殷士燕 高楠
[摘要] 目的 探討集束化護(hù)理干預(yù)在低齡低體重室間隔缺損患兒微創(chuàng)手術(shù)圍術(shù)期中的應(yīng)用效果。 方法 選擇本院2016年1月~2018年12月施行微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)治療的60例低齡低體重室間隔缺損患兒開(kāi)展前瞻性研究,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組與觀察組各30例,對(duì)照組施行常規(guī)圍術(shù)期護(hù)理干預(yù),觀察組施行集束化護(hù)理干預(yù),比較患兒術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后治療時(shí)間,并比較家屬疾病不確定感評(píng)分、負(fù)性情緒評(píng)分、護(hù)理滿意度。 結(jié)果 觀察組患兒的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組更低(P<0.05),其術(shù)后ICU監(jiān)護(hù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均較對(duì)照組縮短(P<0.05)。護(hù)理后,觀察組家屬的疾病不確定感評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分、SDS評(píng)分均較對(duì)照組更低(P<0.05),其護(hù)理總滿意率較對(duì)照組更高(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 集束化護(hù)理干預(yù)可減少低齡低體重室間隔缺損患兒微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥,使患兒順利度過(guò)手術(shù)危險(xiǎn)期,還可減輕患兒家屬的疾病不確定感和負(fù)性情緒,提高其護(hù)理滿意度。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 室間隔缺損;低體重兒;微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù);集束化護(hù)理
[中圖分類號(hào)] R473 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)25-0162-04
Observation on the application of clustering nursing in perioperative period of minimally invasive occlusion in the children patients with low-age and low-weight ventricular septal defect
YIN Shiyan1 ? GAO Nan2
1.CICU, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuzhou Childrens Hospital in Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China; 2.Surgery Room, Xuzhou Childrens Hospital in Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application effect of clustering nursing intervention on perioperative period of minimally invasive surgery in the children patients with low-age and low-weight ventricular septal defect. Methods A prospective study was conducted in 60 children with low-age and low-weight ventricular septal defect who were given minimally invasive occlusion surgery in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. According to the random number table method, they were divided into control group and observation group, with 30 cases in each group. The control group was given routine perioperative nursing intervention. The observation group was given clustering nursing intervention. The incidence rate of postoperative complications and postoperative treatment time were compared between patients, and the family disease uncertainty score, negative emotion score, and nursing satisfaction were compared. Results The total incidence rate of postoperative complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). The postoperative ICU monitoring time and postoperative length of hospital stay were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05). After the nursing, the disease uncertainty score of the family members, SAS score and SDS score in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). The overall satisfaction rate of nursing was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Clustering nursing intervention can reduce the complications after minimally invasive occlusion in children with low-age and low-weight ventricular septal defect, so that the children patients can successfully pass the risk period of surgery. It can also alleviate the disease uncertainty and negative emotions of the family members and improve their nursing satisfaction.
[Key words] Ventricular septal defect; Low-weight children; Minimally invasive occlusion; Clustering nursing care
先天性心臟病是一種常見(jiàn)的出生缺陷,室間隔缺損屬于常見(jiàn)先天性心臟病類型,嚴(yán)重危害到患兒的生命安全,對(duì)其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育造成嚴(yán)重不良影響[1-3]。微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)是臨床治療室間隔缺損的主要手段,但在圍術(shù)期存在諸多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,可能會(huì)影響到患兒的手術(shù)開(kāi)展、術(shù)后康復(fù)進(jìn)展,尤其是身體耐受性差的低齡低體重患兒,其手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,故在患兒圍術(shù)期還需采取護(hù)理干預(yù)[4]。集束化護(hù)理是一種整合了各項(xiàng)護(hù)理措施后形成的綜合性護(hù)理模式,本研究為探討集束化護(hù)理干預(yù)在低齡低體重室間隔缺損患兒微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)圍術(shù)期中的應(yīng)用效果,針對(duì)60例低齡低體重室間隔缺損患兒開(kāi)展研究。