王靜 杜紅興
【摘要】 目的:分析檢測血管性癡呆(VD)和阿爾茨海默病(AD)血清炎癥因子和臨床生化指標(biāo)的變化,為臨床提供檢測依據(jù)。方法:選取AD患者50例(AD組)和VD患者50例(VD組)以及收集同期健康老年人體檢合格者50例作為正常對照組進(jìn)行研究,檢測三組血清炎癥因子[腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、人白細(xì)胞介素-1α(IL-1α)和人白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)]和生化指標(biāo)[載脂蛋白E(apoE)、載脂蛋白B(apoB)、載脂蛋白A(apoA)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、總膽固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)],比較三組各指標(biāo)的變化。結(jié)果:AD組和VD組TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β均明顯高于正常對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但AD組和VD組相比,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組IL-1α比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與正常對照組相比,AD組和VD組中LDL-C、TG和Hcy均明顯增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),HDL-C和apoA均明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P <0.05);AD組和VD組TG相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但兩組其他指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組TC、apoB和apoE比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:血清炎癥因子和生化指標(biāo)為VD和AD在臨床上的診斷提供了一定的檢測依據(jù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 血管性癡呆 阿爾茨海默病 血清炎癥因子 生化指標(biāo)
Changes of Serum Inflammatory Factors and Clinical Biochemical Indicators in Vascular Dementia and Alzheimers Disease/WANG Jing, DU Hongxing. //Medical Innovation of China, 2020, 17(09): 0-044
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the changes of serum inflammatory factors and clinical biochemical markers in patients with vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimers disease (AD), and providing evidence for clinical examination. Method: A total of 50 patients with AD (AD group) and 50 patients with VD (VD group), and 50 healthy old people who passed the physical examination in the same period were collected as the normal control group. The serum inflammatory factor [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), human interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and human interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] and biochemical markers [Lipoprotein E (apoE), apolipoprotein B (apoB), apolipoprotein A (apoA), homocysteine (Hcy), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG)] of three groups were detected, the changes in various indicators of three groups were compared. Result: The TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in AD group and VD group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences between AD group and VD group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in IL-1α among three groups (P>0.05). Compared with the normal control group, LDL-C, TG and Hcy in AD group and VD group were significantly increased, the HDL-C and apoA were significantly lower, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). TG of AD group and VD group compared, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), and the differences of other indexes in two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in TC, apoB and apoE among three groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Serum inflammatory factors and biochemical indicators provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis of VD and AD.
[Key words] Vascular dementia Alzheimers disease Serum inflammatory factors Biochemical indicators
First-authors address: Shenyang Anning Hospital, Shenyang 110000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2020.09.010
世界上幾乎每個國家都有老年癡呆癥患者,盡管營養(yǎng)不良、貧困、戰(zhàn)爭和傳染病導(dǎo)致死亡,但預(yù)計(jì)世界上最不發(fā)達(dá)和發(fā)展中地區(qū)的癡呆率將以驚人的速度增加。老年性癡呆最常見的疾病類型是阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimers disease,AD)和血管性癡呆(vascular dementia,VD)[1]。AD約占癡呆癥病例的三分之二,雖然AD是最常見的癡呆診斷,但老年癡呆癥病例除了β-淀粉樣蛋白(斑塊)和含tau聚集體(神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié))的典型AD病理外,還顯示組織學(xué)改變[2-7]。這些額外的非AD病理變化,通常是血管、路易小體或TAR DNA結(jié)合蛋白(TDP)-43病理,發(fā)生在患有臨床AD的患者以及其他類型的癡呆中[8-9]。對于大多數(shù)類型的癡呆癥,目前還沒有已知的治療或預(yù)防措施。飲食和生活方式可能會影響風(fēng)險,研究表明,影響血管系統(tǒng)疾病的中年病史,如高血壓、2型糖尿病和肥胖,均會增加患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險,包括阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)[10-13]。在中國,49%的癡呆患者被歸類為正常老齡化,僅21%患者有足夠的診斷評估[14]。本研究通過檢測VD和AD血清炎癥因子和生化指標(biāo)的變化,從而為臨床診斷提供檢測依據(jù)。現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 分別選取2018年1-9月本院收治的AD患者50例(AD組)和VD患者50例(VD組),另收集同期健康老年人體檢合格者50例作為正常對照組進(jìn)行研究。AD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按美國國立神經(jīng)病語言交流障礙和卒中研究所老年性癡呆及相關(guān)疾病學(xué)會,進(jìn)行簡易漢密頓抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)[15]、智能精神狀態(tài)量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)[16]、漢密頓焦慮量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)評定[17]。VD依據(jù)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會神經(jīng)學(xué)分會制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診[18]。