3 Future Development of Sino-US Relations and World Landscape (Experts’ Commentaries)

[Editor’s Note]Sino-US relations are one of the most important bilateral relations in the world.The sound and steady development of the relations not only conforms to the fundamental interests of both countries and peoples,but also contributes to the future world security order.However,US policies towards China have been undergoing significant changes since President Trump assumed power,leading to intensifying strategic competition between the two countries and making the bilateral relationship more complex,uncertain and uncontrollable.In the face of enormous difficulties,more efforts should be made to stabilize and further develop Sino-US relations now standing at a juncture.This has sparked a wave of discussion and debate among scholars both at home and abroad.How to view Sino-US relations in a comprehensive,objective,rational and pragmatic manner has become a major subject worth further exploration and clarification.Against this backdrop,on September 19,2020,the Editorial Department of Journal of International Security Studies of UIR and the PLA Information Engineering University (Luoyang Campus) successfully co-hosted the 13th“Expert Forum”on the subject of“Assessing Sino-US relations”in Luoyang,Henan Province.Under the framework of“future development of Sino-US relations and the world security order”,distinguished scholars and researchers from all around China discussed such major issues as difficulties and development trends of Sino-US relations,US domestic political landscape and its policies towards China,as well as the construction of the future world security order and China’s strategic responses.Some of the viewpoints of the scholars and researchers are now offered to our readers.

[Keywords]Sino-US relations,world landscape,major countries in the world,policies towards China

[Authors]SHI Yinhong,TANG Yongsheng,NI Feng,WU Baiyi,FU Mengzi,LI Wenliang,ZHAO Kejin,SONG Guoyou,AN Gang,JIANG Yi,XU Wansheng.

39 From Discursive Crisis to Security Crisis:Mechanism and Resolution

SUN Jisheng

[Abstract]Language influences people’s mindsets and cognition,and serves as the important media for communication.It is also an important dimension and approach to view security.Discourse can construct threatening identities,narrate crisis stories,produce discursive obstacles or even discursive crisis,securitizing certain issues,and influencing threat and security perception,which in turn influences relevant security policies,and even helps legitimate and start wars.Within the past over three decades,China has been facing discursive pressure from the Western world on different subjects.In the international public-opinion arena,China has been in a disadvantageous position for decades.Sometimes,it even falls into discursive crisis on certain topics,such as China’s threat,China’s assertiveness,China’s threat to the freedom of navigation in the South China Sea,the“Thucydides trap”between China and the United States,China’s threat to the world order,etc.Gradually becoming the focus of the world,China needs to study and better deal with the discursive pressure and crisis,such as conveying China’s voice in the world,raising discursive consciousness,increasing the international publicity of Chinese ideas and thoughts,reshaping the international context for interpreting Chinese discourses,enhancing China’s international discursive power,avoiding unnecessary arrogance in both discourse and behavior,reducing unneeded discursive attacks and misunderstandings,and improving the US discourse on China.Only in this way can China reduce discursive obstacles and pressure at the international level as much as possible,avoiding falling into discursive crisis,and effectively alleviating and tackling those discursive crises.These constitute important conditions for China to create a good external environment,enhance its international image,and make the future interaction between China and the world smoother and more successful.

[Keywords]discursive security,discursive crisis,national security,security crisis,discursive power,international relations

[Author]SUN Jisheng,Professor,Vice President,China Foreign Affairs University (Beijing 100037).

63 Study on Strategies for Safeguarding National Cultural Security viaCross-cultural Translation

CAO Jin and YANG Mingtuo

[Abstract]With a deepening globalization that represents both an opportunity and a challenge,the world’s configuration is undergoing profound changes.Against this backdrop,the competition between different cultures has intensified.In the clash and hybridization of civilizations,the security issue of national culture has become prominent.Following the trend of world multi-polarization,cross-cultural communication and cooperation have become the trend of the times.However,there still exist uncertainties in the international arena where international factors such as unilateralism,hegemonism and power politics pose an active threat to world peace.Now that the volatile and complex international situation calls for an effective maintenance of national cultural security,cross-cultural translation,an essential part of intercultural communication,assumes the responsibility for protecting China’s cultural security.Cross-cultural translators should foster the awareness of cultural security and combine it with the awareness of cross-cultural context.Bearing in mind national cultural security,they should enhance their language quality,respect cultural differences,flexibly apply the translation strategies of“domestication”and“foreignization”and form an English expression pattern with Chinese cultural characteristics.Cross cultural translation should aim at shaping and maintaining the national image,actively participate in international dialogues,enhance China’s international discourse power,absorb the excellent cultural achievements of other countries,expand the international footprint and global attractiveness of Chinese culture and break the“the spiral of silence”.Cross-cultural translation should always adhere to the national identities and advanced nature of Chinese traditional culture.While constructing the cause of translation,cross-cultural translators should safeguard China’s language and cultural security,uphold fine customs and habits,defend China’s value system and lifestyles so as to comprehensively enhance China’s cultural soft power and strengthen people’s self-confidence in the China Model and China’s cultural products.Cross-cultural translation will play a bigger role in China’s going global strategy and contribute more to the construction of China’s national cultural security by actively promoting China’s great history and fine culture.[Keywords]cross-cultural translation,cultural context awareness,national cultural security,high context,low context

[Authors]CAO Jin,Dean and Professor,College of Foreign Languages &Literature,Northwest Normal University;YANG Mingtuo,Ph.D.Student,College of Foreign Languages &Literature,Northwest Normal University (Lanzhou,730070).