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇本院2016年1月~2018年12月施行微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)治療的60例低齡低體重室間隔缺損患兒開(kāi)展前瞻性研究,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組與觀察組各30例,對(duì)照組年齡8~31個(gè)月,平均(15.57±3.95)個(gè)月,男17例、女13例,體重5~12kg,平均(7.23±1.67)kg;觀察組年齡9~30個(gè)月,平均(16.26±4.59)個(gè)月,男16例、女14例,體重5~11 kg,平均(7.34±1.71)kg。組間一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),研究有可比性。經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)審批通過(guò)后開(kāi)展研究,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)體重低于同齡兒童;(2)經(jīng)超聲心動(dòng)圖、心臟超聲證實(shí)為室間隔缺損;(3)具備微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)指征,行微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)治療;(4)患兒家屬知情同意后在術(shù)前簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并肝腎病變;(2)合并血液系統(tǒng)疾病;(3)合并嚴(yán)重感染。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組施行常規(guī)圍術(shù)期護(hù)理干預(yù),術(shù)前做好手術(shù)器械和藥品準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)中配合醫(yī)師操作,術(shù)后觀察生命體征。
觀察組施行集束化護(hù)理干預(yù),建立集束化護(hù)理小組,組織小組成員參與專業(yè)化培訓(xùn),待其熟練掌握集束化護(hù)理知識(shí)后再根據(jù)患兒圍術(shù)期需求制定護(hù)理方案,具體如下:(1)術(shù)前:手術(shù)前,手術(shù)室巡回護(hù)士對(duì)患兒進(jìn)行訪視,并協(xié)同病房護(hù)士為患兒家屬講解術(shù)前各項(xiàng)檢查的目的及方法、手術(shù)方法、術(shù)前注意事項(xiàng),做好術(shù)前訪視記錄。(2)術(shù)中:由器械護(hù)士負(fù)責(zé)配合手術(shù)醫(yī)師遞送器械、藥品,由巡回護(hù)士嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)患兒生命體征指標(biāo)。(3)術(shù)后:手術(shù)結(jié)束后,待患兒術(shù)后生命體征恢復(fù)穩(wěn)定,為患兒家屬講解術(shù)后注意事項(xiàng),告知其術(shù)后ICU監(jiān)護(hù)的重要性,將患兒送至ICU,與ICU護(hù)士做好交接工作。再由ICU護(hù)士對(duì)患兒實(shí)施ICU護(hù)理,具體為:①體位護(hù)理:將患兒擺放為臥位,抬高床頭,根據(jù)患兒面部神情對(duì)其體位進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),盡可能達(dá)到最舒適的體位,并注意定時(shí)幫助患兒翻身,在患兒皮膚上涂抹爽身粉,以避免患兒由于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間采取同個(gè)體位而引發(fā)褥瘡。②氣管插管護(hù)理:由于患兒氣道狹窄、短小,加上患兒由于年齡小,配合度不高,導(dǎo)致患兒氣管內(nèi)導(dǎo)管易發(fā)生脫位,故護(hù)士應(yīng)做好患兒氣管內(nèi)導(dǎo)管的固定,每小時(shí)對(duì)患兒氣管插管情況進(jìn)行核實(shí)、記錄,每天采用胸部X片觀察患兒氣管內(nèi)導(dǎo)管位置,并嚴(yán)格按照規(guī)范交接班,如發(fā)現(xiàn)患兒膠布因汗液、鼻腔分泌物而出現(xiàn)松動(dòng),應(yīng)立即予以更換。③中心靜脈導(dǎo)管護(hù)理:中心靜脈置管是室間隔缺損患兒術(shù)后ICU監(jiān)護(hù)期間的主要給藥通路,護(hù)士應(yīng)對(duì)中心靜脈導(dǎo)管予以妥善固定,在患兒翻身時(shí)應(yīng)注意避免導(dǎo)管滑脫,并采用大小合適的夾板對(duì)導(dǎo)管予以固定。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
比較兩組患兒的術(shù)后治療時(shí)間(包括術(shù)后ICU監(jiān)護(hù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。
比較兩組家屬:(1)疾病不確定感評(píng)分,評(píng)估工具為疾病不確定感父母量表,總分為0~100分,得分隨著家屬的疾病不確定感減輕而降低[5];(2)負(fù)性情緒評(píng)分,評(píng)估工具為焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)、抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS),總分均0~100分,得分隨著家屬負(fù)性情緒的減輕而降低[6];(3)護(hù)理滿意度,應(yīng)用自制護(hù)理調(diào)查問(wèn)卷對(duì)患兒家屬開(kāi)展調(diào)查,最高分為100分,<60分為不滿意,60~80分為一般滿意,81~100分為很滿意,一般滿意率+很滿意率=總滿意率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件,計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患兒術(shù)后治療時(shí)間比較
觀察組的術(shù)后ICU監(jiān)護(hù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均較對(duì)照組縮短(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 ? 兩組患兒術(shù)后治療時(shí)間比較(x±s,d)
2.2兩組患兒術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較
觀察組患兒的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組更低(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
表2 ? 兩組患兒術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較[n(%)]
2.3兩組家屬疾病不確定感評(píng)分、負(fù)性情緒評(píng)分比較
兩組家屬護(hù)理后的疾病不確定感評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分、SDS評(píng)分均較護(hù)理前降低,而護(hù)理后觀察組家屬的疾病不確定感評(píng)分、SAS評(píng)分、SDS評(píng)分均較對(duì)照組更低(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 ? 兩組家屬疾病不確定感評(píng)分、負(fù)性情緒評(píng)分比較(x±s,分)
2.4 兩組家屬護(hù)理滿意度比較
觀察組家屬護(hù)理總滿意率為96.67%,較對(duì)照組更高(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
表4 ? 兩組家屬護(hù)理滿意度比較[n(%)]
3討論
先天性心臟病是一種出生缺陷,主要是指患兒在宮內(nèi)胎兒時(shí)期其心臟發(fā)育異常[7-8]。室間隔缺損是一種常見(jiàn)的先天性心臟病類型,患兒血液循環(huán)在發(fā)病后往往會(huì)受到影響,導(dǎo)致其出現(xiàn)缺血缺氧狀況,對(duì)患兒將來(lái)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)影響,具有較高的夭折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9-11]。微創(chuàng)封堵術(shù)是室間隔缺損的主要治療手段,具有手術(shù)效果好、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷輕等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但部分患兒圍術(shù)期存在諸多護(hù)理風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如低齡低體重患兒身體耐受性差,導(dǎo)致其手術(shù)無(wú)法順利開(kāi)展,如患兒術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥,導(dǎo)致其術(shù)后危險(xiǎn)期延長(zhǎng)[12-14],因此,還需針對(duì)患兒實(shí)施圍術(shù)期護(hù)理干預(yù)。