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益生菌對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)影響的Meta分析

2020-01-21 15:21:52申遠(yuǎn)航黃曉靈高利偉呂航鄭業(yè)魯王眾
南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報 2020年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:斷奶仔豬Meta分析益生菌

申遠(yuǎn)航 黃曉靈 高利偉 呂航 鄭業(yè)魯 王眾

摘要:【目的】利用Meta分析對有關(guān)益生菌對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)的影響試驗進行評價,為解決仔豬生產(chǎn)過程中的腸道健康問題提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā炕谥袊W(wǎng)(CNKI)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)(Wanfang Data)、CQVIP、Web of Science及Science-Direct等數(shù)據(jù)庫,全面檢索收集益生菌對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)影響的研究文獻(xiàn),采用RevMan 5.3進行Meta分析?!窘Y(jié)果】最終納入22篇研究文獻(xiàn),試驗組和對照組均為137頭仔豬,試驗組以益生菌作為添加物,對照組為空白。Meta分析結(jié)果表明:益生菌組對斷奶仔豬十二指腸絨毛高度的影響顯著優(yōu)于空白組(P=0.01,SMD=0.81,95% CI=0.19~1.44),對隱窩深度的影響顯著低于空白組(P=0.0008,SMD=-0.74,95% CI=-1.18~-0.31);益生菌組對空腸絨毛高度的影響顯著優(yōu)于空白組(P<0.0001,SMD=0.97,95% CI=0.49~1.46),對隱窩深度的影響差異不顯著(P=0.58,SMD=-0.12,95% CI= -0.56~0.31);益生菌組對回腸絨毛高度的影響顯著優(yōu)于空白組(P=0.0003,SMD=1.20,95% CI=0.55~1.85),對隱窩深度的影響差異不顯著(P=0.09,SMD=-0.58,95% CI=-1.25~0.10)。根據(jù)益生菌的菌屬進行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,酵母菌屬組和復(fù)合菌株組對十二指腸、空腸的絨毛高度無影響,乳桿菌屬組和腸球菌屬組可顯著提高十二指腸、空腸、回腸的絨毛高度。敏感性分析結(jié)果較穩(wěn)健;發(fā)表偏倚結(jié)果顯示有一定的發(fā)表偏倚,但偏倚程度不明顯。【結(jié)論】益生菌通過顯著提高十二指腸、空腸和回腸的絨毛高度及降低十二指腸隱窩深度,以改善斷奶仔豬小腸的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),其中,乳桿菌屬組和腸球菌屬組對絨毛高度的影響較顯著,復(fù)合益生菌對十二指腸隱窩深度的影響顯著。即益生菌在保護小腸腸道健康方面具有重要潛力,但需要注意同屬不同菌種間的差異。

關(guān)鍵詞: 斷奶仔豬;益生菌;小腸形態(tài);絨毛高度;隱窩深度;Meta分析

中圖分類號: S816.73? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2020)10-2546-11

Effects of probiotics on small intestine morphology of weaned piglets by Meta analysis

SHEN Yuan-hang, HUANG Xiao-ling, GAO Li-wei, LYU Hang,

ZHENG Ye-lu*, WANG Zhong

(Guangdong Guangken Animal Husbandry Engineering Research Institute, Guangzhou? 510000, China)

