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前列腺癌患者睪酮替代治療的安全性研究進(jìn)展

2020-04-16 13:03汪奇波朱紹興
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2020年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:睪酮前列腺癌

汪奇波 朱紹興

[摘要]男性性腺功能減退癥是由于雄激素缺乏引起的一種臨床綜合征,睪酮替代治療(TRT)是其首選治療方法。但對(duì)于既往有前列腺癌病史的患者,TRT的應(yīng)用一直存在爭(zhēng)議。近年來(lái),文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了不同階段前列腺癌患者接受TRT的安全性研究,包括癌前病變期,主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)、根治性治療后及進(jìn)展期前列腺癌。本文回顧這些文獻(xiàn)并對(duì)TRT在前列腺癌患者中應(yīng)用的安全性研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞]前列腺癌;性腺功能減退癥;睪酮;替代治療

[中圖分類號(hào)] R458.7? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)3(b)-0016-03

Research progress on the safety of testosterone replacement therapy in patients with prostate cancer

WANG Qi-bo? ?ZHU Shao-xing

Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou? ?310022, China

[Abstract] Hypogonadism in men is a clinical syndrome caused by androgen deficiency, for whom testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the preferred treatment. However, the use of TRT has been controversial in patients with a previous history of prostate cancer. In recent years, studies on the safety of TRT in patients with prostate cancer at different stages have been reported, including pre-cancerous stage, active surveillance, post-radical treatment and advanced prostate cancer. This article reviews the literatures and the progress in the application safety of TRT in patients with prostate cancer.

[Key words] Prostate cancer; Hypogonadism; Testosterone; Replacement therapy

男性性腺功能減退癥(hypogonadism)是一系列因雄激素缺乏所致的臨床癥狀總稱,其特征為低血清睪酮水平伴性欲減退、肌肉萎縮、骨質(zhì)疏松、認(rèn)知功能障礙、性功能障礙、抑郁癥等臨床表現(xiàn)。睪酮替代治療(testosterone replacement therapy,TRT)是目前男性性腺功能減退癥的首選治療方法[1],但對(duì)于前列腺癌患者的性腺功能減退癥,TRT存在較多爭(zhēng)議。本文通過(guò)回顧以往文獻(xiàn),綜述了TRT在前列腺癌患者中的應(yīng)用安全性研究進(jìn)展。

1前列腺癌患者TRT現(xiàn)狀

1941年Huggins和Hodges首次提出注射外源性雌激素或切除雙側(cè)睪丸可以抑制前列腺癌,而注射外源性雄激素可加快前列腺癌的進(jìn)展[2]。他們的研究奠定了內(nèi)分泌治療在前列腺癌中的應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ),并使TRT在前列腺癌患者中成為禁忌。目前有研究認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)患或曾患前列腺癌是TRT的絕對(duì)禁忌證[3]。隨著半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的不斷研究,目前仍沒(méi)有確切的研究證實(shí)前列腺癌患者應(yīng)用外源性睪酮會(huì)促進(jìn)前列腺癌進(jìn)展。相反Hoffman等[4]在一項(xiàng)針對(duì)117例前列腺癌患者的回顧性分析中發(fā)現(xiàn),低血清睪酮(<300 ng/dl)的患者更容易患前列腺癌,并且所有Gleason評(píng)分8分及以上的前列腺癌患者的睪酮均為低水平。另有多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),低血清睪酮水平與前列腺癌的高Gleason評(píng)分、生化復(fù)發(fā)、腺外轉(zhuǎn)移等有關(guān)[4-7]。由此,臨床開始試驗(yàn)TRT在前列腺癌患者中的安全性。