正常對照組經(jīng)詢問均無神經(jīng)性疾病史。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡40歲以上;根據(jù)《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)》第四版(DSM-IV)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[19],受試者符合診斷AD或VD或混合性AD和VD的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);輕度至中度癡呆(MMSE分?jǐn)?shù)定義為10~24分);能夠閱讀、編寫、交流和理解認(rèn)知測試說明;擁有負(fù)責(zé)任的護(hù)理員,每天與患者共度足夠的時間;在研究期間,護(hù)理人員將陪同患者進(jìn)行所有門診就診,并監(jiān)督所有研究用藥要求和伴隨用藥。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):具有其他腦部疾?。ㄓ材は卵[,創(chuàng)傷后/手術(shù)后)的放射學(xué)證據(jù);患除AD和VD以外的其他腦部疾病引起的癡呆[如帕金森病、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘疾病、腫瘤、腦積水、頭部受傷、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)感染(包括梅毒)、獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征等];由研究人員判斷為不適合進(jìn)入研究的肺、肝、胃腸、代謝、內(nèi)分泌或其他威脅生命疾病的臨床證據(jù);最近3個月患有臨床不穩(wěn)定的高血壓、糖尿病和心臟病;篩查前3個月曾因中風(fēng)或急性冠狀動脈綜合征住院;在篩選的前12個月內(nèi)濫用藥物或酗酒;對研究產(chǎn)品和媒介的任何成分過敏或已知過敏。三組均無糖尿病史、肥胖、甲狀腺疾病和肝臟、腎臟疾病。該研究已經(jīng)倫理學(xué)委員會批準(zhǔn),患者知情同意。
1.2 方法 采集三組清晨空腹靜脈血,分離血清于EP管中在-20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?,用于檢測患者生化指標(biāo)和血性炎癥因子,避免反復(fù)凍存。炎癥因子水平檢測分別采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA),由美國R&D公司提供。放射免疫測定法(radioimmunoassay,RIA),由北京北方科技有限公司提供,檢測過程中嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒操作說明書進(jìn)行操作。生化指標(biāo)測定采用日立7180全自動生化分析儀進(jìn)行測定,測定步驟嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒操作說明書進(jìn)行,均嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行質(zhì)量控制要求,按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序(standard operation procedure,SOP)文件進(jìn)行。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 血清炎癥因子指標(biāo):腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、人白細(xì)胞介素-1α(interleukin-1α,IL-1α)和人白細(xì)胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)。生化指標(biāo):載脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,apoE)、載脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein B,apoB)、載脂蛋白A(apolipoprotein A,apoA)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、總膽固醇(totalcholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)和甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 13.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組一般資料 AD組男27例,女23例,平均年齡(75.21±12.52)歲。VD組男26例,女24例,平均年齡(74.85±13.15)歲。正常對照組男23例,女27例,平均年齡(76.74±16.37)歲。三組性別、年齡資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 三組血清炎癥因子檢測結(jié)果比較 AD組和VD組TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β均明顯高于正常對照組(P<0.05),但AD組和VD組相比,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組IL-1α比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.3 三組生化指標(biāo)檢測結(jié)果比較 與正常對照組相比,AD組和VD組LDL-C、TG和Hcy均明顯增高(P<0.05),HDL-C和apoA均明顯降低(P<0.05);AD組和VD組TG相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其他指標(biāo)比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組TC、apoB和apoE比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
AD是癡呆最常見的病因,占所有癡呆病例的50%~75%[20-21]。盡管之前進(jìn)行了大量的研究工作,但對AD的保護(hù)和致病因素的作用機(jī)制仍不清楚,在過去的十年中,沒有新的藥物問世,現(xiàn)有的藥物只是暫時穩(wěn)定部分患者的癥狀,但并沒有緩解病情的發(fā)展[22-23]。這種失敗體現(xiàn)在臨床失敗率極高(99.6%),是生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域中最高的[24-26]。
傳統(tǒng)的AD研究大多都是基于動物模型的,通常是轉(zhuǎn)基因(Tg)和近交系小鼠,以試圖概括人類疾病的遺傳和病理特征[27]。然而,Tg動物,盡管存在幾種典型的AD特征,如淀粉樣蛋白β形成、神經(jīng)炎斑塊、神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)(NFT)、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)增生、突觸改變和神經(jīng)退化的跡象,但不會發(fā)展人類AD的臨床病理復(fù)雜性[28-31]。此外,似乎在這些模型中有效的治療方法還沒有轉(zhuǎn)化到人類身上[27,32-34],這表明動物模型和人類狀態(tài)之間存在明顯的脫節(jié),研究者沒有充分考慮這一點(diǎn)。動物模型的另一個問題是它們也可能產(chǎn)生假陰性數(shù)據(jù),導(dǎo)致臨床研究中可能對人類有效的化合物被排除在外。但最近據(jù)報道,癡呆癥的發(fā)病率在西歐趨于穩(wěn)定,但這主要?dú)w因于預(yù)防措施和生活條件的改善[35]。類似地,弗雷明漢心臟研究報告稱,在30年的過程中血管風(fēng)險因素和與心力衰竭、中風(fēng)或心房顫動相關(guān)的癡呆風(fēng)險有所下降[36]。
然而研究顯示免疫炎癥反應(yīng)是AD發(fā)病的重要機(jī)制之一[37]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,AD組和VD組TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β均明顯高于正常對照組(P<0.05),但AD組和VD組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組IL-1α比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。生化指標(biāo)檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常對照組相比,AD組和VD組LDL-C、TG和Hcy均明顯增高(P<0.05),HDL-C和apoA均明顯降低(P<0.05);AD組和VD組TG相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其他指標(biāo)比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組TC、apoB和apoE比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究同時檢測了AD組和VD組炎癥因子和生化指標(biāo),其可用于輔助診斷AD和VD,對AD和VD的鑒別診斷也有一定的價值。對于此現(xiàn)象,筆者將在后續(xù)研究中加大樣本量進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證,深入探討高炎癥反應(yīng)、高Hcy血癥和高脂血癥與AD和VD發(fā)病的關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步預(yù)防和治療AD和VD的發(fā)病。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-24) (本文編輯:程旭然)
通信作者:王靜