王麗娟 劉欣 魯翠紅 王紅霞 劉熒 呂娜
【摘要】 目的:分析AD8聯(lián)合MOCA量表對中老年體檢人群認(rèn)知功能障礙篩查情況。方法:采用方便抽樣的方式以體檢人群為研究對象,均進(jìn)行癡呆篩查問卷(AD8)、蒙特利爾認(rèn)知功能評估(MOCA)、焦慮量表(GAD-7)和抑郁量表(PHQ-9),分析體檢人群中認(rèn)知障礙情況患病情況及影響因素。結(jié)果:(1)共收集140例體檢者,AD8問卷≥2分的24例(17%),主要以記憶力下降為主。MOCA認(rèn)知測評發(fā)現(xiàn)40例(29%)≤25分,其中26例(19%)存在輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(mild cognitive impairment,MCI);GAD-7焦慮自評量表篩查中大于4分22例(16%);PHQ-9抑郁自評量表篩查中大于4分24例(17%)。(2)在高齡、低教育水平組,AD8分值明顯高于低年齡組、高教育水平組。MOCA量表測評中高齡、低教育水平組得分明顯小于低年齡、高教育水平組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。(3)在年齡<55歲人群中,PHQ-9量表及GAD-7量表得分均高于年齡≥55歲人群。(4)多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡是認(rèn)知功能下降的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而教育水平是保護(hù)因素。(5)在AD8、MOCA的診斷試驗(yàn)及ROC曲線中發(fā)現(xiàn),MOCA測評敏感度、特異度及ROC曲線下面積明顯優(yōu)于AD8及AD8+MOCA,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:對于年齡≥55歲體檢人群,應(yīng)早期進(jìn)行MOCA認(rèn)知篩查,具有較高的敏感度,可早期發(fā)現(xiàn)輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙人群;對于年齡<55歲人群,應(yīng)關(guān)注焦慮、抑郁等神經(jīng)心理功能的篩查。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 體檢 認(rèn)知障礙 中老年人
[Abstract] Objective: To analyze the AD8 combined with MOCA scale in screening for cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly people undergoing physical examination. Method: They were given the convenient sampling method, the subjects of physical examination were all investigated by dementia screening questionnaire (AD8), Montreal cognitive function assessment (MOCA), anxiety scale (GAD-7) and depression scale (PHQ-9). The prevalence and influencing factors of cognitive disorders in physical examination population were analyzed. Result: (1)A total of 140 subjects were collected, of which 24 cases (17%) received AD8 questionnaire≥2 scores, mainly dueto memory decline, MOCA cognitive assessment found that 40 cases (29%) ≤25 scores, among which 26 cases (19%) had mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In DAD-7 self-rating scale screening, 22 cases (16%)> 4 scores, PHQ-9 self-rating depression scale screening was greater than 4 scores in 24 cases (17%). (2) In the old age and low education group, the AD8 score was significantly higher than the low age and high education level. The sores of MOCA in the old age and low education level were significantly lower than the low age and high education level group. (3) In people who less than 55 years old, the scores of PHQ-9 scale and GAD-7 scale were higher than those of people aged ≥55 years old. (4) Multi factor analysis showed that age was an independent risk factor for cognitive decline, while education level was a protective factor. (5) In the ROC curve diagnostic test of AD8 and MOCA, the sensitivity, specificity and ROC curve of MOCA were sigrrificantly better than those of AD8 and AD8 + MOCA (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results provide support for the MOCA, has a high senstivity, in identifying mild cognitive impairment for ageing more than 55 years people in physical examination. However, for less than 55 years old, we should pay more attention to the anxiety and depression.[Key words] Physical examination Cognitive impairment Middle-aged and elderly peopleFirst-authors address: Beijing Zhongguancun Hospital, Beijing 100190, China
