(上海交通大學(xué) 外國語學(xué)院,上海 200240)
解釋性翻譯指的是譯者“根據(jù)源語和目的語之間不同的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和方式,為源語文本中的一些文化負(fù)載詞語增加解釋,旨在譯出源語作者感到理所當(dāng)然,而目的語讀者卻不可理解的特殊文化含意,有效地傳達(dá)源語文本中的文化信息”[1]。簡單地說,“解釋性翻譯就是把原文中讀者所不知道的知識,盡量不在注釋中說明而直接融入譯文中, 所謂‘化隱為顯’”[2]。
如何確保外宣報道清晰易懂呢?具體而言,就是對諸如歷史事件、人名、地名、特有機構(gòu)、政治名詞和口號、行話俚語、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日、習(xí)俗典故、菜肴食品等等有關(guān)中國的信息宜站在受眾的立場和角度,適時酌情添加背景知識,或作簡短闡釋,把“譯”和“釋”自然、有機地融入譯文之中。
早在1990年,段連城針對外宣材料的翻譯問題就提出了“解釋性翻譯”(interpretive translation)的主張,認(rèn)為在翻譯具有明顯中國特色或文化屬性的內(nèi)容時應(yīng)該進行“解釋性翻譯”,具體可以進行三種“手術(shù)”:鑲補、減肥和重組[3]。盧小軍總結(jié)了對外報道中解釋性翻譯的十二種(語法)表現(xiàn)形式[4]。何慧剛指出, 解釋性翻譯有兩種類型:一種是解釋性增補,另一種是解釋性替補[5]。張健認(rèn)為, 解釋性翻譯方法可分為音譯法(transliteration)、類比法(analogy)、闡釋法(interpretive approach)[6]。馬紅軍認(rèn)為,如果從譯者在特定文本中所采用的總體補償策略看,補償手段還可劃分為顯性補償(explicit compensation)與隱性補償(implicit compensation)[7]。
筆者認(rèn)為, 上述對解釋性翻譯手段的分類方法過于籠統(tǒng)和粗略,可操作性不佳, 宜更為具體和細(xì)化。哪些信息是受眾不了解卻有著了解需求的?哪些信息是受眾關(guān)切并且感興趣的?怎樣使譯者提供的背景信息不論在質(zhì)上還是量上都符合受眾的預(yù)期?以往關(guān)于解釋性翻譯的研究對于諸如此類的問題要么少人問津,要么語焉不詳, 本文力圖對上述問題作些探討與分析。
傅新宇曾提出解釋性翻譯法的運用原則,即依據(jù)讀者群和讀者接受能力原則,知曉度原則,不搞亂漢語、有利于讀者接受原則[2]。但這三條原則對于外宣譯者具體怎樣選擇增補信息失之空泛,缺乏可操作性。要把解釋性翻譯運用到位,背景信息的選擇必須滿足以下四個原則:準(zhǔn)確、簡潔、省力、趨同。以下將援引我國外宣的重要平臺ChinaDaily中的報道實例予以說明。
準(zhǔn)確性是解釋性翻譯的首要原則。增補背景信息的目的就是給受眾解疑釋惑,填補認(rèn)知的空白,掃清閱讀和理解中的障礙,減少信息傳播中“噪音”的干擾。假如外宣譯者提供的增補信息有誤,不僅會直接誤導(dǎo)受眾,使增補工作淪為徒勞,而且還會失去傳播中國文化,宣傳中國的大好機會。更有甚者,因為增補的信息失當(dāng)或錯誤,外國受眾對中國的誤解加深。
例如對“重陽節(jié)”的翻譯。重陽節(jié)又稱“重九節(jié)”“踏秋”,是中國傳統(tǒng)四大祭祖的節(jié)日之一。每年農(nóng)歷九月初九日一般會舉行出游賞景、登高遠(yuǎn)眺、觀賞菊花、遍插茱萸、吃重陽糕、飲菊花酒等活動。早在戰(zhàn)國時期重陽節(jié)就已經(jīng)形成,到了唐代,被正式定為民間的節(jié)日,此后歷朝歷代沿襲至今。1989年,中國政府將每年的這一天定為“老人節(jié)”“敬老節(jié)”。2012年12月28日,中國全國人大常委會表決通過新修改的《老年人權(quán)益保障法》,明確規(guī)定每年農(nóng)歷九月初九為老年節(jié)。那么ChinaDaily是如何向受眾介紹中國這一傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的呢?