2各階段前列腺癌患者的TRT

2.1癌前病變期

高級(jí)別前列腺上皮內(nèi)瘤變(high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia,HGPIN)是目前公認(rèn)的前列腺癌的癌前病變,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道27%的HGPIN患者將進(jìn)展為前列腺癌[8]。Rhoden等[9]回顧了75例性腺功能減退癥的患者,在接受TRT前均行前列腺穿刺活檢,其中20例活檢結(jié)果提示HGPIN。在持續(xù)1年的TRT后,HGPIN組與正常組患者的基線前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)值及TRT后PSA增長(zhǎng)值比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。隨訪期內(nèi),HGPIN組中1例確診前列腺癌,正常組中未發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌,兩組的前列腺癌發(fā)病率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。因此其認(rèn)為TRT并不增加HGPIN患者罹患前列腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

2.2根治性手術(shù)后

前列腺癌根治術(shù)(radical prostatectomy,RP)后接受TRT的研究最早由Kaufman等[10]報(bào)道,隨后Agarwal等[11]也報(bào)道了類似的小樣本量研究。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)TRT后患者的癥狀及生活質(zhì)量得到明顯的改善,且在隨訪時(shí)間內(nèi)均未發(fā)現(xiàn)生化復(fù)發(fā)或腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。Khera等[12]回顧分析57例RP術(shù)后接受TRT的患者,其中24例Gleason評(píng)分≤6分,26例Gleason評(píng)分7分,4例Gleason評(píng)分≥8分,在平均36個(gè)月的TRT后未發(fā)現(xiàn)PSA的急劇升高或腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。Pastuszak等[13]的研究將103例RP術(shù)后接受TRT的患者作為治療組,同時(shí)在治療組中根據(jù)切緣陽(yáng)性、Gleason評(píng)分≥8分或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移分為高危亞組與非高危亞組,與49例RP術(shù)后未接受TRT的患者進(jìn)行對(duì)照。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),治療組的PSA在開始TRT的18~24個(gè)月后出現(xiàn)小幅度的升高,較對(duì)照組有升高的趨勢(shì),但兩組的PSA速度(prostate specific antigen velocity,PSAV)比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。在27.5個(gè)月的中位隨訪時(shí)間內(nèi),分別在治療組和對(duì)照組中發(fā)現(xiàn)4例和8例生化復(fù)發(fā),兩組的腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

2.3根治性放射治療(radiation therapy,RT)后

Pastuszak等[14]的另一項(xiàng)研究回顧性分析了98例接受RT的前列腺癌患者,患者的中位年齡70歲,其中Gleason評(píng)分≤6分的占48%,Gleason評(píng)分7分占28.6%,Gleason評(píng)分≥8分占11.2%。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TRT后所有患者的平均PSA值增加0.01 ng/ml,但在高危患者中,平均PSA值從0.10 ng/ml增至0.36 ng/ml,高危組的PSA增長(zhǎng)值高于低危組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);另外,該研究中有6例患者出現(xiàn)生化復(fù)發(fā)。其認(rèn)為,對(duì)于RT后的前列腺癌患者,TRT僅引起輕微的PSA升高及小概率的生化復(fù)發(fā)。另有一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RT后的前列腺癌患者接受TRT,未發(fā)現(xiàn)PSA明顯升高或腫瘤進(jìn)展[15-18],結(jié)果與Pastuszak等[14]基本相符。

2.4主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)(active surveillance,AS)期

Morgentaler等[19]隨訪了13例選擇AS的前列腺癌患者,因確診性腺功能減退癥而行TRT?;颊咧形荒挲g58.8歲,前列腺穿刺活檢提示12例Gleason評(píng)分6分,1例Gleason評(píng)分7分。TRT后患者的PSA、前列腺體積未見顯著改變,且未發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。Kacker等[20]回顧分析了126例在前列腺癌AS期間出現(xiàn)性腺功能減退癥的患者,其中28例接受TRT,98例未接受TRT,同時(shí)根據(jù)穿刺活檢的Gleason評(píng)分,將28例治療組的患者分為3+3組與3+4組。在為期半年以上的TRT后,3+3組的22例患者中3例患者進(jìn)展至Gleason評(píng)分3+4,3+4組的6例患者中2例出現(xiàn)前列腺腫瘤體積增大(3針以上陽(yáng)性或單針50%以上為腫瘤組織),但Gleason評(píng)分無(wú)變化;對(duì)照組98例Gleason評(píng)分3+3的患者中9例出現(xiàn)Gleason評(píng)分增加,34例出現(xiàn)前列腺腫瘤體積增大。治療組與對(duì)照組的PSA增長(zhǎng)值、Gleason評(píng)分的變化及活檢組織學(xué)進(jìn)展(包括Gleason評(píng)分增加及腫瘤體積增大)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