Abstract:【Objective】Meta analysis was used to evaluate the effects of probiotics on intestinal morphology of weaned piglets, so as to provide reference for solving the intestinal health problems in the production process of piglets.【Method】Based on databases like CNKI,Wanfang Data,CQVIP,Web of Science and ScienceDirect,? the literature on the effects of probiotics on the small intestine morphology of weaned piglets were comprehensively collected, and? Review Manager 5.3 software was used for Meta analysis. 【Result】A total of 22 studies were included. The test group consisted of 137 piglets and the control group consisted of 137 piglets. The test group was supplemented with probiotics and the control group was blank.The Meta analysis results showed that the effects of duodenal villus height in the probiotic group was significantly better than that in the blank control group(P=0.01, SMD=0.81,95% CI=0.19-1.44), and the crypt depth was significantly lower than that in the blank control group(P=0.0008, SMD=-0.74,95% CI=-1.18- -0.31). The effects on the villi height of jejunum was significantly better than that of the blank control group(P<0.0001, SMD=0.97, 95% CI=0.49-1.46), and the difference in crypt depth effect was not significant(P=0.58, SMD=-0.12,95% CI=-0.56-0.31); the effect of the probiotic group on the villi height of ileum was significantly better than that of the blank control group(P=0.0003,SMD=1.20,95% CI=0.55-1.85), and there was no significant difference in the effect of crypt depth (P=0.09, SMD= -0.58,95% CI=-1.25-0.10). According to the subgroup analysis of the probiotic bacteria, the results showed that the yeast group and the compound bacteria group had no effect on the height of? duodenum and jejunum villi. The Lactobacillus group and the Enterococcus group could significantly improve the height of duodenum, jejunum and ileum villi. The results of the sensitivity analysis were relatively robust. The results of publication bias showed a certain degree of publication bias, but the degree of bias was not large. 【Conclusion】Probiotics can significantly increase the villi height of the small intestine(duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and reduce duodenal crypt depth in weaned piglets to improve the morphological structure of the small intestine of weaned piglets. Lactobacillus group and the Enterococcus group have significant effects on the height of the villi, and the composite strain has significant effect on the duodenal crypt depth. Probiotics have important potential in protecting the health of the small intestine, but it is necessary to pay attention to the differences between different species of the same genus.

Key words: weaned piglets; probiotics; small intestine morphology; villus height; crypt depth; Meta analysis

Foundation item: National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFF0213500)

0 引言

【研究意義】斷奶是仔豬生命周期中的一項重要事件。飼糧、飼養(yǎng)人員及飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境等因素改變造成的多重應(yīng)激,通常致使仔豬腸道的功能和結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,引發(fā)腸道炎癥反應(yīng),損害腸道絨毛結(jié)構(gòu)(Spreeuwenberg et al.,2001;Pié et al.,2004),進而引起腸黏膜受損及菌群失調(diào)(Fouhse et al.,2016;Gresse et al.,2017),臨床上則表現(xiàn)為腹瀉。使用抗生素和免疫方式雖然能有效預(yù)防仔豬腹瀉的發(fā)生,但同時存在諸多弊端,為了保證食品安全,符合綠色生產(chǎn)的理念,眾多替代抗生素添加劑已廣泛應(yīng)用于生豬養(yǎng)殖業(yè),包括有機酸、益生菌、精油、中藥及植物提取物等(Heo et al.,2013;Sezen,2013),其中又以益生菌應(yīng)用最廣泛。目前,有關(guān)益生菌對斷奶仔豬腸道形態(tài)的影響尚存在爭議,因此有必要進一步明確益生菌對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)影響的作用機理,為斷奶仔豬養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】益生菌是一類對宿主有益的活性微生物統(tǒng)稱,通常具有重建微生物群平衡、預(yù)防病原菌感染及增強腸道屏障等功能(Scharek-Tedin et al.,2015;Yang et al.,2016)。早在1999年6月我國農(nóng)業(yè)部第105號文件發(fā)布的《允許使用的飼料添加劑品種目錄》中就收錄了12種微生物飼料添加劑,2006年我國農(nóng)業(yè)部658號公告《飼料添加劑品種目錄(2006)》中規(guī)定在飼料添加劑中可用的微生物增至16種,至2014年施行的《飼料添加劑品種目錄(2013)》中可用于養(yǎng)殖動物生產(chǎn)的微生物已達(dá)30種。已有研究表明,投喂適量益生菌對斷奶仔豬的小腸絨毛長度、隱窩深度、產(chǎn)黏液細(xì)胞數(shù)量和黏液層厚度均有積極影響(Le et al.,2010),且益生菌數(shù)量的增加可抑制有害菌在腸道內(nèi)黏附(Herias et al.,1999)。此外,益生菌可發(fā)酵腸道內(nèi)的碳水化合物產(chǎn)生短鏈脂肪酸,如乳酸和醋酸,導(dǎo)致腸道pH降低,而致使有害菌不耐受(Bajagai et al.,2016),并產(chǎn)生抗氧化劑、抗菌肽(防御素)、大黃酸及細(xì)菌素等抑菌物質(zhì)(Eswara et al.,2010;Hou et al.,2016),在斷奶仔豬生產(chǎn)上發(fā)揮著重要作用。蘇琴(2015)研究證實,以1%或2%復(fù)合益生菌添加至斷奶仔豬的飼料中,其平均日增重較空白對照組斷奶仔豬提高36.46%;洪偉彬(2016)研究表明,添加植物乳桿菌和羅伊氏乳桿菌可提高斷奶仔豬腸道黏膜免疫球蛋白A的含量,進而提高其免疫力。但由于市售益生菌的組成及質(zhì)量參差不齊,導(dǎo)致其研究結(jié)論尚未得到廣泛認(rèn)可。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為益生菌對斷奶仔豬日增重?zé)o顯著影響(周盟等,2013),或含有不確定因子會影響仔豬生長性能(貢筱等,2014)。【本研究切入點】Meta分析的主要目的是增加統(tǒng)計檢驗效能,對多個同類獨立研究的結(jié)果進行匯總與合并分析,以達(dá)到增大樣本含量、提高檢驗效能的效果,在畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)上已有應(yīng)用(楊健等,2016;牛志偉等,2017),但至今未見采用Meta分析評價益生菌對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)影響的報道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】基于中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)(Wanfang Data)、CQVIP、Web of Science及ScienceDirect等數(shù)據(jù)庫已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)信息資源,利用Meta分析對有關(guān)益生菌對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)的影響試驗進行評價,以期為解決仔豬生產(chǎn)過程中的腸道健康問題提供參考依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 檢索策略

