申艷麗 張安興 羅娟
[摘要]近年來,炎癥性腸?。↖BD)患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的報(bào)道越來越多。多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性低,但接受硫唑嘌呤(AZA)治療的IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性明顯增高。目前AZA是IBD患者最常用的免疫抑制劑,其不良反應(yīng)受到臨床醫(yī)師越來越多的關(guān)注。本文綜述AZA治療IBD患者誘發(fā)淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性、可能機(jī)制、臨床獲益及注意事項(xiàng),以期幫助提高臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)該病的認(rèn)識(shí)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]炎癥性腸病;硫唑嘌呤;淋巴瘤;治療
[中圖分類號(hào)] R574? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)2(b)-0019-04
[Abstract] In recent years, there have been more and more reports of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most studies have recognized that patients with IBD have a low risk of developing lymphoma, but the risk of lymphoma significantly increases in those patients treated with Azathioprine (AZA). At present, the adverse reactions of AZA which is the most commonly used as immunosuppressant in IBD patients have attracted more and more attention from clinicians. This article reviews not only the risk and possible mechanisms of lymphoma induced by AZA in patients with IBD, but also the clinical benefits and precautions of IBD patients treated with AZA, so as to help clinicians improve the understanding of the disease.
[Key words] Inflammatory bowel disease; Azathioprine; Lymphoma; Treatment
炎癥性腸?。╥nflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一種病因尚不明確的腸道慢性非特異性炎癥性疾病,主要包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克羅恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)。目前治療IBD的主要藥物包括:5-氨基水楊酸制劑、糖皮質(zhì)激素、免疫抑制劑、生物制劑。在IBD的治療中免疫抑制劑應(yīng)用廣泛,臨床上比較常用的免疫抑制劑為硫唑嘌呤(Azathioprine,AZA)[1]。AZA治療通常比較安全并且耐受良好,但其治療過程中所產(chǎn)生的不良反應(yīng)報(bào)道也越來越多,如誘發(fā)胰腺炎、骨髓抑制、結(jié)直腸癌、淋巴瘤等[2-3]。本文對(duì)AZA治療IBD患者誘發(fā)淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性、可能機(jī)制、臨床獲益及注意事項(xiàng)等進(jìn)行綜述。
1 AZA治療IBD患者誘發(fā)淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性
1.1 IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性較低
IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤最早是從1928年進(jìn)入人們的視線,此后,越來越多的病例報(bào)告和臨床研究進(jìn)一步推測(cè)了IBD和淋巴瘤之間存在關(guān)聯(lián),但仍未能確定兩者之間的顯著相關(guān)性。
目前大部分研究認(rèn)為IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與健康對(duì)照人群的大致相同或略增高。賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院曾進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)較有說服力的研究,該研究納入了16 996例IBD患者,每例患者隨訪時(shí)間超過1年,結(jié)果表明,IBD患者淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率并不高;當(dāng)細(xì)分為UC和CD群組時(shí),與對(duì)照組比較,兩組在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上均未顯示淋巴瘤發(fā)生率有顯著增加[4]。2016年,Wheat等[5]發(fā)表的一篇Meta分析中提到,IBD中淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率為0.0/10萬~81.7/10萬,CD中淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率為0.0/10萬~62.2/10萬,UC中發(fā)病率為0.0/10萬~76.2/10萬。以上數(shù)據(jù)表明,IBD中淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率較低。
1.2接受AZA治療的IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性明顯增高