“祭祖的日子(a day on which Chinese visit the graves of their ancestors)”“敬老日(a festival that pays respect to the elderly)”“老人節(jié)(which is also Chinese Seniors’ Day)”“孝順和尊敬老人的節(jié)日(where filial piety and respect for the elderly are recognized)”“中國第一個法定的老人節(jié)(the first legal Chinese festival for the elderly)”,ChinaDaily對“重陽節(jié)”這一中華民族的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日所做的上述背景注釋,準(zhǔn)確精當(dāng),要言不煩,傳遞了最基本、最重要的文化信息。外國受眾在閱讀中不僅澄清了疑問,而且還激發(fā)了對中國文化的了解和熱愛。應(yīng)當(dāng)說,這樣的解釋性翻譯是成功的,無疑也是必須的。
解釋性翻譯除了準(zhǔn)確之外,還要求增補的注釋性背景信息簡明直接。個中的原因主要有三:首先,要擺正主次。對外宣傳報道需要提供注釋性背景的是外國受眾陌生或不大了解的中國文化信息,諸如人名、地名、組織機構(gòu)、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日、政策口號、行業(yè)術(shù)語、名吃菜肴、習(xí)俗典故等等。顯然,譯者提供的背景信息發(fā)揮著輔助作用,是配角,是仆役,決不能喧賓奪主,顛倒主次。因此,解釋性翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)提供基本的、重要的、本質(zhì)性的信息,太具體、太細(xì)節(jié)的信息就應(yīng)當(dāng)果斷割舍,不能拖泥帶水。其次,要保持連貫性和可讀性。增補的信息如果太多,貪大求全,則會顯得瑣碎繁冗,破壞行文的連貫性和可讀性。因此,增補信息時注意簡潔、明了是十分必要的。下文將援引ChinaDaily介紹人名、地名、組織機構(gòu)等文化缺省信息時的報道實例,總結(jié)其增補信息的具體操作方法,以期推而廣之。
1.介紹人名
(1)借助身份或頭銜介紹人
向西方受眾介紹中國人物最普遍的做法就是以其身份或頭銜介紹:如張藝謀是中國著名導(dǎo)演,彭麗媛是中國第一夫人、中國國家主席習(xí)近平的夫人等。這樣介紹方法直接了當(dāng),簡單明了,在對外報道中廣泛使用。
例1:BEIJING-There is still much work to do to address the challenge imposed by HIV/AIDS on global public health, saidPeng Liyuan, wife of Chinese President Xi Jinping, here on Monday.(ChinaDaily, October 20, 2014)
例2:China should do more in the fight against HIV/AIDS despite the disease affecting only 0.06 percent of its population,first lady Peng Liyuansaid on Monday.Peng said efforts should be stepped up to help sufferers, especially those in hard-hit areas.(ChinaDaily,October 21, 2014)
例3:WhenChinese film master Zhang Yimoubrought his latest movie Coming Home to the audience at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, he never imagined that so many people would be affected by the story.(ChinaDaily, September 12,2014)
(2)借助作品介紹人
張藝謀是蜚聲國際的中國著名導(dǎo)演,盡管如此,不少西方觀眾可能仍記不住其名字。正如很多好萊塢大導(dǎo)演一樣,名氣響當(dāng)當(dāng),但我們?nèi)匀桓杏X陌生。但是若提及其執(zhí)導(dǎo)的電影大片,我們就會有如雷貫耳,豁然開朗的感覺。因此,以張藝謀的代表性作品,如《英雄》《十面埋伏》《大紅燈籠高高掛》《紅高粱》等以及2008年北京奧運會開幕式總導(dǎo)演來介紹他,傳播效果會更好。
例4:Impression Lijiang is a large scale cultural show that demonstrates the customs and traditions of ethnic groups including the Naxi, Yi and Bai.Zhang Yimou, director of Hero and House of Flying Daggers, is also the director of Impression Lijiang.A cast of more than 500 actors and a number of horses will bring a visual feast.A ticket can be purchased at the door for 190 yuan($30.85), and cheaper tickets can be bought online.(ChinaDaily, August 8, 2014)
例5:Zhang Yimou says his next film will be "an action blockbuster with a fantastic touch".The director of Raise the Red Lantern, Hero and the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, told Britain's Gareth Edwards, director of the new Godzilla film, that his new English-language film will revolve around the Great Wall.(ChinaDaily, June 19, 2014)
