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危重癥患者連續(xù)腎臟替代治療的適應(yīng)證 和治療時(shí)機(jī)研究進(jìn)展

2019-11-22 14:21李季陳小蘭張效銘李洋平馬峰柏明
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2019年27期
關(guān)鍵詞:急性腎損傷危重癥

李季 陳小蘭 張效銘 李洋平 馬峰 柏明

[摘要]急性腎損傷(AKI)是危重癥患者的常見并發(fā)癥之一。近年來(lái)需要腎臟替代治療(RRT)的AKI患者發(fā)病率顯著升高。對(duì)于血液動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的患者,連續(xù)腎臟替代治療(CRRT)是最常用的RRT模式。目前,雖有一些臨床研究對(duì)CRRT治療的適應(yīng)證、開始和停止治療的時(shí)機(jī)進(jìn)行了深入探討,但在一些結(jié)果上仍存在較大爭(zhēng)議。本文就危重癥患者使用CRRT治療的適應(yīng)證、開始和停止治療的時(shí)機(jī)等方面的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,以期為CRRT相關(guān)的臨床工作和臨床研究提供重要信息。

[關(guān)鍵詞]急性腎損傷;連續(xù)腎臟替代治療;適應(yīng)證;危重癥

[中圖分類號(hào)] R692.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)9(c)-0022-04

[Abstract] Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the common complications of critically ill patients. The incidence rate of AKI patients requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) has increased significantly in recent years. For patients with hemodynamic instability, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the most commonly used RRT mode. At present, although some clinical studies have conducted in-depth discussions on the treatment indications and timing of initiation and discontinuation for CRRT, there are still some controversies on some results. This article reviews the research advances of treatment indications timing of initiation and discontinuation for CRRT in critically ill patients, so as to provide important information for clinical work and clinical research related to CRRT.

[Key words] Acute kidney injury; Continuous renal replacement therapy; Indications; Critically ill

急性腎損傷(acute kidney injury,AKI)是危重患者常見的并發(fā)癥,5%~10%的AKI患者在ICU期間需要接受腎臟替代治療(renal replacement therapy,RRT)[1],接受RRT的重癥AKI患者住院期間死亡率可達(dá)30%~70%[2]。在過(guò)去的20年中,需要RRT的AKI發(fā)病率每年增加約10%[3]。常用的RRT模式包括連續(xù)腎臟替代治療(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)、常規(guī)間歇性血液透析(conventional intermittent hemodialysis,IHD)和延長(zhǎng)的間歇性腎替代療法。RRT應(yīng)用的許多方面仍然存在爭(zhēng)議,包括其適應(yīng)證、開始和停止的最佳時(shí)機(jī)等。重癥患者多合并血液動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定,CRRT是首選模式。本文就危重癥患者使用CRRT治療的適應(yīng)證、開始和停止治療的時(shí)機(jī)等方面的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,以期為CRRT相關(guān)的臨床工作和臨床研究提供參考依據(jù)。

1 CRRT適應(yīng)證

CRRT適應(yīng)證與常規(guī)RRT的適應(yīng)證類似,包括容量超負(fù)荷、嚴(yán)重的代酸和電解質(zhì)紊亂(高鉀、低鈉、高鈉、高磷血癥)、尿毒癥(尿毒癥腦病、心包炎等)以及持續(xù)/進(jìn)展型AKI[1]。每個(gè)適應(yīng)證均包含較廣泛的內(nèi)容和范圍,應(yīng)當(dāng)作半客觀指標(biāo)。

1.1容量超負(fù)荷

由于AKI患者腎臟調(diào)節(jié)容量平衡的能力受損,且常需使用較多的靜脈液體、血液制品,較易出現(xiàn)容量超負(fù)荷。臨床上,容量超負(fù)荷導(dǎo)致器官功能受損且利尿劑無(wú)效時(shí),需開始RRT治療。雖然,兒童和成人開始RRT時(shí)容量負(fù)荷的嚴(yán)重程度與死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間存在很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,但其因果關(guān)系仍未明確?;颊呋A(chǔ)疾病的嚴(yán)重程度、容量負(fù)荷發(fā)展速度與患者預(yù)后之間存在復(fù)雜的相互作用[4-5]。目前,還無(wú)前瞻性數(shù)據(jù)明確在何種容量負(fù)荷閾值時(shí)采用RRT進(jìn)行超濾能降低患者死亡率。

