湯丹文

武學(xué)篇

正因?yàn)榕c寧波萬氏一門的淵源，黃宗羲才會在白云莊內(nèi)成立證人書院，收徒授學(xué)，歷時達(dá)8年之久。白云莊的學(xué)子們因此成為“浙東學(xué)派”的主力，其流風(fēng)也從這里至于全國，其學(xué)脈則傳于嘉乾至清末。

如果說天一閣是寧波書藏古今的標(biāo)志，那么，位于寧波城西管江岸的白云莊便是“浙東學(xué)派”的圣地。中國17世紀(jì)最偉大的思想家黃宗羲曾講學(xué)于此。所以，寧波老話有云：“城內(nèi)天一閣，城外白云莊?！?/p>

春日，我走進(jìn)白云莊。如今，它早已不是城外的偏僻之地，距寧波最繁華的中山路僅有百米之遙。但由于有西塘河以及支流萬家河的環(huán)繞，這里芳草萋萋，清幽一片。

白云莊是個文采斐然之地，應(yīng)不奇怪。但走馬觀花下來，我發(fā)覺此地卻也是武魂幽長的所在?！罢銝|學(xué)派”的“史學(xué)大柱”全祖望撰寫的楹聯(lián)貼切地描述了這個文武相濟(jì)之地：“倜儻指揮天下事，風(fēng)騷驅(qū)使古人書。”

一

其實(shí)，建成之初，這里并不叫白云莊，而是甬上望族萬氏的別院。在明代，作為抗倭名將的萬邦孚因病辭官回家，晚年在西郊“營生壙，筑墓莊”，遂有了白云莊的雛形。

明末，這里成了當(dāng)時任戶部主事的萬泰的莊園。而他的兒子萬斯選著有《白云集》，人稱“白云先生”，卒后也葬于此地。漸漸地，寧波人把這里稱作“白云莊”了。

從萬邦孚上溯，萬氏家族的先人都是一介武夫。

先祖萬斌隨明太祖朱元彰起事，明開國后被封為“武略將軍”。之后，萬氏先后有三代四人為國捐軀，被譽(yù)為“三世四忠”：

洪武五年，萬斌隨軍征元，大戰(zhàn)于阿魯渾河，橫槊馳突，力戰(zhàn)而歿，誥贈“明威將軍指揮僉事”。

萬鐘，萬斌之子，襲父爵守定海，后升為寧波衛(wèi)指揮僉事。建文四年，燕王朱棣破南京，萬鐘騎射戰(zhàn)燕王，戰(zhàn)死于大興花園。

萬武，萬鐘長子，與父親一樣同為寧波衛(wèi)指揮僉事，為官清廉謹(jǐn)慎。后來涉事，謫守廣西，跟著明朝的黔國公征伐交趾。他率軍進(jìn)入檀舍江，因瘴疬侵入，帶病力戰(zhàn)而死，年方23歲。

萬文，萬鐘次子，萬武的弟弟，襲兄爵。永樂十六年，倭寇入侵蓮花洋，他率舟師出海迎敵，斬擒甚多。次年六月，遇颶風(fēng)在桃渚?？谥鄹捕?，年僅22歲。

接下來的三四代，至萬表，已成為身兼名將與名儒于一身的人物。據(jù)說，萬表“晝則騎射，夜讀經(jīng)史”，為將為官，先是以督漕運(yùn)聲聞于朝，后又破倭寇屢建奇功，嘉靖末年在浙江渚山率僧兵大敗倭寇。理學(xué)研究方面，萬表與羅洪先、王畿、錢德洪交友切磋，為“浙中王門”重要人物。他也讓萬氏家族從武功蓋世的世臣，成為甬上數(shù)一數(shù)二的望族。

讓萬氏家族真正“棄武從文”的是萬泰。萬泰曾與黃宗羲一起師事蕺山劉宗周。崇禎九年，他即中鄉(xiāng)試，是第一位通過科舉考試獲取功名的萬氏文人。“棄累代戈矛之傳，以文史代驅(qū)馳”，從此成了萬氏家族發(fā)展的主旋律。

二

在當(dāng)時的寧波，萬泰是學(xué)界的領(lǐng)袖，更以“義聲震天下”，與諸子激揚(yáng)名節(jié)，扶掖后進(jìn)，開明末清初寧波學(xué)風(fēng)。但萬泰這個文人，也承續(xù)了家族的武魂，嫉惡如仇，勇武無比。

作為復(fù)社名士、“東林四先生”之一，萬泰曾出頭聲討閹黨余孽阮大鉞，與黃宗羲等人一起署名《留都防亂公揭》。

清順治二年，萬泰參加了錢肅樂領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的寧波城隍廟抗清起義，但“以角巾視事，不受職”。

