武明云 虞堅(jiān)爾 白莉 薛征 蔣沈華 徐萬超
[摘要] 本文綜述中藥干預(yù)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)信號(hào)通路中藥治療支氣管哮喘的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)展。NF-кB信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑可以調(diào)控免疫/炎癥細(xì)胞和氣道結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)胞等,誘發(fā)支氣管哮喘的發(fā)生及發(fā)展。近年來研究顯示,多種中藥復(fù)方、中藥單味藥及其提取物和中藥單體可通過抑制NF-κB通路,減輕氣道炎癥和氣道高反應(yīng),逆轉(zhuǎn)氣道重塑,在防治支氣管哮喘方面有顯著療效。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子信號(hào)通路;支氣管哮喘;中藥;綜述
[中圖分類號(hào)] R562.25 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)04(a)-0031-04
Progress of experimental research in the treatment of bronchial asthma with Chinese medicine based on NF-κB signaling pathway
WU Mingyun1,2 ? YU Jian′er1 ? BAI Li3 ? XUE Zheng1,3 ? JIANG Shenhua1,2 ? XU Wanchao1,2
1.Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai ? 200071, China; 2.Shanghai Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai ? 201203, China; 3.Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai ? 200071, China
[Abstract] This paper reviews the experiment research progress of Chinese medicine in the treatment of bronchial asthma via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. NF-кB signaling pathway can regulate immune/inflammatory cells and airway structure cells, inducing the occurrence and development of bronchial asthma. In recent years, experimental studies have shown that a variety of traditional Chinese medicine compounds, traditional Chinese medicine single-drugs and their extracts and traditional Chinese medicine monomers can be passed inhibits NF-κB pathway, improves asthma symptoms, reduces airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, reverses airway remodeling, and achieves significant effects in preventing and treating bronchial asthma.
[Key words] Nuclear transcription factor signaling pathway; Bronchial asthma; Chinese medicine; Review
支氣管哮喘(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“哮喘”)是一種由多基因參與的具有遺傳易感性的慢性氣道炎癥,與多種炎癥細(xì)胞、炎癥介質(zhì)和細(xì)胞因子等密切相關(guān)。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示[1-2],全球哮喘患者數(shù)量為3億左右,而我國(guó)已經(jīng)超過3千萬,其中相當(dāng)比例的患者為未成年兒童。已有研究顯示[3],核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)信號(hào)通路在哮喘發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用,可調(diào)節(jié)許多促炎介質(zhì)、黏附分子、呼吸黏蛋白以及生長(zhǎng)因子和血管生成因子的表達(dá)。中藥在哮喘發(fā)作期及緩解期的治療中效果突出,且不良反應(yīng)較少,對(duì)臨床具有重要意義。本文就NF-κB通路與哮喘的關(guān)系及中藥干預(yù)NF-κB信號(hào)通路治療哮喘進(jìn)行綜述。
1 NF-κB信號(hào)通路概述