1.2酸堿失衡

腎衰竭患者常伴隨腎臟泌酸能力的受損,因此常常出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行性代謝性酸中毒[6]。對(duì)于某些嚴(yán)重酸中毒且難以接受常規(guī)糾酸治療的患者,間歇性或連續(xù)性RRT均能給患者帶來(lái)顯著收益[7]。通常當(dāng)pH<7.1~7.2或血碳酸氫鹽水平<12~15 mmol/L時(shí)開始RRT治療。代謝和呼吸性酸中毒同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)常易導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重酸中毒,危及患者生命。對(duì)于接受機(jī)械通氣的急性肺損傷患者,可能需要更早開始RRT。盡管RRT能有效清除乳酸,但很少有證據(jù)證實(shí)通過(guò)RRT增加乳酸清除后能顯著改善藥物中毒(如二甲雙胍)之外的乳酸酸中毒患者的臨床預(yù)后。

1.3嚴(yán)重電解質(zhì)紊亂

多種電解質(zhì)紊亂與AKI密切相關(guān)。嚴(yán)重的高鉀血癥最易危及患者生命,需及時(shí)糾正以預(yù)防心臟毒性和心律失常。當(dāng)高鉀血癥經(jīng)藥物治療無(wú)效或在緩解后快速?gòu)?fù)發(fā)時(shí)需進(jìn)行RRT治療。血鉀水平<6 mmol/L時(shí),很少僅為了治療高鉀血癥而開始RRT。如經(jīng)保守治療且血鉀仍>6.5 mmol/L則需開始RRT。一方面,IHD可以更快地糾正高鉀血癥,可作為首選治療模式;另一方面,雖然CRRT降低血鉀的速率相對(duì)緩慢,但可以較好將血鉀維持在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的水平。其他AKI可能伴隨的電解質(zhì)異常,如嚴(yán)重低鈉血癥、高鈉血癥和高磷血癥,也應(yīng)作為啟動(dòng)RRT的一個(gè)重要因素進(jìn)行考慮[6]。在伴有嚴(yán)重低鈉或高鈉血癥的AKI患者中,與IHD相比,CRRT可以緩慢、可控地升高或降低血鈉濃度,這對(duì)于防止患者出現(xiàn)滲透性脫髓鞘相關(guān)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥非常重要[6,8]。

4 RRT治療與否的倫理問(wèn)題

在AKI患者中,由于AKI患者死亡率很高,開始或停止RRT也會(huì)面臨一些臨床和倫理之間的矛盾。在與患者和/或其家人/監(jiān)護(hù)人探討開始和停止RRT治療時(shí),應(yīng)綜合考慮患者的整體預(yù)后、治療目標(biāo)以及其他生命支持治療的情況[25],并及早開始姑息治療。另一方面,患者預(yù)后不確定時(shí)或患者及家屬/監(jiān)護(hù)人未最終決定開始/停止RRT及其他生命支持治療時(shí),限制治療時(shí)間原則是一種有效的應(yīng)對(duì)策略[26]。

5小結(jié)

CRRT已成為重癥AKI患者治療的主要手段。對(duì)于無(wú)RRT急診適應(yīng)證的患者,開始RRT的最佳時(shí)機(jī)仍存在爭(zhēng)議,需進(jìn)一步研究進(jìn)行探討,以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)患者的個(gè)體化指導(dǎo)。在決定開始和停止CRRT時(shí),應(yīng)綜合考慮患者的整體預(yù)后、總體治療目標(biāo)以及其他生命支持治療的使用情況。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2019-04-08? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)

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