在IBD的治療中,AZA作為一線免疫抑制劑,能有效地治療活動(dòng)性和激素難治性IBD,并應(yīng)用于IBD維持臨床緩解[6-7]。目前關(guān)于接受AZA治療的IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的文獻(xiàn)大部分依賴于回顧性研究和病例報(bào)道。多數(shù)研究均認(rèn)為,接受AZA治療的IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性明顯增高,其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度是未接受AZA治療患者的3~5倍,而且年齡較大、治療持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、男性患者與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān)[8-9]。
AZA在治療IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的過程中起重要作用,且在高齡患者中更顯著。美國(guó)Khan等[10]研究認(rèn)為,與未接受AZA治療的患者相比,活躍使用AZA治療年齡>65歲的UC患者所有類型淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率高出了6倍。Beigel等[11]的研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),使用AZA后發(fā)生惡性腫瘤的IBD患者,大部分年齡>50歲,同時(shí)也指出AZA治療時(shí)間>4年發(fā)生淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。
IBD患者接受AZA治療持續(xù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),尤其是≥4年,淋巴瘤的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加。Khan等[10]的研究提出,相較于未使用AZA治療的UC患者,使用AZA治療的淋巴瘤發(fā)病相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加約4倍,且這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的大小與治療持續(xù)時(shí)間顯著相關(guān),治療持續(xù)時(shí)間為4年,達(dá)到統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性的閾值。該研究中AZA累積效應(yīng)分析的結(jié)果為,使用1、2、3、4年和4年以上淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率分別為0.9/1000、1.6/1000、1.6/1000、5/1000和8.9/1000。
Barzilai等[12]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),用免疫抑制劑治療的IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的人群中男性患者比例更大,男女比例約為4∶1。Smith等[13]的研究中也觀察到霍奇金淋巴瘤人群中男性居多。造成這種性別差異的一個(gè)原因可能為不同性別的免疫反應(yīng)存在差異,女性的免疫系統(tǒng)與同齡男性相比,可能產(chǎn)生更強(qiáng)的先天性和適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)。
1.3 AZA停藥后發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低
Khan等[10]的研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),整個(gè)隊(duì)列中淋巴瘤總發(fā)病率為0.63/1000,而AZA治療中和停藥后,淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率分別為2.31/1000和0.28/1000。該研究還表明,使用AZA治療前3年發(fā)生淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小于所獲得的收益,在治療的第4年風(fēng)險(xiǎn)開始接近收益,并在第4年后,在中位隨訪時(shí)間為3.5年時(shí)停用AZA會(huì)降低淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Beaugerie等[14]的研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),停用AZA治療的患者淋巴瘤發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于接受AZA治療的患者。
2 AZA治療IBD患者誘發(fā)淋巴瘤的可能機(jī)制
目前關(guān)于AZA治療IBD患者誘發(fā)淋巴瘤的作用機(jī)制研究甚少,結(jié)合現(xiàn)有研究考慮,其可能的作用機(jī)制為抑制IBD患者的免疫細(xì)胞或者某個(gè)亞群細(xì)胞,增加感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及誘導(dǎo)基因突變等[15-16]。
AZA本身沒有活性,必須經(jīng)過人體內(nèi)一系列的酶代謝反應(yīng),生成活性產(chǎn)物6-硫鳥嘌呤核苷酸(6-thioguanine nucleotide,6-TGN)來發(fā)揮細(xì)胞毒效應(yīng),這也是發(fā)生骨髓抑制的主要原因[17-18]。6-TGN能干擾細(xì)胞DNA合成及修復(fù),可能由此造成基因序列的錯(cuò)配或不穩(wěn)定,使基因?qū)θ缪踝杂苫葍?nèi)源性致突變因素及如紫外線等外源性致突變因素的敏感性改變,從而誘導(dǎo)基因突變。