(3)借助名譽或成就介紹人
說起中國大作家莫言,人們肯定會說他是諾貝爾文學(xué)獎得主。以這一輝煌的成就介紹莫言是再恰當(dāng)不過了:
例6:AfterMo Yan, the Nobel Laureate of Literature, Mai is now considered one of a handful of authors with "overseas success." However, he admits Chinese writers are still marginalized in the West.(ChinaDaily, August 31, 2014)
(4)借助第二重身份介紹人
作為中國第一夫人、中國國家主席習(xí)近平的夫人,彭麗媛在國際政治舞臺上頻頻亮相,其溫婉大方,端莊賢淑的形象受到廣泛贊譽,并日益受到國內(nèi)外媒體的熱切關(guān)注。對外報道中除了以其特殊的身份介紹之外,還可以借助其第二身份予以介紹,即世界衛(wèi)生組織結(jié)核病和艾滋病防治親善大使。這第二重身份將使彭麗媛更顯親切、慈愛、善良,更受人們的尊敬和愛戴。ChinaDaily就曾這樣報道介紹彭麗媛:
例7:Peng Liyuan, who is a World Health Organization(WHO)goodwill ambassador for tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, made the remarks as she met with three foreign scientists on the sidelines of the 2014 National Conference on HIV/AIDS.(ChinaDaily, October 20,2014)
陳竺是現(xiàn)任全國人大常委會副委員長,前衛(wèi)生部部長,但除了這個政治身份之外,他還有另一個身份,即中國頂尖的血液學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)家。這第二重身份讓人們對這位政治人物充滿了更多崇敬:
例8:Chen Zhu, one of the first scientists sponsored by the fund and now China's topmost oncology expert, said the funding has given a push to young researchers like him who have returned from overseas, and has allowed him to research whatever he's interested in, without being tied to a particular project.(ChinaDaily,August 23 , 2014)
2.介紹地名
(1)借助地理位置
增補背景信息的主要目的是解疑釋惑。因此,究竟應(yīng)該增添什么信息主要是依據(jù)受眾的需求而定。誠然,我們不是西方受眾,但是人類對新事物或現(xiàn)象的基本認(rèn)知是有很大共性的。比如,要了解一個陌生的地名,最關(guān)心的莫過于這個地方所在的地理位置,這也正是對外傳媒介紹地名的常用做法。例如,對婺源的介紹就是借助地理位置在行文中作了簡單介紹:
例9:Photo taken on Feb 13, 2014 shows the snow scenery after a snowfall since Wednesday night at Huangling village of Jiangwan town inWuyuan county, east China's Jiangxi province.(ChinaDaily, February 14,2014)
(2)借助別稱
許多城市有著一張靚麗的名片——別稱。對外傳播時以別稱介紹中國地名是一個簡便易行的方式。景德鎮(zhèn)的瓷器馳名全球,素有“中國瓷都”的美譽。ChinaDaily就是以此別稱介紹的:
例10:A hard time leavingJindezhen, so called "Capital of China" -porcelain china that is.Only four months in China, with limited language, I was traveling alone but managing all the same with a little help from shy English speaking locals.Just when I needed help someone would kindly offer to translate for me, with shaking hands and a breaking sweat.I was, more often than not, the first foreigner they had ever spoken to.(ChinaDaily, December 26,2011)
(3)借助地理位置+別稱
江西婺源被譽為“中國最美的鄉(xiāng)村”,有這么一張金字招牌,婺源的吸引力勢不可擋,對外傳播當(dāng)然不容錯過如此介紹:
例11:Wuyuan county, East China's Jiangxi province, is deemed the most beautiful countryside of China.(ChinaDaily, July 21,2014)
(4)借助地理位置+出名原因
以下這則報道采用了地理位置+出名原因的方式介紹婺源,處理的頗為成功,值得對外宣傳時借鑒:
