張倩 孫永紅 文世民
[摘要] 目的 探討miRNA-675-5p表達水平與食管鱗癌(ESCC)上皮間質轉化(EMT)的相關性。 方法 采用實時定量PCR技術檢測miRNA-675-5p在ESCC組織及配對癌旁正常組織中的表達差異,并分析其表達水平與患者臨床分期的相關性。脂質體轉染ECA109細胞,分為miR-675-recursor組、miR-675-5p-inhibition組和NC組,上調及抑制miRNA-675-5p表達水平,分析改變目的基因表達后對ECA109細胞株遷移侵襲能力的影響,蛋白印跡實驗檢測干擾表達每組細胞中EMT相關蛋白E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin表達水平,評估其對ECA109株EMT過程的影響。 結果 與癌旁正常組織比較,miRNA-675-5p在ESCC組織中表達顯著升高(P < 0.05),不同分期患者miRNA-675-5p表達比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。與NC組比較,miR-675-recursor組細胞遷移侵襲能力明顯增強,miR-675-5p-inhibition組細胞遷移侵襲能力受到顯著抑制(P < 0.05)。此外,與NC組比較,miR-675-recursor組E-cadherin蛋白表達降低,N-cadherin、Vimentin蛋白表達升高;miR-675-5p-inhibition組E-cadherin蛋白表達升高,N-cadherin、Vimentin蛋白表達降低(P < 0.05)。 結論 miRNA-675-5p表達與ESCC患者TNM分期相關,miR-675-5p能促進ESCC細胞間質轉化從而增強侵襲能力;下調表達能逆轉ESCC細胞EMT過程,降低遷移侵襲能力。
[關鍵詞] 食管鱗癌;ECA109細胞;miRNA-675-5p;上皮間質轉化
[中圖分類號] R735.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)02(a)-0018-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigated the correlation between the expression of miRNA-675-5p and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the differential expression of miRNA-675-5p in ESCC and normal adjacent tissues, while the correlation between its expression level and clinical stage of patients was analyzed. Liposomes was transfected into ECA109 cell, and divided into miR-675-recursor group, miR-675-5p-inhibition group and NC group. The expression of miRNA-675-5p was up-regulated and inhibited, while the effect of changing the expression of the target gene on the migration and invasion of ECA109 cell lines was analyzed. The expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in EMT-associated proteins in each group of cells were detected by western blot experiments, while the effect on the EMT process of ECA109 strain was evaluated. Results Compared with normal adjacent tissues, miRNA-675-5p expression was significantly increased in ESCC tissues (P < 0.05), and comparison of miRNA-675-5p expression in patients with different stages, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the NC group, the miR-675-recursor group had significantly enhanced cell migration and invasion ability, and the miR-675-5p-inhibition group had significantly reduced cell migration and invasion ability (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the NC group, the expression of E-cadherin protein in the miR-675-recursor group was reduced, while the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin proteins were increased; the expression of E-cadherin protein in the miR-675-5p-inhibition group was increased, while the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin proteins were reduced (P < 0.05). Conclusion The expression of miRNA-675-5p is related to the TNM stage of ESCC patients. miR-675-5p can promote the interstitial transformation of ESCC cells and thus enhance the invasion ability; down-regulated expression can reverse the EMT process of ESCC cells and reduce the migration and invasion ability.