AZA抑制了機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng)功能,使機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)潛在惡變的細(xì)胞失去了正常的監(jiān)視和殺滅,致使惡變細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)繁殖,導(dǎo)致接受AZA治療的IBD患者免疫功能受抑制后發(fā)生淋巴瘤。由于免疫系統(tǒng)功能受到抑制,這類患者更容易出現(xiàn)Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)感染[19]。EBV是一種人類皰疹病毒,感染人群達(dá)90%以上,原發(fā)感染通常發(fā)生在兒童時(shí)期,EBV感染淋巴細(xì)胞存在于由細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的、免疫系統(tǒng)控制的終生無癥狀潛伏狀態(tài)。當(dāng)宿主免疫系統(tǒng)受抑制時(shí),對(duì)潛伏EBV感染的免疫監(jiān)視減少,容易出現(xiàn)EBV陽性淋巴瘤[20]。有研究報(bào)道,IBD患者腸道炎癥區(qū)域中淋巴瘤的發(fā)病率高,表明慢性炎癥導(dǎo)致的慢性抗原刺激可能在這些病變的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起作用[12]。同時(shí),在IBD患者的腸道黏膜炎癥區(qū)域中EBV的感染率高達(dá)64%,EBV感染的B淋巴細(xì)胞在炎癥區(qū)域擴(kuò)增,導(dǎo)致黏膜局部損傷加重,使用AZA治療的IBD患者免疫受到抑制,EBV的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用可以延遲IBD相關(guān)炎癥的消退,從而促進(jìn)淋巴瘤進(jìn)展。
3 AZA治療IBD的臨床獲益及注意事項(xiàng)
多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明,盡管AZA在IBD的治療中有誘發(fā)淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但權(quán)衡其在治療過程中獲得的收益,AZA仍然是IBD治療的良好選擇[21-22]。一項(xiàng)研究數(shù)據(jù)提示,對(duì)于已經(jīng)達(dá)到臨床緩解的CD患者,停用AZA治療,在36個(gè)月內(nèi),超過50%的患者疾病復(fù)發(fā)[23]。雖然AZA用藥超過4年后淋巴瘤發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加,停藥后發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有所降低,但考慮淋巴瘤發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不顯著且停藥后疾病復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,故臨床上并不建議用藥4年即停用AZA。老年患者在使用免疫抑制劑治療時(shí)惡性腫瘤的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加,綜合前文提到的部分研究結(jié)果,對(duì)于年齡>65歲的IBD患者來說,選用AZA治療前需根據(jù)臨床情況謹(jǐn)慎評(píng)估利弊。
由于IBD患者長(zhǎng)期接受AZA治療后,發(fā)生淋巴瘤的危險(xiǎn)性明顯增高,臨床醫(yī)師需在患者用藥前及用藥過程中進(jìn)行嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè),及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)病情變化。嘌呤甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(thiopurine methyltransferase,TPMT)是AZA發(fā)揮作用過程中的重要代謝酶,TPMT缺乏的患者在接受AZA治療后體內(nèi)6-TGN濃度較高,發(fā)生白血病、淋巴瘤等惡性疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高[24-25]。故IBD患者接受AZA治療前,應(yīng)檢測(cè)TPMT的酶活性以確定用藥劑量,并在治療過程中監(jiān)測(cè)其活性調(diào)整藥物劑量[26-27]。IBD患者如需接種水痘帶狀皰疹病毒、人乳頭瘤病毒(human papilloma virus,HPV)、流感、肺炎球菌等疫苗,需在接受AZA治療前進(jìn)行,治療開始后禁用活疫苗[28]。同時(shí),用藥前還應(yīng)該檢測(cè)EBV、乙肝病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)、丙肝病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)和HPV等以評(píng)估患者發(fā)生惡性疾病的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),若有病毒感染需及時(shí)進(jìn)行抗病毒治療或接種疫苗,這與當(dāng)前的歐洲CD與結(jié)腸炎組織指南中的建議一致[29-31]。如果乙肝核心抗體(HBcAb)陰性應(yīng)該推薦接種乙肝疫苗,并定時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)使乙肝表面抗體滴度水平維持在一定的水平;為防止乙肝活動(dòng),血清HBsAg陽性的患者,不論血清病毒載量的高低,在接受免疫抑制劑治療前、治療期間或停藥后,均需接受強(qiáng)有效的抗病毒治療。此外,還應(yīng)該進(jìn)行淋巴瘤、結(jié)腸癌、皮膚癌、宮頸癌等的篩查。對(duì)患者進(jìn)行健康教育也尤為重要,包括避免使用致癌物質(zhì)、戒煙、避免紫外線照射等[32]。用藥過程中,應(yīng)該定期檢測(cè)藥物濃度并及時(shí)調(diào)整藥物劑量。有研究表明,維持中國(guó)患者臨床緩解所需的最佳6-TGN濃度閾值為180~355 pmol/8×108RBC[33-34]。用藥過程中如果監(jiān)測(cè)到有惡性腫瘤發(fā)生,應(yīng)停用AZA。停用AZA的同時(shí),應(yīng)該優(yōu)化非免疫抑制治療,如營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持、抗生素治療、手術(shù)干預(yù)等。
4小結(jié)