NF-κB家族廣泛存在于哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞中,是一種重要的核轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子。NF-κB家族有5個(gè)成員,包括NF-κB1(p50及其前體p105)、NF-κB2(p52及其前體p100)、RelA(p65)、RelB和c-Rel,通常所說的NF-κB蛋白,是由p50、p65兩個(gè)亞基組成的異源二聚體,其在正常情況下呈非活躍狀態(tài),當(dāng)受到病毒、細(xì)胞因子、氧化劑等激活劑激活后,NF-κB的抑制蛋白(IκB)激酶被激活,IκB磷酸化、泛素化,最終被降解,NF-κB二聚體得到釋放,隨后轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi)與相應(yīng)啟動(dòng)子或增強(qiáng)子的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)結(jié)合,進(jìn)而調(diào)控多種基因如白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-I、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)、粒細(xì)胞-巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(GMCSF)等的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá)。這些因子參與細(xì)胞增殖、分化、生長(zhǎng),誘發(fā)炎癥趨化、免疫應(yīng)答和凋亡等過程[4]。見圖1。
圖1 ? NF-κB信號(hào)通路傳導(dǎo)圖
2 NF-κB信號(hào)通路與哮喘的關(guān)系
NF-κB在1986年被發(fā)現(xiàn),首次被鑒定為調(diào)節(jié)小鼠B淋巴細(xì)胞的k輕鏈表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[5]。隨著研究越來越多,發(fā)現(xiàn)NF-κB能調(diào)節(jié)多種促炎細(xì)胞因子和TNF的轉(zhuǎn)錄過程,而這些細(xì)胞因子與哮喘的發(fā)病機(jī)制密切相關(guān)[6-8]。NF-κB的激活滲透于氣道組織重塑(氣道周圍組織纖維化、平滑肌細(xì)胞增生及肥大、黏液生成等)的多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)和層面[9]。堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子通過激活NF-κB,促使靶細(xì)胞如氣道平滑肌細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等增生,最終導(dǎo)致氣道重塑[10]。此外,NF-κB信號(hào)失活會(huì)抑制氣道平滑肌細(xì)胞(ASMCs)的增殖和遷移[11]。提示NF-κB信號(hào)通路在哮喘的發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮一定作用,與氣道組織重塑和氣道炎癥的形成、持續(xù)存在及發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。
3 基于NF-κB信號(hào)通路的中藥防治哮喘的研究
3.1 中藥復(fù)方和中藥制劑
3.1.1 清肺止咳類 ?小青龍湯是漢代《傷寒論》中治療寒性哮喘的經(jīng)典方劑,由麻黃、桂枝、白芍、生姜、細(xì)辛、半夏、五味子、甘草組成,具有溫肺散結(jié)的功效。Song等[12]通過卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏及冷風(fēng)干預(yù)制做小鼠冷哮模型,通過不同藥物治療發(fā)現(xiàn),小青龍湯和地塞米松均可通過降低冷哮小鼠IL-1β、TNF-α、NF-κB和胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞生成素(TSLP)水平,而兩藥聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的效果最佳,提示小青龍湯可以通過NF-κB途徑來降低Th2相關(guān)炎癥細(xì)胞的釋放來治療哮喘。
麻黃定喘湯出自朝鮮醫(yī)家李濟(jì)馬的《東醫(yī)壽世保元》,由麻黃、杏仁、黃芩、萊菔子、桑白皮、桔梗、麥冬、款冬花、白果組成,諸藥共奏補(bǔ)肺瀉肝,化痰平喘之功效。楊今實(shí)等[13]研究顯示,麻黃定喘湯可降低OVA模型小鼠肺泡灌洗液(BAIF)中炎性細(xì)胞總數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、IL-4、IL-5、IL-13水平及肺組織絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)/NF-κB/血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)蛋白表達(dá)水平,推測(cè)麻黃定喘湯是通過抑制MAPKs/NF-κB/VEGF信號(hào)通路的表達(dá),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)哮喘的治療作用。
3.1.2 健脾益氣類 ?健脾益肺湯由黃芪、茯苓、炒白術(shù)、炒谷芽、人參、陳皮、桔梗、升麻、甘草、砂仁等組成,張文斌等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),健脾益肺湯能顯著抑制OVA致敏大鼠NF-κB及其磷酸化(p-NF-κB)水平,降低BALF中IL-4、IL-6和IL-13水平,增加γ干擾素(IFN-γ)的表達(dá),降低大鼠氣管壁厚度和平滑肌厚度,提示健脾益肺湯能改善哮喘模型大鼠氣道炎癥及氣道重塑。
益氣固本方由太子參、黃芪、白術(shù)、防風(fēng)、茯苓、當(dāng)歸、川芎、白芍、熟地黃、陳皮、法半夏、炙甘草等組成,全方有益氣平喘、扶正固本的功效[15]。邱立志等[16]采用益氣固本方聯(lián)合激素治療哮喘患兒發(fā)現(xiàn),益氣固本方聯(lián)合激素治療組NF-κB、血管緊張素-Ⅱ(Ang-Ⅱ)、神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(NGF)、抗氧化物(TAC)水平低于激素治療組,總有效率(95.24%)高于激素治療組(80.95%),提示益氣固本方可通過NF-κB信號(hào)通路改善哮喘患兒的氣流受限情況。
3.2單味中藥及其提取物