計算機檢索中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)(Wanfang Data)、CQVIP、Web of Science及ScienceDirect等數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索年限為建庫至今。中文檢索關(guān)鍵詞包括斷奶仔豬、仔豬、益生菌和小腸形態(tài);英文檢索關(guān)鍵詞包括Weaned Piglets、Piglets、Probiotics和Small intestine morphology。根據(jù)不同數(shù)據(jù)庫的特征,分別采用主題詞與自由詞相結(jié)合的方式進行文獻(xiàn)收集。

1. 2 文獻(xiàn)的納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

研究類型:已發(fā)表的隨機對照試驗;研究對象:斷奶仔豬,必須健康無疾病;干預(yù)措施:飼料中添加益生菌并以空白為對照;結(jié)局指標(biāo):十二指腸絨毛高度及隱窩深度,空腸絨毛高度及隱窩深度,回腸絨毛高度及隱窩深度;納入文獻(xiàn)中給出結(jié)局指標(biāo)的平均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(Standard deviation,SD)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(Standard error of mean,SE);文獻(xiàn)語言為中文或英文。有以下情況應(yīng)給予排除:①重復(fù)發(fā)表和質(zhì)量較低的文獻(xiàn);②研究對象不是斷奶仔豬的文獻(xiàn);③綜述類文章、無空白對照組的文獻(xiàn);④數(shù)據(jù)不全或數(shù)據(jù)明顯有誤的文獻(xiàn);⑤試驗組干預(yù)措施為益生菌以外的治療方法或益生菌與化學(xué)藥物聯(lián)合用藥的文獻(xiàn)。

1. 3 數(shù)據(jù)資料提取

從文獻(xiàn)中提取以下數(shù)據(jù):①題目,第一作者,發(fā)表年份;②研究對象,試驗組動物總數(shù),對照組動物總數(shù),給藥信息(途徑、益生菌菌株),飼養(yǎng)天數(shù);③小腸道形態(tài):十二指腸絨毛高度及隱窩深度,空腸絨毛高度及隱窩深度,回腸絨毛高度及隱窩深度。

