石智勇 侯念果 李會(huì) 帥訓(xùn)軍 楊洪光 孫常榮 路文卿 艾登斌
[摘要]目的 探討骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMSCs)減緩大鼠急性肺損傷(ALI)的機(jī)制。方法 36只6~7周齡雄性SD大鼠適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周后,隨機(jī)取12只作為對(duì)照組(Con組),其余大鼠均經(jīng)尾靜脈注射脂多糖(LPS)制作大鼠急性肺損傷模型。若大鼠模型的氧合指數(shù)(PaO2/FiO2)<300 mmHg,肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分升高,濕重(W)/干重(D)值升高,提示造模成功。將模型大鼠隨機(jī)分為模型組(ALI組)和治療組(BMSCs組),每組12只。BMSCs組造模1 h后氣管內(nèi)注射100 μl BMSCs懸浮液(細(xì)胞總數(shù)為5×106),Con組和ALI組氣管內(nèi)注射100 μl 0.9%生理鹽水。24 h后腹主動(dòng)脈置入導(dǎo)管抽取動(dòng)脈血測(cè)定血氧分壓(PaO2)并計(jì)算PaO2/FiO2;取肺組織行病理學(xué)評(píng)分、測(cè)量W/D;酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測(cè)支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1α(IL-1α)、白細(xì)胞介素-10(IL-10)水平;采用血細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)儀測(cè)定中性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)(PMN);蛋白免疫印跡法(Western-Blot)測(cè)定肺組織中Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表達(dá),并計(jì)算Bcl-2/Bax。比較三組大鼠的PaO2/FiO2、W/D、肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分、TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-10、PMN、Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax及Bcl-2/Bax水平。結(jié)果 ALI組和BMSCs組的W/D、肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分、TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-10水平、PMN數(shù)目、Caspase-3蛋白、Bax蛋白的表達(dá)高于Con組,PaO2/FiO2、Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)、Bcl-2/Bax低于Con組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);BMSCs組的W/D、肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分、TNF-α、IL-1α、PMN數(shù)目、Caspase-3蛋白及Bax蛋白表達(dá)低于ALI組,IL-10水平、PaO2/FiO2、Bcl-2蛋白及Bcl-2/Bax高于ALI組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 BMSCs可抑制大鼠ALI模型的肺組織細(xì)胞凋亡,其機(jī)制可能與上調(diào)了肺組織中的Bcl-2蛋白和下調(diào)了Bax蛋白和Caspase-3蛋白的表達(dá)有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;急性肺損傷;脂多糖;凋亡
[中圖分類號(hào)] R563? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)10(b)-0011-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the mechanism of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in alleviating acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. Methods Thirty-six male SD rats aged 6-7 weeks were fed for one week. Twelve rats were randomly selected as control group (Con group), the other rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via caudal vein to establish acute lung injury model. If the oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2)<300 mmHg, the pathological score of lung tissue increased, and the wet weight (W)/dry weight (D) value increased, suggesting that the model was successful. The model rats were randomly divided into model group (ALI group) and treatment group (BMSCs group), with 12 rats in each group. In BMSCs group, 100 ml BMSCs suspension was injected into the trachea after 1 hour of modeling (the total number of cells was 5×106), 100 ml 0.9% saline was injected into the trachea of Con group and ALI group. After 24 hours, the abdominal aorta was inserted with a catheter to extract arterial blood and the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was measured and PaO2/FiO2 was calculated. The lung tissues were taken for pathological scoring and W/D was measured. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The number of neutrophils (PMN) was measured by blood cell counting instrument. The expression of Bcl-2 protein, Bax protein and Caspase-3 protein in lung tissue was determined by Western-Blot, and the expression of Bcl-2/Bax was calculated. The levels of PaO2/FiO2, W/D, lung histopathological score, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-10, PMN, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-2/Bax were compared among the three groups. Results The W/D, lung histopathological score, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-10, PMN number, Caspase-3 protein and Bax protein expression in ALI group and BMSCs group were higher than those in Con group, while PaO2/FiO2, Bcl-2 protein expression and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression were lower than those in Con group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The W/D, lung histopathological score, TNF-α, IL-1α, PMN number, Caspase-3 protein and Bax protein expression in BMSCs group were lower than those in ALI group, IL-10 level, PaO2/FiO2, Bcl-2 protein and Bcl-2/Bax in BMSCs group were higher than those in ALI group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion BMSCs can inhibit apoptosis of lung tissue in rat ALI model, which may be related to up-regulation of Bcl-2 protein and down-regulation of Bax protein and Caspase-3 protein expression in lung tissue.