IBD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低,其中男性CD患者發(fā)生淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于一般人群。在IBD的治療過程中,AZA的應(yīng)用與淋巴瘤的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),其可能原因?yàn)锳ZA誘導(dǎo)基因突變并抑制機(jī)體免疫狀態(tài),增加了機(jī)會(huì)性感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等。盡管AZA增加了淋巴瘤發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但目前AZA仍然是IBD治療的核心藥物,在今天的醫(yī)療決策中患者的自主權(quán)越來越重要,臨床醫(yī)師必須意識(shí)到二者的相關(guān)性,權(quán)衡利弊,為患者提供最佳的臨床決策。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Adam L,Phulukdaree A,Soma P.Effective long-term solution to therapeutic remission in inflammatory bowel disease:Role of Azathioprine[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,100:8-14.
[2]Kim JH,Kim JW.Effect of immunomodulators and biologic agents on malignancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Korean J Gastroenterol,2017,70(4):162-168.
[3]Godat S,F(xiàn)ournier N,Safroneeva E,et al.Frequency and type of drug-related side effects necessitating treatment discontinuation in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort[J].Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018,30(6):612-620.
[4]Lewis JD,Bilker WB,Brensinger C,et al.Inflammatory bowel disease is not associated with an increased risk of lymphoma[J].Gastroenterology,2001,121(5):1080-1087.
[5]Wheat CL,Clark-Snustad K,Devine B,et al.Worldwide incidence of colorectal cancer,leukemia,and lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease:an updated systematic review and Meta-analysis[J].Gastroenterol Res Pract,2016,2016:1 632 439.
[6]Korelitz BI.Enduring value of thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease therapy[J].Dig Dis Sci,2017,62(2):292-293.
[7]Johnson CM,Dassopoulos T.Update on the use of thiopurines and methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease[J].Curr Gastroenterol Rep,2018,20(11):53.
[8]Lemaitre M,Kirchgesner J,Rudnichi A,et al.Association between use of thiopurines or tumor necrosis factor antagonists alone or in combination and risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].JAMA,2017,318(17):1679-1686.
[9]Kotlyar DS,Lewis JD,Beaugerie L,et al.Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine:a meta-analysis[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2015,13(5):847-858.e4;quiz e48-50.
[10]Khan N,Abbas AM,Lichtenstein GR,et al.Risk of lymphoma in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with thiopurines:a nationwide retrospective cohort study[J].Gastroenterology,2013,145(5):1007-1015.e3.
[11]Beigel F,Steinborn A,Schnitzler F,et al.Risk of malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines or anti-TNF alpha antibodies[J].Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf,2014,23(7):735-744.
[12]Barzilai M,Polliack A,Avivi I,et al.Hodgkin lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with inflammatory bowel disease:Portrait of a rare clinical entity[J].Leuk Res,2018, 71:1-5.
[13]Smith A,Crouch S,Lax S,et al.Lymphoma incidence,survival and prevalence 2004-2014:sub-type analyses from the UK′s Haematological Malignancy Research Network[J].Br J Cancer,2015,112(9):1575-1584.
[14]Beaugerie L,Brousse N,Bouvier AM,et al.Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease:a prospective observational cohort study[J].Lancet,2009,374(9701):1617-1625.