[Key words] Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; ECA109 cells; miRNA-675-5p; Epithelial mesenchymal transition
我國食管癌新發(fā)患者大約23萬人/年,占全世界發(fā)病人數(shù)的53%[1-2],90%以上為鱗狀細胞癌。復發(fā)和轉移是導致我國食管鱗癌(ESCC)患者生存率低下的主要原因[3],ESCC復發(fā)轉移機制尚未明確,亟需探索新的分子標志物,預測ESCC預后及指導個體化治療。miRNAs長度約22個核苷酸,miRNAs轉錄后抑制信使RNA翻譯蛋白質。miR-675-5p是長鏈非編碼RNA H19的成熟序列,位于人染色體11p15.5,胎兒時期表達量最高,分娩后組織器官中表達急速下降,最終穩(wěn)定低表達[3-4]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-675-5p在多種實體腫瘤中異常表達,如膠質母細胞瘤[3]、結腸癌、膀胱癌及胃癌等[5-9]中表達升高,體外實驗也證實能夠促進腫瘤細胞株增殖或轉移。90%以上腫瘤患者死亡原因是轉移,腫瘤轉移的重要機制是上皮間質轉化(EMT)[10],即上皮源性腫瘤細胞發(fā)生間質細胞特性轉化,從原發(fā)灶逃離進入脈管,發(fā)生淋巴結或遠處臟器轉移。張航等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)食管癌轉移病灶中miR-675-5p表達水平升高,且與患者生存時間成負相關。miR-675-5p能否促進食管鱗癌復發(fā)轉移,與食管鱗癌細胞EMT過程是否存在關系,值得進一步研究。
1 對象與方法
1.1 細胞株和組織
ESCC細胞株ECA109、TE-1(ATCC),人食管上皮細胞Heepic(ScienCell)。細胞均用含10%胎牛血清(Hyclone,美國)、100 mg/L青霉素和100 mg/L鏈霉素的高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基(Hyclone,美國)培養(yǎng)。組織來源于2018年1~12月四川省南充市中心醫(yī)院和川北醫(yī)學院附屬醫(yī)院心胸外科行食管鱗癌切除術21例,術前均未接受放化療及靶向治療。切除腫瘤及癌中心5 cm以上癌旁正常組織?;颊咝g后病理分期采取美國癌癥聯(lián)合會(AJCC)第8版標準。
1.2 細胞轉染
ECA109細胞轉染分為miR-675-recursor組、miR-675-5p-inhibition組和NC組。質粒裝載miR-675-5p類似物(miR-675-recursor)、抑制片段(miR-675-5p-inhibition)、陰性對照片段(NC),片段均合成于上海吉凱公司,LipofectamineTM 2000(Invitrogen,美國)。轉染前24 h用6孔板進行細胞鋪板(鋪板細胞數(shù)25×104個/孔),siRNA∶LipofectamineTM2000=1∶1.5,按照說明書操作,轉染48 h收集細胞。重復9次。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 定量即時聚合酶鏈鎖反映(qRT-PCR)檢測目的基因表達
總RNA提取為超凈環(huán)境,器材均無菌無RNA酶。組織冰上剪去筋膜,滅菌超純水洗凈,取黃豆大小于研磨器中倒入適量液氮研磨成組織漿,加入750 μL Trizol。后續(xù)步驟按說明書操作??俁NA濃度要求 ≥700 ng/μL,1.90 miRNA逆轉錄采用莖環(huán)法,引物購自銳博公司,mRNA引物由上海生物科技有限公司合成,引物序列見表1,miRNA及mRNA分別選擇U6、β-actin為內參基因。qRT-PCR試劑盒SYBR TaqⅡ(TAKARA,美國,生產批號:DRR041A),逆轉錄及PCR均嚴格按照說明書進行,每基因、樣本均3個復孔。優(yōu)化反應程序為:95℃預變性600 s;95℃變性2 s,60℃退火20 s和70℃延伸10 s,擴增45個循環(huán)?;虮磉_量用2-△△ct計算。 1.3.2 蛋白質印跡法(Western blot)檢測目的基因蛋白表達水平 取對數(shù)生長細胞加入裂解液進行總蛋白提取,100℃使蛋白變性,變性后蛋白進行十二烷基磺酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)、轉膜、抗原抗體反應,ECL超特敏化學發(fā)光試劑盒,在熒光成像儀內對目的蛋白進行成像檢測,Image Lab凝膠圖像軟件分析。 1.3.3 細胞遷移侵襲能力檢測 Transwell:稀釋Matrigel基質膠于Transwell小室上室,室溫下凝固后備用。收集轉染后48 h細胞制備成105 mL單細胞懸液,下室加入不含雙抗的完全培養(yǎng)基(10%胎牛血清),上室加入200 μL細胞懸液,放置于細胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h。固定,透明,結晶紫染色,高倍鏡下隨機觀察16個視野并計數(shù)侵襲細胞個數(shù),實驗重復3次。 1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用GraphPad Prism 6.0對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析及統(tǒng)計圖表繪制。