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS 19.0分析數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1三組大鼠PaO2/FiO2、W/D及肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分的比較
三組大鼠的PaO2/FiO2、W/D及肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);ALI組和BMSCs組大鼠的PaO2/FiO2低于Con組,W/D和肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分高于Con組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);BMSCs組大鼠的PaO2/FiO2高于ALI組,W/D和肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分低于ALI組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2三組大鼠BALF中TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-10水平及PMN的比較
三組大鼠BALF中的TNF-α、IL-1α、IL-10水平及PMN比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);ALI組和BMSCs組大鼠BALF中的TNF-α、IL-1α,IL-10水平及PMN均高于Con組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);BMSCs組大鼠BALF中的TNF-α、IL-1α,PMN低于ALI組,IL-10水平高于ALI組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3三組大鼠肺組織中Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表達(dá)及Bcl-2/Bax的比較
三組大鼠組織中的Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表達(dá)及Bcl-2/Bax比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);ALI組和BMSCs組大鼠組織中的Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表達(dá)高于Con組,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)和Bcl-2/Bax低于Con組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);BMSCs組大鼠的肺組織中Caspase-3、Bax蛋白表達(dá)低于ALI組,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)及Bcl-2/Bax高于ALI組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
3討論
臨床上ALI以肺容積減少,肺順應(yīng)性降低、通氣/血流比例失調(diào)為病理生理特點(diǎn),主要表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性低氧血癥和呼吸窘迫。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,給予LPS后的ALI組與Con組比較,其PaO2/FiO2下降,肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分升高,W/D值升高,提示造模成功;給予BMSCs的BMSCs組與ALI組比較,PaO2/FiO2上升,肺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分下降,W/D值降低,提示BMSCs能緩解ALI所致的肺組織病理?yè)p傷,改善動(dòng)脈血氧分壓。
研究顯示,ALI發(fā)病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,如炎性反應(yīng)損傷、細(xì)胞凋亡損傷、凝血與纖溶系統(tǒng)失衡損傷、氧化還原失衡損傷等[9]。大量研究顯示,炎癥反應(yīng)-抗炎反應(yīng)失衡是ALI、ARDS的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制,即IL-10等抗炎因子分泌不足,TNF-α、IL-1α促炎因子分泌增多[10]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,ALI組和BMSCs組大鼠BALF中的TNF-α、IL-1α及IL-10水平均高于Con組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);BMSCs組大鼠BALF中的TNF-α、IL-1α,PMN低于ALI組,IL-10水平高于ALI組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示BMSCs能夠減輕ALI炎性因子的表達(dá)。
PMN是ALI發(fā)病機(jī)制中的關(guān)鍵效應(yīng)細(xì)胞[11],炎癥發(fā)生時(shí),PMN因炎性因子、脂質(zhì)介質(zhì)、微環(huán)境的變化作為第一響應(yīng)者向炎性區(qū)域聚集[12-13],并釋放大量蛋白酶、氧自由基等破壞肺泡上皮細(xì)胞和肺毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。ALI早期PMN凋亡延遲,同時(shí)對(duì)其他PMN產(chǎn)生趨化作用,引起更多的PMN聚集來(lái)破壞細(xì)胞。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,ALI組和BMSCs組大鼠BALF中的PMN高于Con組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);BMSCs組大鼠BALF中的PMN低于ALI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示BMSCs能減少ALI時(shí)炎性細(xì)胞PMN在肺內(nèi)聚集、浸潤(rùn)。
炎癥反應(yīng)是ALI重要的發(fā)病機(jī)制,Soliman等[14-15]大部分學(xué)者也將ALI治療方法的研究重點(diǎn)放在了抑制炎癥的發(fā)生上面,但越來(lái)越多的研究顯示細(xì)胞凋亡在ALI中發(fā)揮著重要作用。ALI產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子可能抑制了炎癥細(xì)胞的凋亡,從而延長(zhǎng)了炎性反應(yīng)的過(guò)程,促進(jìn)了肺泡上皮細(xì)胞的凋亡,加重了肺泡及毛細(xì)血管的損傷[16],這些損傷性刺激又進(jìn)一步誘發(fā)了細(xì)胞凋亡。Koh等[17]通過(guò)LPS刺激人肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,檢測(cè)到了凋亡前體蛋白Caspase-3、Bax的表達(dá)均明顯增強(qiáng),這些蛋白表達(dá)的增加與肺血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的凋亡增加一致。ALI時(shí),肺組織產(chǎn)生的TNF-α、IL-1α等炎性因子誘導(dǎo)了肺泡上皮細(xì)胞凋亡,在此過(guò)程中,Caspase-3作為最重要的凋亡執(zhí)行者,一旦活化,標(biāo)志著凋亡進(jìn)入不可逆階段[18]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,ALI組和BMSCs組大鼠組織中的Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)均高于Con組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示ALI發(fā)生時(shí)出現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞凋亡;BMSCs組大鼠的肺組織中Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)低于ALI組,提示BMSCs可能減緩了凋亡的發(fā)生。
Caspase-3作為下游的凋亡執(zhí)行蛋白,同時(shí)受到上游凋亡調(diào)控蛋白的影響;促凋亡蛋白Bax,主要介導(dǎo)線粒體內(nèi)部分子進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì)[19]激活Caspase-3;Bcl-2是調(diào)控蛋白中重要的抗凋亡蛋白,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)水平的下降可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[20]。Bcl-2直接決定了細(xì)胞是存活還是凋亡[21],當(dāng)比值上升時(shí),凋亡受到了抑制,反之則促進(jìn)了凋亡的發(fā)生。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,ALI組和BMSCs組大鼠組織中的Bax蛋白表達(dá)高于Con組,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)和Bcl-2/Bax低于Con組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示ALI中細(xì)胞凋亡參與細(xì)胞損傷,且肺損傷促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞凋亡;BMSCs組大鼠的肺組織中Bax蛋白表達(dá)低于ALI組,Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)及Bcl-2//ax高于ALI組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示BMSCs可抑制ALI所致的細(xì)胞凋亡,且通過(guò)上調(diào)Bcl-2表達(dá),下調(diào)Bax蛋白的表達(dá)。
綜上所述,BMSCs可抑制大鼠ALI模型的肺組織細(xì)胞凋亡,其機(jī)制可能與上調(diào)了肺組織中Bcl-2蛋白和下調(diào)Bax蛋白、Caspase-3蛋白的表達(dá)有關(guān),為治療ALI提供了新的思路。
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(收稿日期:2019-05-31? 本文編輯:劉克明)