86 “Xiong Tong Predicament”:Identity Politics and Security Dilemma in International System

GE Hanwen

[Abstract]“Xiong Tong Predicament”refers to the dual problem faced by the rising power that is met with outright hostility from the current international system due to its“heterogeneous identity”and suppressed by the hegemonic power along with its allies due to the growing national strengths of the rising power.The historical experience of the State of Chu during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period indicates that a rising power,having a dramatically different political identity and possessing increasing national strengths and the resulting capacity to change the balance of power,will trigger more vehement and hostile reactions from the hegemonic power and its allies in the existing international system.There are two ways for the rising power to escape from the“Xiong Tong Predicament”that are totally opposing in terms of their logic,paths and effects.One aims to subvert the existing international system by force.The other intends to break the identity consensus of the current international system,which involves the long-term,consistent,flexible and steadfast application of strategic combination of non-military and military means.Currently,China,with its rapid growth of national strengths,is facing increasing pressure from the hegemonic power and its allies who hold deep-rooted distrust and considerable hostility towards it whose international political identity is defined as“The Other”opposite to that of the US-led Western countries.Remaining committed to peace and development,China needs to follow a strategic path that helps escape from the“Xiong Tong Predicament”by changing other countries’ intentions and behaviors as well as building and promoting a new“identity consensus”.

[Keywords]Xiong Tong Predicament,hegemony,rising power,identity,strategy,China

[Author]GE Hanwen,Associate Professor,International Studies College,National University of Defense Technology (Nanjing,210039).

105 On National Security Thoughts in Western Zhou Dynasty:A Perspective of National Security Studies

XIN Wen and HAN Pengjie

[Abstract]Given that the Western Zhou Dynasty is an epitome of ancient Chinese states,it is of great theoretical and realistic significance to explore the national security thoughts of the Western Zhou Dynasty so as to enrich the theoretical connotation of the national security discipline,improve the theoretical system of national security studies and promote the construction of the philosophy of social sciences with Chinese characteristics.Since national security studies is an integrated,comprehensive and practical discipline,focusing on national security thoughts of the Western Zhou Dynasty from the theoretical perspective of national security studies serves not only as a supplement to the research on ancient Chinese security thoughts but also as an ideological resource for the formulation of practical national security strategies.The contributing factors of national security in the Western Zhou Dynasty covered such two major domains as“nature”and“society”that include geographic location,population composition,land system,political system and social system.Based on the understanding of these elements,the Western Zhou Dynasty was able to form its national security thoughts with political security,military security and social security as the fulcrum.Its political security thoughts include“worshiping gods and ancestors”as well as“rites for maintaining social order and music for promoting social harmony”.Its military security thoughts manifest themselves in“governing military affairs by rituals and eliminating all the enemies”as well as”coordinating the overall situation and focusing on key deployments”.Its social security thoughts focus on“following the lead of Heaven and enlightening people with virtue and ethics”as well as“respecting the harmony of Yin and Yang and the spirit of Datong.These security thoughts constitute a holistic and interrelated national security thought system that enriches the theoretical connotation of the overall national security outlook.

[Keywords]national security thoughts of Western Zhou Dynasty,national security studies,contributing factors of national security,political security,military security,social security

[Authors]XIN Wen,Ph.D.Candidate,School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Xi’an Jiaotong University;HAN Pengjie,Professor and Doctoral Supervisor,School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Xi’an Jiaotong University (Xi’an,710049).

129 On Regime Integration of Multilateral Non-traditional Security Cooperation in the South China Sea

QI Huaigao

[Abstract]The fragmented regimes for non-traditional security cooperation in the South China Sea are beset with disintegration and overlapping functionality.The key reason for regime“fragmentation”or lack of integration in the SCS goes like this:Three actors,namely China,ASEAN claimants and outside powers,have initiated different regimes for non-traditional security cooperation in the SCS on their own and provided disparate answers to the following three critical questions,“Whose multilateral security?”,“What kind of multilateral security?”,and“How to establish multilateral security?”.The Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea currently being negotiated could be used as the core of the“integration regime”while constructing an integrated framework for multilateral non-traditional security cooperation in the SCS.At the same time,some fundamental principles of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the SCS littoral states cooperation mechanism can be incorporated into the formulation of the COC.In short,multilateral security cooperation in the SCS can be achieved successfully only if all the three actors (especially China and the United States) collectively place a high premium on the looming threat in the non-traditional security domain and are willing to cooperate in fighting this threat.Moreover,a number of important lessons can be drawn from the cooperation cases on multilateral non-traditional security in the SCS and its adjacent waters.Four rules are recommended to be abided by to facilitate multilateral non-traditional security cooperation in the SCS:the SCS littoral states pursue constructive interactions with the outside powers,put at the top of their agenda combating transnational piracy and terrorism,lay emphasis on enhancing their maritime capacity-building as well as promote multilateral cooperation in marine environmental protection and fishery resources management.

[Keywords]South China Sea,non-traditional security cooperation,China,ASEAN claimants,outside powers,regime integration

[Author]QI Huaigao,Ph.D.,Associate Professor,Vice Dean,Institute of International Studies,Fudan University (Shanghai,200433).