return channels were coherently summed up to produce an interference minimum of a single molecular orbital harmonic.
Key words: belowthreshold harmonic generation; harmonic of molecular orbital; harmonic interference
0 引 言
原子/分子在與強(qiáng)激光相互作用的過程中,可以產(chǎn)生頻率為入射光頻率整數(shù)倍的高次諧波.隨著諧波能量的增加,高次諧波的強(qiáng)度首先快速下降,之后是一個(gè)平臺(tái)期,最終在截止區(qū)快速下降.截止區(qū)能量為Ip+3.17Up,其中,Ip為原子/分子的電離勢,Up為電子在激光場中的有質(zhì)動(dòng)力勢.高次諧波具有較寬的頻譜,相鄰階次諧波間的頻率差為2ω.利用高次諧波可以獲得阿秒級(jí)脈沖,用于探測在阿秒-埃尺度上的現(xiàn)象,如跟蹤原子/分子中電子的躍遷等超快過程,為探究電子動(dòng)力學(xué)過程提供了有效途徑[1-6],ASEYEV等[7]精準(zhǔn)測量了電子的阿秒動(dòng)力學(xué)過程.采用中紅外光場作為驅(qū)動(dòng)場,可以大大提高截止區(qū)的能量,獲得相干極紫外光[8-15].
高次諧波輻射的機(jī)制可以用CORKUM[16]提出的半經(jīng)典三步模型理論解釋.高次諧波的強(qiáng)度取決于電子與母核的復(fù)合幾率,而后者又依賴于母核的基態(tài)波函數(shù).高次諧波輻射本質(zhì)是電子在基態(tài)與連續(xù)態(tài)之間躍遷,因此諧波攜帶了原子/分子的基態(tài)波函數(shù)信息,可以作為探究原子/分子/結(jié)構(gòu)的一種手段[17],據(jù)此人們發(fā)展了分子軌道成像技術(shù)[18-22].
最近對高次諧波的研究熱點(diǎn)集中在低閾值諧波.YOST等[23]探究了氙的低閾值諧波譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)低閾值諧波輻射主要由長量子軌道和多光子激發(fā)2個(gè)過程產(chǎn)生,并且前者較后者對低閾值諧波輻射的貢獻(xiàn)更多.相較于原子,分子具有更為復(fù)雜的能級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)和電子云分布,不同分子軌道輻射的諧波對總諧波譜也會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響.SOIFER等[24]對分子的近閾值諧波進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)分子近閾值諧波主要受長量子軌道和短量子軌道影響,其中長量子軌道產(chǎn)生的諧波可以用三步模型理論解釋,并且與分子電離勢相關(guān);而短量子軌道則可以用來探究分子的激發(fā)態(tài).XIONG等[25]觀察了低閾值諧波強(qiáng)度隨激光頻率的變化,由諧波強(qiáng)度峰值位置推斷諧波的產(chǎn)生機(jī)制,固定頻率處出現(xiàn)的峰為電子躍遷到激發(fā)態(tài)的共振吸收峰,電子回到激發(fā)態(tài)并輻射的諧波為共振輻射.峰值隨光強(qiáng)和頻率的變化為量子軌道干涉現(xiàn)象,光強(qiáng)越高,電子返回能量越低,長量子軌道對低階諧波的影響越大.上述低閾值諧波的研究僅限于原子,對分子也只研究了總諧波,并未涉及分子內(nèi)部各個(gè)軌道產(chǎn)生的諧波,存在一定的局限性.
本文作者發(fā)展了非微擾量子電動(dòng)力學(xué)(QED)理論,并用之來處理分子在強(qiáng)激光場中產(chǎn)生的高次諧波過程[26],重點(diǎn)研究了不同分子軌道低閾值單階次諧波譜隨入射激光波長的變化,探究了低閾值諧波出現(xiàn)極小值的原因.研究結(jié)果表明:隨著入射激光波長的改變,低閾值諧波譜會(huì)產(chǎn)生一系列的極小值;總諧波強(qiáng)度極小值在激光強(qiáng)度較高時(shí)為分子不同軌道諧波相互干涉的結(jié)果;激光強(qiáng)度較低時(shí),總諧波強(qiáng)度為最高占據(jù)分子軌道(HOMO)主導(dǎo),極小值即為HOMO諧波強(qiáng)度極小值.另外,單個(gè)軌道的諧波譜也會(huì)出現(xiàn)極小值的情況,不同復(fù)合軌道間的干涉會(huì)使單個(gè)軌道產(chǎn)生諧波的極小值.
3 結(jié) 論
利用非微擾QED理論計(jì)算氧分子的高次諧波譜,加入零勢能點(diǎn)修正與庫侖勢修正得到了低閾值諧波.研究結(jié)果表明:低閾值諧波強(qiáng)度隨著入射光波長的變化會(huì)出現(xiàn)極小值,當(dāng)激光強(qiáng)度較高時(shí),隨著入射激光波長的改變,分子單個(gè)軌道諧波相位發(fā)生幅度為π的突變,與其他軌道輻射的諧波干涉導(dǎo)致分子總諧波強(qiáng)度出現(xiàn)極小值;當(dāng)激光強(qiáng)度較低時(shí),總諧波強(qiáng)度由HOMO產(chǎn)生的諧波主導(dǎo),諧波強(qiáng)度極小值即為HOMO諧波強(qiáng)度極小值.研究單個(gè)軌道輻射的諧波發(fā)現(xiàn):隨著入射光波長的改變,單個(gè)復(fù)合通道產(chǎn)生的諧波相位也會(huì)發(fā)生幅度為π的突變,與其他通道的諧波干涉導(dǎo)致諧波強(qiáng)度出現(xiàn)極小值.
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