1. 4 統(tǒng)計分析

運用RevMan 5.3進行數(shù)據(jù)分析并繪制相關(guān)圖表,由于所納入文獻(xiàn)結(jié)局指標(biāo)為連續(xù)型變量,且研究間測量方法、時間及表達(dá)單位不完全一致,故選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均數(shù)差(Standardized mean difference,SDM)為效應(yīng)尺度??紤]到多個研究間潛在的臨床或方法學(xué)異質(zhì)性,故使用隨機效應(yīng)模型(Randomized effect model,REM)。該模型會對合并效應(yīng)進行更保守地估計,如文獻(xiàn)中未提供均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,則根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差、95%可信區(qū)間(Confidence interval,CI)或其他統(tǒng)計指標(biāo)進行計算。為了評估異質(zhì)性,使用I2 統(tǒng)計量和卡方檢驗,概率值P<0.05即認(rèn)為顯著;同時進行亞組分析,分析益生菌不同菌屬對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)的影響;并對分析結(jié)果進行敏感性分析,評價結(jié)果穩(wěn)定性及探究異質(zhì)性來源,以漏斗圖檢驗其發(fā)表偏倚程度。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩選結(jié)果

按照檢索策略共獲得文獻(xiàn)1545篇,閱讀文獻(xiàn)題目及摘要,排除非臨床研究、綜述及重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)1374篇;再閱讀全文,排除未對豬性能進行研究而以分離或選擇具有潛在益生菌活性菌株的文獻(xiàn),排除對照組不是空白組的文獻(xiàn),又排除不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)149篇,最終納入文獻(xiàn)22篇(表1)。其中,有2篇是使用復(fù)合益生菌(2種或2種以上菌屬混合,由酵母菌、屎腸球菌、地衣芽孢桿菌及枯草芽孢桿菌混合而成)、有7篇使用酵母菌屬,有7篇使用乳桿菌屬,有6篇使用腸球菌屬。

2. 2 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征

研究對象為斷奶仔豬,所提取的樣本數(shù)量為被屠宰采樣仔豬頭數(shù)(表1),試驗組和對照組各137頭。試驗組均將益生菌拌入飼糧中,分別為復(fù)合菌株、酵母菌屬、乳桿菌屬和腸球菌屬;對照組無任何添加物。

2. 3 益生菌對斷奶仔豬十二指腸絨毛高度影響的Meta分析結(jié)果

共有17篇文獻(xiàn)研究了益生菌對斷奶仔豬十二指腸絨毛高度的影響(圖1),包括206頭斷奶仔豬,Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)益生菌組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.01,SMD=0.81,95% CI=0.19~1.44)。亞組分析結(jié)果表明,酵母菌屬組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.73,SMD=0.23,95% CI=-1.10~1.57),復(fù)合菌株組與空白組間也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.66,SMD=0.59,95% CI=-2.02~3.20),乳桿菌屬組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.02,SMD=1.53,95% CI=0.23~2.84),腸球菌屬組與空白組間也存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.03,SMD=0.91,95% CI=0.10~1.72)。

2. 4 益生菌對斷奶仔豬十二指腸隱窩深度影響的Meta分析結(jié)果

共有17篇文獻(xiàn)研究了益生菌對斷奶仔豬十二指腸隱窩深度的影響(圖2),包括206頭斷奶仔豬,Meta分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)益生菌組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.0008,SMD=-0.74,95% CI=-1.18~ -0.31)。亞組分析結(jié)果表明,酵母菌屬組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.005,SMD=-0.82,95% CI=-1.39~-0.25),復(fù)合菌株組與空白組間也存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P<0.00001,SMD=-2.66,95% CI= -3.77~-1.56),乳桿菌屬組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.07,SMD=-0.57,95% CI=-1.18~0.04),腸球菌屬組與空白組間也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.96,SMD= -0.02,95% CI=-0.64~0.61)。

2. 5 益生菌對斷奶仔豬空腸絨毛高度影響的Meta分析結(jié)果

共有18篇文獻(xiàn)研究了益生菌對斷奶仔豬空腸絨毛高度的影響(圖3),包括214頭斷奶仔豬,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示益生菌組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P<0.0001,SMD=0.97,95% CI=0.49~1.46)。亞組分析結(jié)果表明,酵母菌屬組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.16,SMD=1.08,95% CI=-0.43~2.60),乳桿菌屬組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.002,SMD=1.18,95% CI=0.42~1.93),腸球菌屬組與空白組間也存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.03,SMD=0.61,95% CI=0.07~1.15)。