2.5進(jìn)展期

Fowler等[21]報(bào)道了晚期前列腺癌患者的睪酮治療,其回顧分析了52例骨轉(zhuǎn)移的前列腺癌患者,在給予外源性雄激素后,45例患者出現(xiàn)客觀或主觀上的不適反應(yīng),主要為新發(fā)的骨痛或原癥狀的加重,而停止睪酮治療后,其中33例患者的不適感得到迅速緩解。Ferreira等[22]隨訪5例局部進(jìn)展期的前列腺癌患者,在睪丸切除術(shù)后給予間歇TRT,中位隨訪24個(gè)月,5例患者PSA均升高,其中1例在治療14個(gè)月時(shí)PSA升至12 ng/ml。Leibowitz等[23]隨訪了96例前列腺癌患者,其中61%的患者因腫瘤局部晚期或淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性等原因接受ADT治療,47%的患者Gleason評(píng)分高于4+3;TRT后41例出現(xiàn)PSA進(jìn)展,7例出現(xiàn)影像學(xué)進(jìn)展,58%的患者因PSA升高而中斷TRT。

3小結(jié)

Morgentaler等[24]在2009年提出前列腺飽和度模型,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在低雄激素水平下,前列腺癌的發(fā)展對(duì)雄激素敏感,而當(dāng)雄激素濃度高于某一水平后,前列腺癌的發(fā)展不再隨雄激素的變化而變化。因此,他們認(rèn)為雄激素促進(jìn)前列腺癌進(jìn)展的能力有限,即雄激素受體飽和后,雄激素的升高不再影響PSA及前列腺大小。Traish等[25]已測(cè)出雄激素受體的飽和點(diǎn)約在240 ng/dl,低于正常生理水平。結(jié)合上述研究,一些學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為TRT在早期的、非高危的前列腺癌患者中使用安全有效[26-27]。然而,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為目前仍沒(méi)有充足的證據(jù)證實(shí)TRT應(yīng)用于前列腺癌患者的安全性[28]。鑒于上述研究均為回顧性病例分析,大部分研究的樣本量較少、早期前列腺癌的比例較高,缺乏更為全面的大樣本量的前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。從Fowler等[21]及Leibowitz等[23]的研究中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)移或局部進(jìn)展期的前列腺癌,尤其是去勢(shì)治療后的前列腺癌,TRT后多數(shù)患者出現(xiàn)疾病進(jìn)展,較多人因臨床癥狀加重或PSA進(jìn)展而停止TRT。這可能由于內(nèi)分泌治療后前列腺癌細(xì)胞的雄激素受體數(shù)量增高及雄激素受體突變等,導(dǎo)致癌細(xì)胞對(duì)雄激素的敏感性增加??梢?,對(duì)于進(jìn)展期前列腺癌患者,TRT仍需慎重。本文認(rèn)為,不能因?yàn)榇嬖谇傲邢侔┻M(jìn)展的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而忽略TRT帶來(lái)的生活質(zhì)量改善。就已有研究來(lái)看,經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的篩選,TRT可以應(yīng)用于AS或經(jīng)根治性治療后低危前列腺癌患者的性腺功能減退癥,但仍需在嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)測(cè)下進(jìn)行。目前仍需更多的研究去探索TRT在前列腺癌患者中的安全性。

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(收稿日期:2019-08-29? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)

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