正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗或方差分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。基因抑制/上調率為干擾后目的基因表達量與陰性對照組(NC)表達量的相對差異百分比。 2 結果 2.1 miR-675-5p在腫瘤組織及腫瘤細胞中相對表達量 與癌旁正常組織比較,ESCC組織miRNA-675-5p相對表達量顯著升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。ECA109細胞株和TE-1細胞株miRNA-675-5p相對表達量顯著高于Heepic細胞,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。 2.2 ESCC患者臨床特征與miR-675-5p表達水平比較 不同T分期、N分期及病理分期患者miR-675-5p表達水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),而不同年齡、性別、腫瘤長度和神經受侵患者miR-675-5p表達水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表3。
2.2 轉染后ECA109細胞miR-675-5p相對表達量
綠色熒光細胞即為轉染成功,轉染率=綠色熒光細胞數(shù)/白色背景細胞數(shù)(同一視野下)。本實驗脂質體轉染ECA109,轉染效率>90%。見圖2。轉染48 h后檢測目的基因相對表達,miR-675-recursor組、miR-675-5p-inhibition組、NC組相對表達量依次為1.350(上調率為68.8%)、0.069(抑制率為89.1%)、0.800。見表4。
2.3 干擾miR-675-5p表達后ECA109細胞株侵襲能力
miR-675-recursor組細胞穿膜數(shù)約為278個/HP,miR-675-5p-inhibition組穿膜細胞個數(shù)為95個/HP,NC組細胞穿膜個數(shù)為187個/HP。與NC組比較,miR-675-recursor組表達ECA109遷移侵襲能力明顯增強,miR-675-5p-inhibition組細胞遷移侵襲能力顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見圖3。
2.4 目的基因對EMT蛋白表達影響
與NC組比較,miR-675-recursor組E-cadherin表達顯著降低,N-cadherin、Vimentin表達升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);miR-675-5p-inhibition組E-cadherin表達顯著升高,N-cadherin、Vimentin表達降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見圖4。
3 討論
ESCC嚴重威脅我國人民生命健康,腫瘤復發(fā)轉移是導致ESCC患者生存低下的主要原因,因此亟需明確ESCC復發(fā)轉移分子機制[12]。編碼蛋白質基因僅僅占基因總量的2%[13-14],非編碼RNA是基因表達重要的調節(jié)因子[15]。其中miRNA最先被研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)具有沉默mRNA、抑制mRNA翻譯蛋白質的功能,主要參與蛋白質沉默復合體形成[16]。近年來研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA還能催化mRNA降解,誘導mRNA不穩(wěn)定性,直接抑制基因轉錄后翻譯[17],調節(jié)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程。
腫瘤細胞發(fā)生EMT是獲得轉移侵襲能力的重要途徑[18],H19可促進結腸癌細胞發(fā)生EMT,增強腫瘤細胞的轉移侵襲能力。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-675-5p表達水平與ESCC病理分期顯著相關,猜測可能通過影響ESCC的EMT發(fā)生促進腫瘤細胞轉移侵襲,細胞實驗證實,目的基因可促進ESCC的ECA109細胞發(fā)生EMT,進而增強細胞的遷移侵襲能力。EMT發(fā)生的經典信號通路包括Snail/Slug、Twist、Six1、Cripto、TGF-β和nt/β-catenin等[19],多種信號通路途徑可以促進腫瘤EMT發(fā)生,但不同腫瘤細胞主要采取不同種信號通路。miRNAs調節(jié)多能干細胞間質上皮轉化,其中miR-200s與miR-205可抑制ZEB1和ZEB2表達激活骨形成蛋白信號通路誘導多能干細胞MET過程[20]。在ESCC中miR-675是如何誘導腫瘤細胞發(fā)生EMT,因此仍需進一步探討其作用機制。
總之,miR-675-5p在ESCC組織及細胞中均顯著高表達,且表達水平越高的患者,病理分期更晚,更易出現(xiàn)淋巴結轉移,提示表達水平可預測ESCC患者預后,指導臨床中根據(jù)表達狀態(tài)對患者進行個體化治療,下調miR-675-5p的表達可逆轉腫瘤細胞EMT過程。因此,有望成為ESCC治療的新靶點。miRNA能在血液中穩(wěn)定存在,ESCC患者血液樣本是否能得出同樣的結論,仍待進一步證實。
[參考文獻]
[1]? 曹小琴,孫喜斌.食管癌發(fā)病水平及變化趨勢[J].中國腫瘤臨床,2016,4(21):932-936.