2. 6 益生菌對斷奶仔豬空腸隱窩深度影響的Meta分析結(jié)果

共有18篇文獻(xiàn)研究了益生菌對斷奶仔豬空腸隱窩深度的影響(圖4),包括214頭斷奶仔豬,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示益生菌組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.58,SMD=-0.12,95% CI=-0.56~0.31)。亞組分析結(jié)果表明,酵母菌屬組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.24,SMD=-0.48,95% CI=-1.29~0.33),乳桿菌屬組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.40,SMD=-0.33,95% CI=-1.10~0.44),腸球菌屬組與空白組間也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.11,SMD=0.43,95% CI=-0.10~0.95)。

2. 7 益生菌對斷奶仔豬回腸絨毛高度影響的Meta分析結(jié)果

共有17篇文獻(xiàn)研究了益生菌對斷奶仔豬回腸絨毛高度的影響(圖5),包括210頭斷奶仔豬,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示益生菌組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.0003,SMD=1.20,95% CI=0.55~1.85)。亞組分析結(jié)果表明,酵母菌屬組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.02,SMD=2.29,95% CI=0.36~4.22),乳桿菌屬組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.004,SMD=1.24,95% CI=0.40~2.08),腸球菌屬組與空白組間也存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.04,SMD=0.61,95% CI=0.01~1.21)。

2. 8 益生菌對斷奶仔豬回腸隱窩深度影響的Meta分析結(jié)果

共有17篇文獻(xiàn)研究了益生菌對斷奶仔豬回腸隱窩深度的影響(圖6),包括210頭斷奶仔豬,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示益生菌組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.09,SMD=-0.58,95% CI=-1.25~0.10)。亞組分析結(jié)果表明,酵母菌屬組與空白組間無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.56,SMD=0.57,95% CI=-1.38~2.52),乳桿菌屬組與空白組間也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.14,SMD=-0.34,95% CI=-0.79~0.11),腸球菌屬組與空白組間存在顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P=0.01,SMD=-1.49,95% CI= -2.64~-0.34)。

2. 9 敏感性分析結(jié)果及發(fā)表偏倚程度

分別對結(jié)局指標(biāo)[十二指腸(絨毛高度,隱窩深度)、空腸(絨毛高度,隱窩深度)及回腸(絨毛高度,隱窩深度)]進行敏感性分析,結(jié)果顯示,逐一剔除文獻(xiàn)后發(fā)現(xiàn)其異質(zhì)性未得到明顯改善,說明上述結(jié)局指標(biāo)分析結(jié)果較穩(wěn)健。使用RevMan 5.3對納入的文獻(xiàn)制作漏斗圖,結(jié)果(圖7)顯示各結(jié)局指標(biāo)文獻(xiàn)對稱性相對較好,僅小部分對稱性相對較差。其中,十二指腸絨毛高度、空腸隱窩深度及回腸絨毛高度的文獻(xiàn)分布對稱性相對較好,說明其發(fā)表偏倚程度較小;其余各結(jié)局指標(biāo)文獻(xiàn)大部分對稱性較好,小部分對稱性相對較差,說明有一定的發(fā)表偏倚,但偏倚程度不明顯。