順治七年，他與黃宗羲、李文胤合謀，以計脫黃宗炎于難，用死囚把他偷換至白云莊。

從萬泰的這些經(jīng)歷不難看出，他與“浙東學(xué)派”的一代宗師黃宗羲，是學(xué)術(shù)上的志同道合者，更是生死過命的朋友。萬泰向?qū)幉ǖ膶W(xué)人們推介“今日學(xué)術(shù)文章，當(dāng)以姚江黃氏為正宗”，而梨洲先生報之以“浙東門風(fēng)之雄，莫過萬氏矣”。

黃宗羲的激賞，是感佩萬氏家族的一門英武忠烈，更緣于萬泰八個兒子、人稱“萬氏八龍”的橫空出世。斯年、斯程、斯禎、斯昌、斯選、斯大、斯備、斯同——萬泰的8個兒子師事黃宗羲，或經(jīng)學(xué)，或史學(xué)，或理學(xué)，或文學(xué)，最后皆有所成。其中的萬斯同、萬斯大分別在清代史學(xué)和經(jīng)學(xué)研究中脫穎而出，成就了“浙東學(xué)派”在寧波的風(fēng)華絕代。

毫不夸張地說，正因?yàn)榕c萬氏一門的淵源，黃宗羲才會在萬泰去世的十余年后，在他的莊園內(nèi)成立證人書院，收徒授學(xué)，歷時達(dá)8年之久。白云莊的學(xué)子們也因此成為“浙東學(xué)派”的主力，其流風(fēng)也從這里至于全國，其學(xué)脈則傳于乾嘉至清末。

而對萬氏的后人們來說，雖然窮經(jīng)究史，深處書齋，但他們家族的“武風(fēng)”不時穿堂而出，露出崢嶸。

在萬泰以“貍貓換太子”之計相救黃宗羲的弟弟黃宗炎時，去刑場執(zhí)行救人任務(wù)的便是萬泰的二子萬斯程。其時，他硬是背負(fù)黃宗炎，奔走十里至白云莊。他的兄弟萬斯昌死后也歸葬于此，其碑文稱：“（萬斯昌）少負(fù)奇氣，勇力過人，明季兵起，避地鄉(xiāng)村，獨(dú)持短戈往來，捍衛(wèi)里人，群謂不愧名將家子?！?/p>

修史九年，手定《明史稿》五百卷，被后人認(rèn)為是繼司馬遷、班固以后的又一位史學(xué)大家的萬斯同，在年幼之時比較頑皮，盡顯武人之相，整日打打鬧鬧，不肯讀書。萬泰無計可施，只能把他關(guān)在書房中。

百無聊賴的萬斯同把書架上的明史資料拿出來看，沒想到看了進(jìn)去，進(jìn)而熟記于心。自此以后，他博通諸史，尤精明史。最后，他和侄子萬言以“不署銜、不受俸”的百姓身份北上修史，成就了“四方聲價歸明水，一代賢奸托布衣”的美談。

“八龍”之一的萬斯大，“以窮經(jīng)為己任”，館設(shè)杭州武林。這個治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，倡導(dǎo)“非通諸經(jīng)則不能通一經(jīng)，非悟傳注之失則不能通經(jīng)，非以經(jīng)釋經(jīng)則無以悟傳注之失”的學(xué)者，雖久坐書齋，終日研經(jīng)，但在大義之前卻能挺身而出，盡顯高義本色。鄉(xiāng)人張蒼水抗清被執(zhí)，就義于杭州弼教坊。萬斯大和朱錫九、朱錫蘭兄弟一起葬張蒼水于南屏北山麓荔枝峰，與岳飛、于謙墓在一起。萬斯大以他的嗜義若渴，完成了蒼水先生“國亡家破欲何之？西子湖頭有我?guī)煛Ｈ赵码p懸于氏墓，乾坤半壁岳家祠”的遺愿。

而“萬氏八龍”之后的十二世萬言、萬經(jīng)、萬世標(biāo)與十三世萬承勛等，也各有所承，學(xué)問斐然。但在急難之時，亦展勇武本色。

萬承勛，萬言之子，黃宗羲的孫婿。當(dāng)時，萬言當(dāng)知縣，“忤大吏，論死”。萬承勛狂走數(shù)千里，告貸五千金，贖父以歸，世稱“萬孝子”。

三

其實(shí)，在明末清初，浙東的讀書人許多都是忠勇有氣節(jié)之士，只不過萬氏因有武人家傳，更顯突出而已。對“浙東學(xué)派”宗師黃宗羲而言，他的前半生又何嘗不是一個“武人”。

1645年，清軍占領(lǐng)杭州，向浙東推進(jìn)。魯王朱以海被復(fù)明義軍迎接到紹興“監(jiān)國”。黃宗羲得知后，組織了家鄉(xiāng)黃竹浦子弟600余人組成義軍，時稱“世忠營”。魯王任命黃宗羲為兵部職方司主事，負(fù)責(zé)輿圖、軍制、城隍、鎮(zhèn)戍、簡練、征討等方面的軍務(wù)管理，領(lǐng)正六品銜。