[2]? Hesari A,Azizian M,Sheikhi A,et al. Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of curcumin in esophageal cancer:Current and future status [J]. IJC,2019,144(6):1215-1226.
[3]? 中華人民共和國國家健康委員會.食管癌診療規(guī)范(2018年版)[DB/OL].2018:1-69.
[4]? Costa V,Lo Dico A,Rizzo A,et al. MiR-675-5p supports hypoxia induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in colon cancer cells [J]. Oncotarget,2017,8(15):24292-24302.
[5]? Cui J,Mo J,Luo M,et al. c-Myc-activated long non-coding RNA H19 downregulates miR-107 and promotes cell cycle progression of non-small cell lung cancer [J]. Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2015,8(30):12400-12409.
[6]? Li S,Yu Z,Chen SS,et al. The YAP1 oncogene contributes to bladder cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating the H19 long noncoding RNA [J]. Urol Oncol,2015, 33(427):165-174.
[7]? Zhou WA-Ohoo,Ye XL,Xu J,et al. The lncRNA H19 mediates breast cancer cell plasticity during EMT and MET plasticity by differentially sponging miR-200b/c and let-7b [J]. Sci Signal,2017,10(483):678-682.
[8]? Zhuang M,Gao W,Xu J,et al. The long non-coding RNA H19-derived miR-675 modulates human gastric cancer cell proliferation by targeting tumor suppressor RUNX1 [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2014,448(4):121-129.
[9]? Liu FT,Pan H,Xia GF,et al. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of long noncoding RNA H19 overexpression in human solid tumors:evidence from a meta-analysis [J]. Oncotarget,2016,7(50):83177-83186.
[10]? Tsang WP,Ng EK,Ng SS,et al. Oncofetal H19-derived miR-675 regulates tumor suppressor RB in human colorectal cancer [J]. Carcinogenesis,2010,31(3):350-358.
[11]? 張航.Hsa-miR-675-5p在食管鱗癌中的表達及其功能機制研究[D].長沙:中南大學,2013.
[12]? Lagergren J,Smyth E,Cunningham D,et al. Oesophageal cancer [J]. The Lancet,2017,390(100):2383-2396.
[13]? Matouk IJ,Halle D,Raveh E,et al. The role of the oncofetal H19 lncRNA in tumor metastasis:orchestrating the EMT-MET decision [J]. Oncotarget,2016,7(11):3748-3765.
[14]? Zhang X,Hamblin MH,Yin KJ. The long noncoding RNA Malat1:Its physiological and pathophysiological functions [J]. RNA Biol,2017,14(12):1705-1714.
[15]? Hosseinahli N,Aghapour M. Treating cancer with microRNA replacement therapy:A literature review [J]. J Cell Physio,2018,233(8):5574-5588.
[16]? Tripathi V,Ellis JD,Shen Z,et al. The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation [J]. Mol Cell,2010,39(6):925-938.
[17]? Vahidian F,Mohammadi H. MicroRNAs and breast cancer stem cells:Potential role in breast cancer therapy [J]. J Cell Physio,2019,234(4):3294-3306.
[18]? Chaffer CL,San Juan BP,Lim E,et al. EMT,cell plasticity and metastasis [J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev,2016,35(4):645-654.
[19]? Brabletz T,Kalluri R,Nieto MA,et al. EMT in cancer [J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2018,18(2):128-134.
[20]? O′Brien SJ,Carter JV,Burton JF,et al. The role of the miR-200 family in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer:a systematic review [J]. Int J Cancer,2018,142(12):2501-2511.
(收稿日期:2019-07-16? 本文編輯:王曉曄)