[15]Lord JD,Shows DM.Thiopurine use associated with reduced B and natural killer cells in inflammatory bowel disease[J].World J Gastroenterol,2017,23(18):3240-3251.
[16]曹倩.硫唑嘌呤治療炎癥性腸病——大小劑量選擇原則[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用內(nèi)科雜志,2018,38(3):184-186.
[17]Pavlovska K,Petrushevska M,Gjorgjievska K,et al.Importance of 6-thioguanine nucleotide metabolite monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with Azathioprine[J].Pril(Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki),2019,40(1):73-79.
[18]Wong DR,Coenen MJ,Vermeulen SH,et al.Early assessment of thiopurine metabolites identifies patients at risk of thiopurine-induced leukopenia in inflammatory bowel disease[J].J Crohns Colitis,2017,11(2):175-184.
[19]Chapman S,El-Matary W.Screening for Epstein-Barr virus status and risk of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children with inflammatory bowel disease on Azathioprine[J].Gastroenterology,2017,153(4):1167-1168.
[20]Li X,Chen N,You P,et al.The status of Epstein-Barr virus infection in intestinal mucosa of Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Digestion,2019,99(2):126-132.
[21]Bermejo F,Aguas M,Chaparro M,et al.Recommendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn′s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on the use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease[J].Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018, 41(3):205-221.
[22]De Boer NKH,Peyrin-Biroulet L,Jharap B,et al.Thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease:new findings and perspectives[J].J Crohns Colitis,2018,12(5):610-620.
[23]Treton X,Bouhnik Y,Mary JY,et al.Azathioprine withdrawal in patients with Crohn′s disease maintained on prolonged remission:a high risk of relapse[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol,2009,7(1):80-85.
[24]Broekman MMTJ,Coenen MJH,Wanten GJ,et al.Risk factors for thiopurine-induced myelosuppression and infections in inflammatory bowel disease patients with a normal TPMT genotype[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2017,46(10):953-963.
[25]Pashazadeh P,Marjani A,Asadi J,et al.Thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphisms and activity and metabolic products of Azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J].Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets,2019,19(4):541-547.
[26]Quezada SM,McLean LP,Cross RK.Adverse events in IBD therapy:the 2018 update[J].Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018,12(12):1183-1191.
[27]Sánchez Rodríguez E,Ríos León R,Mesonero Gismero F,et al.Clinical experience of optimising thiopurine use through metabolite measurement in inflammatory bowel disease[J].Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018,41(10):629-635.
[28]Hanauer SB,Sandborn WJ,Lichtenstein GR.Evolving considerations for thiopurine therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases-a clinical practice update:commentary[J].Gastroenterology,2019,156(1):36-42.
[29]Magro F,Gionchetti P,Eliakim R,et al.Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis.Part 1:Definitions,diagnosis,extra-intestinal manifestations,pregnancy,cancer surveillance,surgery,and ileo-anal pouch disorders[J].J Crohns Colitis,2017,11(6):649-670.
[30]Barnes EL,Herfarth HH.The usefulness of serologic testing for Epstein-Barr virus before initiation of therapy for inflammatory bowel disease[J].Gastroenterology,2017,153(4):1167.
[31]Honkila M,Niinim■ki R,Taskinen MM,et al.A nearly fatal primary Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with low NK-cell counts in a patient receiving azathioprine:a case report and review of literature[J].BMC Infect Dis,2019,19(1):404.
[32]Rahier JF,Magro F,Abreu C,et al.Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention,diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease[J].J Crohns Colitis,2014,8(6):443-468.
[33]Feng R,Guo J,Zhang SH,et al.Low 6-thioguanine nucleotide level:Effective in maintaining remission in Chinese patients with Crohn′s disease[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2019,34(4):679-685.
[34]Estevinho MM,Afonso J,Rosa I,et al.A systematic review and Meta-analysis of 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and clinical remission in inflammatory bowel disease[J].J Crohns Colitis,2017,11(11):1381-1392.
(收稿日期:2019-08-14? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)