3 討論

小腸是營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運的主要部位,而小腸黏膜形態(tài)是影響動物吸收功能的重要因素。小腸絨毛高度的增加和表面積的增大,致使?fàn)I養(yǎng)物質(zhì)與小腸營養(yǎng)攝取轉(zhuǎn)運載體的接觸面積擴大,而有利于營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收(Li et al.,2016)。斷奶期間的各種應(yīng)激易導(dǎo)致腸道上皮屏障功能受損,絨毛長度變短、隱窩深度加深,導(dǎo)致小腸更易滲透(Moeser et al.,2007;Pohl et al.,2017);而小腸炎癥反應(yīng)與其通透性增加有關(guān),可造成毒素、過敏原、病毒及細(xì)菌的異常增加,抑制營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收。本研究結(jié)果表明,益生菌可顯著提高十二指腸、空腸和回腸的絨毛高度,與Bontampo等(2006)、Suo等(2012)、Galeano等(2015)的研究結(jié)果一致,即給斷奶仔豬投喂益生菌可改善腸道上皮緊密連接的完整性,增加小腸絨毛高度。為進一步了解益生菌各菌屬成分對小腸形態(tài)的影響,本研究根據(jù)益生菌的菌屬進行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,酵母菌屬組和復(fù)合菌株組對十二指腸、空腸的絨毛高度無影響,乳桿菌屬組和腸球菌屬組可顯著提高十二指腸、空腸、回腸的絨毛高度,與van der Peet-Schwering等(2007)的研究結(jié)果一致,即添加酵母菌對腸道絨毛高度及隱窩深度無明顯影響。乳桿菌可降低血清中的內(nèi)毒素含量,而維護腸道屏障的完整性和通透性(洪偉彬,2016);乳桿菌屬和腸球菌屬均為動物體內(nèi)的正常菌群組分,在腸道內(nèi)的定殖能力強,可形成生理屏障阻止有害細(xì)菌黏附,進而改善腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境。

隱窩深度可從側(cè)面評估腸道上皮細(xì)胞的更新速度,健康仔豬的隱窩深度通常較低,因此隱窩深度降低代表動物機體黏膜功能改善,吸收能力增強(王斌星等,2016)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,益生菌對斷奶仔豬空腸和回腸的隱窩深度無影響,但對十二指腸隱窩深度影響顯著。亞組分析結(jié)果也顯示,酵母菌屬組對回腸和空腸的隱窩深度無影響,但顯著降低十二指腸隱窩深度;乳桿菌屬組對十二指腸、空腸和回腸的隱窩深度均無影響;腸球菌屬組對十二指腸和空腸的隱窩深度無影響,但顯著降低回腸隱窩深度;復(fù)合菌株組也可顯著降低十二指腸隱窩深度??梢?,益生菌可顯著提高腸道細(xì)胞的增殖能力,維持腸道微生態(tài)環(huán)境平衡,維護腸道物理屏障的正常功能(Tang et al.,2019);而由多菌種組成的復(fù)合益生菌可協(xié)同發(fā)揮各菌種的生物學(xué)活性,在動物腸道內(nèi)獲得更好的效果。此外,Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)某些菌種對斷奶仔豬小腸形態(tài)無明顯影響,可能是由同屬不同種或菌種間的特異性所決定,但具體原因有待進一步探究。

本研究結(jié)果表明,益生菌可改善斷奶仔豬小腸的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),飼喂益生菌后可顯著提高斷奶仔豬十二指腸、空腸和回腸的絨毛高度,降低十二指腸隱窩深度,即益生菌在保護小腸腸道健康方面具有重要潛力。該結(jié)論可為解決仔豬生產(chǎn)過程中的腸道健康問題提供參考依據(jù),但本研究也存在一定局限性:①所納入的英文文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量較少;②各研究試驗飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境及飼料情況有差異;③所選擇益生菌的規(guī)格可能不一致;④缺少既定的質(zhì)量評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),無法對文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進行科學(xué)評價;⑤各研究間的品種和斷奶策略不同,可能造成斷奶體重存在明顯差異。這些因素均有可能對Meta分析結(jié)果造成一定影響,因此,今后還需開展多中心大樣本且周期足夠長的隨機對照試驗作進一步驗證。

4 結(jié)論

益生菌通過顯著提高十二指腸、空腸和回腸的絨毛高度及降低十二指腸隱窩深度,以改善斷奶仔豬小腸的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),其中,乳桿菌屬組和腸球菌屬組對絨毛高度的影響較顯著,復(fù)合益生菌對十二指腸隱窩深度的影響顯著。即益生菌在保護小腸腸道健康方面具有重要潛力,但需要注意同屬不同菌種間的差異。

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(責(zé)任編輯 蘭宗寶)

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