3.2.1 白術(shù) ?白術(shù)是菊科植物白術(shù)(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.)的根莖,從白術(shù)中分離出的揮發(fā)油、多糖和內(nèi)酯類等活性成分具有抗腫瘤、抗炎等作用[17]。Shin等[18]研究白術(shù)對(duì)OVA誘導(dǎo)過敏性小鼠的治療作用發(fā)現(xiàn),白術(shù)可降低小鼠BALF中IL-5、IL-13等炎性因子和免疫球蛋白(IgE)的浸潤(rùn),減少黏液分泌等,同時(shí)伴有NF-κB磷酸化的降低。提示白術(shù)可以通過調(diào)控NF-κB通路減輕過敏性哮喘的炎性反應(yīng)。
3.2.2 柴胡 ?柴胡為傘形科植物柴胡(Bupleurum chinense DC)或狹葉柴胡(Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd)的干燥根。其主要成分為柴胡皂苷,具有解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎等作用[19]。Bui等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),柴胡提取物可抑制支氣管壁增厚、黏液的過度分泌、膠原沉積和炎癥細(xì)胞如IL-1b、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6和TNF-α等的分泌,同時(shí)顯著降低NF-κBp65磷酸化、降解細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的IkBα。提示柴胡提取物可通過阻斷NF-κB通路來抑制Th2/Th17細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生治療過敏性哮喘。
3.2.3 黃芪 ?黃芪為豆科植物黃芪(Astragalus membranaceus Bunge)或內(nèi)蒙古黃芪(Amongholicus Bunge)等的干燥根,其提取物可以有效抑制哮喘的氣道重塑,減輕哮喘癥狀[21]。Yang等[22]研究顯示,黃芪提取物可減輕OVA致敏小鼠的肺部炎癥、杯狀細(xì)胞的增生和氣道高反應(yīng)性,減少BALF中嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞,并通過抑制NF-κB從細(xì)胞質(zhì)向細(xì)胞核的易位來降低過敏性哮喘Th2相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子如IL-4和IL-5的表達(dá),初步顯示黃芪提取物對(duì)哮喘的潛在治療價(jià)值及其可以通過抑制NF-κB通路的表達(dá)而發(fā)揮作用。
3.3中藥單體
3.3.1 穿心蓮內(nèi)酯 ?穿心蓮是一種治療呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的常用中藥,穿心蓮內(nèi)酯是穿心蓮的天然二萜類化合物。Peng等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),穿心蓮內(nèi)酯可顯著抑制OVA致敏小鼠BALF和血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-4及IL-β水平,并顯著降低IKKα/β、IkBα及NF-κB的磷酸化,顯示穿心蓮內(nèi)酯通過調(diào)節(jié)NF-κB和NLRP3炎性小體的活化來減輕小鼠的肺部炎癥。
3.3.2 姜黃素 ?姜黃素(CUR)屬于小分子量的酸性多酚類物質(zhì),是從姜科植物姜黃等根莖中提取得到的黃色色素,具有抗癌、抗炎和抗氧化等功效[24]。尹正海[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),姜黃素可顯著抑制OVA致敏哮喘大鼠嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞的分泌,降低IL-5、IL-13水平,提高IFN-γ的分泌,姜黃素高、低劑量組肺組織內(nèi)的NF-κBp65和p-p38MAPK的蛋白表達(dá)均顯著低于模型組。提示姜黃素對(duì)哮喘大鼠發(fā)揮的抗炎作用是通過調(diào)控NF-κB/MAPK信號(hào)通路來調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2平衡而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
3.3.3 雷公藤甲素 ?雷公藤甲素是從中草藥雷公藤中分離得到的二萜類三環(huán)氧化合物,可通過抑制多種促炎細(xì)胞因子和黏附分子來治療免疫性疾病,包括類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎和哮喘等,此外還具有抑制增殖和誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用[26]。Chen等[27]用雷公藤甲素治療OVA致敏小鼠發(fā)現(xiàn),雷公藤甲素可抑制氣道壁增厚,減少支氣管平滑肌和杯狀細(xì)胞增生,降低小鼠肺組織黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)RNA的表達(dá)和NF-κBp65的磷酸化,證實(shí)雷公藤甲素可以通過NF-κB信號(hào)通路抑制哮喘小鼠的氣道重塑。
4 小結(jié)與展望
哮喘做為一種慢性氣道疾病,抗膽堿能藥物、皮質(zhì)類固醇、H1-抗組胺和抗白三烯等治療方法對(duì)大約5%的患者效果欠佳[28]。中藥可以通過多成分、多靶點(diǎn)、多途徑的協(xié)同作用于NF-κB信號(hào)通路,調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg的平衡,在預(yù)防和治療哮喘方面取得了顯著療效。
雖然有大量研究顯示中藥通過NF-κB信號(hào)通路可以明顯改善哮喘癥狀,但缺乏NF-κB相關(guān)通路阻斷劑對(duì)照組的研究。此外,過度抑制NF-κB信號(hào)通路是否會(huì)造成免疫功能紊亂有待進(jìn)一步探索。中醫(yī)藥在兒科過敏性哮喘的治療中效果顯著,而兒童用藥更以中藥制劑、中成藥和外治法(冬病夏治等)為普遍,故今后的研究中可以在相關(guān)治法中有所側(cè)重。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-05 ?本文編輯:劉明玉)