例12:Shaiqiu, or Autumn drying, refers to the practice of drying the autumn harvest in the sun.It is commonly seen inWuyuan, an area noted for its pastoral beauty in Jiangxi province.This year, shaiqiu takes on a new form to celebrate the National Day.(ChinaDaily, September 29,2014)
3.介紹組織機構(gòu)
對外介紹我國的組織機構(gòu)(包括公司企業(yè))等時,可以采用以下方式進行推介。
(1)借助屬性或功能
例13:The protests attempt to force the central authorities to change the decision made bythe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress(NPC), China's top legislature, on Hong Kong's electoral system.The decision made on Aug 31 granted universal suffrage in the selection of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)'s chief executive on the basis of nomination by a "broadly representative" committee.(ChinaDaily, October 4, 2014)
例14:The subject has also been a hot topic among members ofthe National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the top advisory body.(ChinaDaily, October 6, 2014)
(2)借助成就
例15:Lenovo Group Ltd, a company best known for personal-computer and laptop products, is also navigating its way into the wearable-devices market.(ChinaDaily, October 2, 2014)
(3)借助地點+屬性或功能
例16:Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, a Shenzhen, Guangdong province-based telecom equipment maker, has released its very own wearable-a fitness-focused band called the Huawei Talkband B1.The company hopes the waterproof, dust-resistant device will attract buyers who love outdoor activities.(ChinaDaily, October 2, 2014)
(4)借助屬性或功能+成就
例17:In a further blow to traditional media,the multinational Haier Group, one of China's best-known producers of household appliances and electronic goods, said it would no longer advertise in magazines and would rely instead on the pulling power of the Internet and television.(ChinaDaily, October 6, 2014)
例18:Baidu Inc, the world's largest Chinese-language search-engine provider, unveiled its very first wearable device in early September.Baidu Eye, similar to Google Glass, has a built-in camera that can recognize a number of products and provide item information via an earpiece or smartphone.(ChinaDaily, October 2, 2014)
關(guān)聯(lián)翻譯理論認(rèn)為,譯者的“解釋性運用”與譯文讀者產(chǎn)生的“語境效果”是不可分割的,作為解釋者的譯者就是要通過其解釋活動消弭譯文讀者與原作的陌生性,克服時間間距和歷史情景所造成的差異。既然原文讀者和譯文讀者可能因為認(rèn)知語境的不同發(fā)生不同的理解,譯者的職責(zé)就是通過對原文的解釋性運用使譯文讀者能理解原文作者的意圖,在取得“充分的語境效果”的同時,沒有付出“不必要的處理努力”[8]。
省力原則的出發(fā)點為了幫助目標(biāo)語受眾了解原文的實際內(nèi)容,消除他們認(rèn)知語境中的障礙,并為他們提供最佳語境效果。該原則顧及到了受眾對解釋性翻譯背景信息的承受程度并追求信息傳播的速度和效率的考慮。有時譯者雖然提供了必要的解釋或背景材料滲入到譯文中,對原文有關(guān)內(nèi)容進行補充與注釋,但是受眾無法快速地理解和消化這些信息,甚至“視而不見”,并未入心。倘若如此,則不僅枉費譯者的一番苦心,而且傳播效果亦大打折扣。
省力原則是通過原語文化信息與譯語文化信息的類比,促使受眾產(chǎn)生積極的文化聯(lián)想,將兩種文化信息快速建立鏈接,借助受眾已有的本國文化的認(rèn)知來理解譯者提供的注釋性背景信息。這樣既減輕了受眾接收信息的心理和大腦負(fù)荷,又有效地提高了信息傳播的速度和效果。省力原則正是契合了通常所謂的“借帆出海”,實現(xiàn)了新信息(注釋性背景信息)與舊信息(受眾原有的認(rèn)知信息)的嫁接。
如近來明星吸毒案件時有曝光,房祖名和柯震東因吸毒被刑拘和關(guān)押的報道更是搶占了各大網(wǎng)站的頭條新聞。那么,ChinaDaily是怎樣介紹房祖名的呢?