兵敗后，黃宗羲率殘兵退入四明山堅(jiān)持武裝抗清，自已也被清廷通緝，只得奉母攜子，避難于余姚化安山中。1649年7月，魯王重立監(jiān)國之號，黃宗羲重又投奔，任左副都御史。雖無實(shí)權(quán)，在海上讀書講學(xué)，空閑時注經(jīng)釋史，但也曾與阮美一起出使日本請求兵援。

出生入死的經(jīng)歷，讓黃宗羲吟出了“半生濱十死，兩火際一年”的悲憤詩句。也許，正是這種經(jīng)歷鑄成的勇武性格，讓他在《明夷待訪錄》中斗膽寫下了“為天下之大害者，君而已矣”這樣激揚(yáng)的文字。

讓我們追溯更遠(yuǎn)，在整個明代，浙東的許多讀書人往往顯示出勇武精進(jìn)的本色。心學(xué)大師王陽明自不必說，立德立言立功，武功卓著。就連看似文弱的“天下讀書種子”方孝孺，在威嚴(yán)皇權(quán)面前，為“求一個是”，殺身成仁，被誅十族。

如此看來，“武魂文魄白云莊，浙東書生盡勇武”，也是很自然的事了。

Scholars of Eastern Zhejiang School： Men of Courage and Action

By Tang Danwen

Scholars of Eastern Zhejiang School were more than scholars. They were men of courage and action. History shows that courage， action， and military talent were traditional attributes of the scholars in eastern Zhejiang.

Wang Yangming （1472-1529）， a scholar who is considered one of the four greatest scholars in the ancient history of China （the other three are Confucius， Mencius， Zhu Xi）， won many military campaigns in his brief government career. He smashed bandit gangs and uprisings and even cracked down a rebellion of a prince.

Fang Xiaoru （1357-1402）， a scholar from eastern Zhejiang， refused to surrender to Emperor Yongle， the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang， the founding emperor of the Ming （1368-1644）， and was thrown into prison. Emperor Yongle came to power after dethroning Emperor Jiancheng， a grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang. Loyal to Emperor Jiancheng， Fang refused to write an imperial decree that would declare the coronation of Emperor Yongle. Fang was eventually executed.

Zhang Cangshui （1620-1664）， a scholar of Ningbo， fought the Qing （1644-1911） after the Ming fell apart. He was arrested and refused to surrender. He was executed in Hangzhou in 1664.

If Tianyige Library， Chinas extant most ancient private library built in the 1560s， signifies the illustrious scholarship of Ningbo in eastern Zhejiang， then White Cloud House， which used to be a suburban property of the Wans， stands for the courage and action of scholars in Ningbo， a key city in eastern Zhejiang.

The house sat outside of Ningbo when it was first built. Now it is only about one hundred meters from the busiest downtown shopping area of the city. Wan Bangfu， a general of the Ming Dynasty who fought Japanese pirates， retired from military due to health issues and had a cemetery built in the western suburb of Ningbo City. The residence took shape. Toward the end years of the Ming， the property passed down to Wan Tai， then minister of the revenue ministry. His son Wan Sixuan was buried there too. As Wan Sixuan wrote a book called ， he was known as Master White Cloud and the residence was called White Cloud House.

The Wan family produced many generals. Wan Bin was a general fighting under the command of Zhu Yuanzhang， the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）. Four members of the family in three generations died in action for the country. The family of military exploits was prominent in Ningbo. It was Wan Tai （1598-1657） who turned the family into one of scholars. In 1630， he passed a provincial-level examination and became a ， a candidate qualified for taking Imperial Exams. He was the first one in the Wans that won such a scholarly degree. He became a leader of the academic circles in Ningbo. Wan Tai and Huang studied under Liu Zongzhou （1578-1645）， a scholar who studied under the disciples of Wang Yangming， arguably the most influential scholar of the Ming Dynasty. Huang Zongxi gave lectures at White Cloud House for eight years. Eight sons of Wan Tai studied under his guidance. Among the eight sons， Wan Sitong was a heavyweight historian who， in collaboration with other scholars including his niece Wan Yan， edited? for eight years. Wan took the imperial job on the condition that he wanted neither payment nor official title. As a commoner， he did the royal job. Wan Sida ran a private school in Hangzhou where he studied classics. He buried Zhang Cangshui in Hangzhou in 1664 after the hero was executed.

In the last years of the Ming， Wan Tai and Huang took part in political activities designed to revive the Ming and save it from falling apart. After the founding of the Qing in 1644， Wan and Huang took part in local resistance actions in Ningbo against the Qing army from the north. Huang went into hiding for a while after he was on the wanted list. After Huang was arrested and was about to be executed， Wan Tai organized a well-coordinated rescue and got Huang safely from execution. Wan Sicheng， one of the eight sons of Wan Tai， personally carried Huang on the back for five kilometers back to White Cloud House.