隨著我國老齡化程度加重,癡呆發(fā)病率逐年升高,嚴(yán)重影響老年人的身體健康。據(jù)報(bào)道我國每年癡呆的發(fā)生率是4%[1],隨著我國60歲以上人口的增多,目前我國癡呆患病數(shù)占世界總體癡呆人數(shù)的25%[2],癡呆是我國老年人群重要疾病之一,給患者、家庭、社會帶來沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)[3]。然而,雖然我國目前癡呆人口較多,發(fā)病率高,但知曉率與診斷率遠(yuǎn)低于高等水平國家,尤其是在農(nóng)村[4]。王魯寧[5]教授提倡建立老年人年度例行記憶體檢制度,并將癡呆篩查和評估置于常規(guī)醫(yī)療服務(wù)項(xiàng)目中,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能下降人群,早期治療,針對可治療因素給予積極控制,逆轉(zhuǎn)或減慢癡呆的發(fā)展,提高老年人生活質(zhì)量,可明顯減少癡呆發(fā)生。本研究通過對北京市海淀區(qū)中關(guān)村醫(yī)院部分體檢人群進(jìn)行認(rèn)知功能篩查,初步了解體檢人群中認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)病情況及影響因素,提高社區(qū)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)對認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)注,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 連續(xù)收集2017年11月-2018年4月在中關(guān)村醫(yī)院體檢中心體檢、年齡≥40歲以上人群為研究對象,共140例,男76例,女64例,平均年齡(53±10)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡≥40歲的體檢人群。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)功能缺損或伴有精神障礙、嚴(yán)重心臟系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、肝腎功能損害。該項(xiàng)課題已通過醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)委員會批準(zhǔn),所有調(diào)查對象均同意本測評與調(diào)查。
1.2 方法 所有調(diào)查對象均進(jìn)行AD8、MOCA、抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、焦慮量表(GAD-7),同時記錄調(diào)查對象的一般資料(性別、年齡、文化程度、職業(yè)、既往史)與相應(yīng)化驗(yàn)指標(biāo)。由中關(guān)村神經(jīng)內(nèi)科課題組統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)的??漆t(yī)師在獨(dú)立安靜環(huán)境下,進(jìn)行面對面、一對一的完成AD8、MOCA量表問卷調(diào)查。抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、焦慮量表(GAD-7)在充分告知評估方法后由體檢者獨(dú)立完成。問卷結(jié)果由課題組人員進(jìn)行核查,對于不清楚、填寫錯誤、缺項(xiàng)的電話聯(lián)系核實(shí)后再次錄入。結(jié)果采用雙遍錄入,保證調(diào)查結(jié)果的可靠性、準(zhǔn)確性。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)AD8癡呆篩查問卷共包括8個問題,通過詢問患者本人來評估記憶力、定向力等認(rèn)知功能。根據(jù)回答“是”或“否”進(jìn)行評估,在癡呆的極早期階段,AD8≥2項(xiàng)者被評定可疑有記憶功能障礙,該量表具有較好的信度和效度,敏感度和特異度分別為85.7%、77.6%[6]。AD8陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn):AD8評分≥2分,陰性標(biāo)準(zhǔn):AD8評分<2分。(2)MOCA量表包括視空間結(jié)構(gòu)、執(zhí)行能力、注意力、記憶力、語言功能、抽象思維、計(jì)算和定向力等8個認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域,可以快速篩查輕度認(rèn)知功能領(lǐng)域,總分30分,≥25分為正常。檢查癡呆的靈敏度為78%,特異度為89%[7],教育年限≤12年者可加一分,分值越高提示認(rèn)知功能越好。MOCA陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn):MOCA評分<25分,陰性標(biāo)準(zhǔn):MOCA評分≥25分。(3)PHQ-9抑郁自評量表共包括9個問題,最高分27分,最低分0分,分值>4分可能存在抑郁。(4)GAD-7焦慮自評量表,共7個問題,最高分21分,最低分0分,分值>4分可能存在焦慮。(5)MCI診斷依據(jù)2003年國際工作組制定的MCI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:①患者或知情人報(bào)告或臨床醫(yī)師發(fā)現(xiàn)認(rèn)知的損害;②存在一個或多個認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域損害的客觀證據(jù);③復(fù)雜的工具性日常能力輕微損害,但保持獨(dú)立的日常生活能力;④未達(dá)到癡呆診斷。聯(lián)合診斷陽性標(biāo)準(zhǔn):AD8評分≥2分+MOCA評分≤25分,陰性標(biāo)準(zhǔn):AD8評分<2分+MOCA評分>25分。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布用(x±s)表示,兩樣本比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布采用M(P25,P75)表示,兩個獨(dú)立樣本比較采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn);多因素分析采用二分類Logistic回歸分析;診斷試驗(yàn)評價ROC曲線下面積及敏感度及特異度。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 海淀區(qū)體檢中心140例健康體檢者一般資料 本研究共收回140份調(diào)查結(jié)果,男76例(54%),女64例(46%);年齡:40~49歲60例(43%),50~59歲32例(23%),60~69歲34例(24%),70~79歲12例(9%),80歲及以上2例(1%);文化程度:小學(xué)2例(1%),初中及高中30例(21%),大專46例(33%),大學(xué)及以上62例(44%)。AD8自評量表,24例(17%)≥2分;MOCA認(rèn)知測評,<25分40例(29%);PHQ-9抑郁自評量表,>4分24例(17%);GAD-7焦慮自評量表,>4分22例(16%)。AD8+MOCA測評雙陽性結(jié)果10例(7%);PHQ-9+GAD-7自評量表均大于4分共14例(10%)。
2.2 不同性別、年齡、學(xué)歷AD8、MOCA、PHQ-9、GAD-7量表得分比較 AD8測評,年齡≥55歲、低教育水平AD8得分均明顯高于年齡<55歲、高教育人群(P<0.05)。MOCA認(rèn)知測評量表,年齡≥55歲人群、低教育人群總分明顯低于年齡<55歲、高教育人群(P<0.05);MOCA認(rèn)知測評中女性得分明顯高于男性(P<0.05)。PHQ-9抑郁自評量表與GAD-7焦慮自評量表,年齡<55歲人群,自評得分明顯高于年齡≥55歲人群(P<0.05)。大學(xué)及以上學(xué)歷人群GAD-7中得分明顯高于低學(xué)歷人群(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 影響認(rèn)知功能障礙的Logistic回歸分析 因變量為是否存在癡呆或輕度認(rèn)知功能下降(MCI),自變量包括年齡、性別、學(xué)歷,多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡是認(rèn)知功能下降的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而教育水平是認(rèn)識功能下降的保護(hù)因素,見表2。
2.4 AD8聯(lián)合MOCA應(yīng)用的ROC曲線分析 ROC曲線分析提示,在體檢人群中篩查MCI,MOCA量表具有較高的敏感度及特異度,明顯高于AD8及AD8+MOCA組,綜合發(fā)現(xiàn)MOCA測評的ROC曲線下面積最大(P<0.005),見表3。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-04) (本文編輯:程旭然)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2020年7期