例19:Taiwan-based Chinese actor Kai Ko again held a press conference in Taiwan where he again apologized and answered questions from the media on Sunday.He denied that his crying at Beijing's conference was a playact.Ko stressed that his behavior had nothing to do withJaycee Chan, son of superstar Jackie Chanwho was detained along with him, and said they would remain friends.(ChinaDaily, August 31, 2014)
該報道中,房祖名以“超級巨星成龍(Jackie Chan)之子”做了簡單介紹。成龍的功夫片在好萊塢大為賣座,擁有很高的國際知名度。以西方受眾所熟知的人物進行介紹,不失為一種討巧、省力的傳播策略。
又如,國外受眾對“全國人民代表大會”“國務(wù)院”等中國的政治機構(gòu)頗為陌生,不甚了解究竟是什么樣的機構(gòu)。ChinaDaily把“全國人民代表大會”說成是中國的“議會”,把“國務(wù)院”類比為中國的“內(nèi)閣”。這對于熟諳本國或其他西方國家政體或政治機構(gòu)的外國受眾而言是非常容易理解和把握的。
例20:BEIJING -China's State Council, or the cabinet, on Thursday published rules to strengthen the supervision and management of debts incurred by local governments.The State Council's statement came one month after the National People's Congress(NPC), the Chinese parliament, passed a long-awaited set of amendments to the country's Budget Law on Aug.31.The revision marked an important milestone in fiscal reforms and paved the way for local governments to formally issue bonds on China's bond market.(ChinaDaily, October 3, 2014)
中國電影金雞獎由中國電影家協(xié)會和中國文聯(lián)聯(lián)合主辦于1981年創(chuàng)辦,因當(dāng)年屬中國農(nóng)歷雞年,故取名中國電影金雞獎,簡稱金雞獎。金雞獎評獎委員會是由中國最具權(quán)威的導(dǎo)演藝術(shù)家、表演藝術(shù)家、電影劇作家、攝影家、音樂家、美術(shù)家,以及電影理論家、教育家、事業(yè)家共同組成,因此又被稱為“專家獎”,是中國內(nèi)地電影界最權(quán)威和最專業(yè)的電影獎。對外報道中,除了直接簡明的譯作“the top prize of China's film industry”“the mainland's top film awards”“one of China's most prestigious film awards”之外,更可以借助奧斯卡獎的知名度,將“金雞獎”類比為中國的“奧斯卡獎”,這樣介紹既省力又高效:
例21:If you need convincing that Yan Bingyan is a deserved winner of the Best Actress award at this year'sGolden Rooster Awards-known as China's Oscars-consider this: the 30-year-old actress spent 10 years in small TV roles before landing her first movie part in The Teeth of Love.(ChinaDaily, December 26, 2007)
同樣,借助省力原則,利用類比手法,將新浪微博說成是“中國的twitter”:
例22:I'm moved by what you do.Great job and wish you all the best!" says one post on the company'sSina Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of Twitter.(ChinaDaily, October 14, 2014)
誠然,不同譯者在進行解釋性翻譯時對背景信息材料的選擇有同有異,但都服務(wù)于“想受眾之所想,急受眾之所急”的共同目的。這樣做本該無可厚非,但是倘若不同譯者提供的注釋性背景信息相差太大,而受眾又因為自身認(rèn)知的局限性無法一一辨別接收,導(dǎo)致原本對同一文化事物的注釋、增補在受眾看來或許以為是兩種不同的東西,如此,則有著趨同的必要。
趨同指的是譯者增補時選擇基本或完全相同的信息,統(tǒng)一一種或幾種表述方式,通過長時間的傳播,形成集聚效應(yīng),產(chǎn)生更好的傳播效果。比如,向外國受眾介紹“百度”時,譯者就宜選用以下幾種統(tǒng)一的傳播口徑:“The Chinese online search giant Baidu”“Chinese online search provider Baidu Inc”“The Chinese Internet giants Baidu”“l(fā)eading search engine Baidu Inc”“China's largest search engine”“online search engine Baidu”“Baidu Inc, the world's largest Chinese-language search-engine provider”“the world's largest Chinese-language search-engine provider”等等。同理,如果介紹新浪微博時,也宜采用幾種通用的增補信息予以介紹:“Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like microblog”“Chinese micro blog Sina Weibo”“Sina Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of the Twitter”“Sina Weibo, China's largest Twitter-like platform”。
我國的對外宣傳肩負(fù)著傳播中國文化、樹立國家形象的偉大使命。為受眾解疑釋惑是對外傳播的“題中之義”。解釋性翻譯不能無視受眾的認(rèn)知水平、接受心理、需求與期待,不能隨心所欲地增加背景信息。在準(zhǔn)確、簡明、省力、趨同原則的指導(dǎo)下,外宣譯者可以發(fā)揮主觀能動性和創(chuàng)造性,最大限度地提高信息傳播的清晰度,增強傳播效果。外宣譯者只有對怎樣增補信息,增補什么信息,采用哪些表達(dá)形式等等了然于胸,才能在外宣業(yè)務(wù)中游刃有余。