黨便利 康文臻 孫永濤
摘要:慢性乙型肝炎是一種影響全球公共衛(wèi)生的傳染病,由于乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)持續(xù)感染導(dǎo)致的常見慢性肝臟疾病。免疫應(yīng)答水平?jīng)Q定了HBV是否繼續(xù)感染,其中固有免疫僅能控制HBV的初期感染,而適應(yīng)性免疫有助于清除感染病毒的細(xì)胞并提供長期免疫性保護(hù)。因此,機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答在慢性乙型肝炎的病毒清除、肝臟炎癥損傷、疾病進(jìn)展及治療中發(fā)揮重要作用。本文將慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染的固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫機(jī)制作一綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:慢性乙型肝炎;固有免疫;適應(yīng)性免疫
中圖分類號:R512.62? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.09.010
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)09-0029-03
Study on the Immune Mechanism of Chronic Hepatitis B
DANG Bian-li,KANG Wen-zhen,SUN Yong-tao
(Military Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Center,Tangdu Hospital,F(xiàn)ourth Military Medical University,
Xi'an 710038,Shaanxi,China)
Abstract:Chronic hepatitis B is an infectious disease that affects global public health.It is a common chronic liver disease caused by continuous infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The level of immune response determines whether HBV continues to be infected. Among them, innate immunity can only control the initial infection of HBV, and adaptive immunity helps to remove cells infected with the virus and provide long-term immune protection. Therefore, the body's immune response plays an important role in the viral clearance of chronic hepatitis B, liver inflammation damage, disease progression and treatment. This article reviews the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
Key words:Chronic hepatitis B;Innate immunity;Adaptive immunity
雖然乙肝疫苗已廣泛使用,但全球仍有超過2.5億人患有慢性乙型肝炎,并存在發(fā)展為肝硬化和肝癌的危險[1]。乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)作為一種持久性病毒,在大多數(shù)情況下被認(rèn)為是非細(xì)胞疾病,其發(fā)病機(jī)制是由宿主的固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答介導(dǎo)的。盡管HBV最初可能在固有免疫防御中逃逸,T細(xì)胞對HBV感染具有細(xì)胞病變和非細(xì)胞病變雙重抗病毒作用。隨著慢性HBV感染,誘導(dǎo)各種免疫調(diào)節(jié)或耐受并產(chǎn)生不同程度的效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞功能障礙和肝臟炎癥,從而導(dǎo)致肝臟疾病進(jìn)展[2]。本文現(xiàn)對慢性乙型肝炎相關(guān)的固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制作一綜述,以期為臨床治療該疾病提供參考。
1固有免疫
乙肝病毒進(jìn)入后,體內(nèi)的病原體激活固有免疫應(yīng)答,從而阻止感染的傳播并刺激適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答。固有免疫是通過模式識別受體(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)識別病原相關(guān)分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)激活,PRRs與PAMPs相互作用并活化相應(yīng)免疫細(xì)胞[3,4]。病毒雙鏈核糖核酸(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)、單鏈核糖核酸(single-stranded ribonucleic acid,ssRNA)和雙鏈脫氧核糖核酸(double-stranded DNA,dsDNA)被Toll樣受體(TLR3、TLR7、TLR9)、視黃酸誘導(dǎo)基因-I(retinoic acid-inducible gene Ⅰ,RIG-Ⅰ)和黑色素瘤分化因子5(melanoma differentiation factor 5,MDA5)識別,從而激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)和Ⅰ型干擾素(interferon,IFN)的下游產(chǎn)物和炎性細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)病毒的清除[5]。干擾素尤其是IFN-α(目前用于治療慢性乙型肝炎),通過激活JAK/STAT IFN信號通路在免疫防御中發(fā)揮主要作用[6,7]。
病毒感染初期的特征是IFN-α/β的分泌與NK細(xì)胞的活化。IFN-α/β細(xì)胞因子來源于感染的漿細(xì)胞和樹突狀細(xì)胞,而IFN-γ主要由自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cell,NK)和自然殺傷T(NKT)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生。除了IFN-α/β外,其他細(xì)胞因子,如白細(xì)胞介素12(IL-12)和白細(xì)胞介素18(IL-18)也參與控制病毒復(fù)制感受器。NK在慢性乙型肝炎固有免疫應(yīng)答過程中具有介導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞凋亡、激活適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答等功能[8-10]。另外,單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞也可能作為效應(yīng)細(xì)胞,參與慢性乙型肝炎的固有免疫調(diào)節(jié)。慢性乙型肝炎患者肝損傷和肝纖維化的程度與CD16+單核細(xì)胞頻率的上調(diào)有關(guān),抗病毒細(xì)胞因子的分泌和凋亡細(xì)胞的清除離不開巨噬細(xì)胞[11]。
在HBV感染的黑猩猩實驗中進(jìn)行肝臟基因表達(dá)檢測,首次發(fā)現(xiàn)缺乏早期固有免疫激活,導(dǎo)致HBV在固有免疫防御中逃逸,由IFN治療的急性乙型肝炎患者血清水平無法升高,進(jìn)一步驗證了HBV逃逸現(xiàn)象[12,13]。這種逃逸可能發(fā)生于HBV早期感染,通過Ⅰ型IFN依賴的TLRs激活,進(jìn)而抑制HBV的復(fù)制[14]。除了早期感染外,慢性乙型肝炎的爆發(fā)與血清干擾素α和IL-8水平升高有關(guān)[15]??傊逃忻庖哂兄谝苑翘禺愋钥乖姆绞娇刂瞥跗诟腥?,并沒有長期的免疫記憶。
2適應(yīng)性免疫
慢性乙型肝炎病毒從固有免疫應(yīng)答過程中逃逸后,病毒感染的細(xì)胞將受到適應(yīng)性免疫的調(diào)控。適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答的發(fā)生源于B和T淋巴細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)的異質(zhì)性,主要變現(xiàn)為B細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞增殖過程紊亂、細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生和效應(yīng)細(xì)胞毒功能紊亂以及體液免疫的部分變化。
2.1 B細(xì)胞與HBV? B細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)適應(yīng)性免疫中的體液免疫,通過產(chǎn)生與病毒結(jié)合的抗體,有助于抗原呈遞和免疫調(diào)節(jié),進(jìn)而清除或阻斷病毒進(jìn)入細(xì)胞[16]。此外,通過限制病毒傳播對HBV抗體做出應(yīng)答,可能有助于病毒的控制和清除[17]。B細(xì)胞不僅可以產(chǎn)生抗體[18],也可以為T細(xì)胞呈遞抗原發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,如慢性乙型肝炎中產(chǎn)生IL-10的調(diào)節(jié)B細(xì)胞。乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)陰性的HBV控制者經(jīng)利妥昔治療后,CD20+B細(xì)胞耗竭的同時病毒再次被激活,因此,B細(xì)胞在HBV病毒控制中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。
2.2 T細(xì)胞與HBV? T細(xì)胞在慢性乙型肝炎的病毒清除及疾病進(jìn)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。隨著CHB患者血清中病毒載量和HBeAg(乙型肝炎E抗原)的升高,CD3+和CD4+細(xì)胞以及CD4+/CD8+比例顯著下調(diào),但CD8+細(xì)胞數(shù)量卻明顯增加。CD8+T細(xì)胞可通過分泌IFN-γ和腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)等細(xì)胞因子或者識別主要組織相容性復(fù)合物(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)Ⅰ類分子發(fā)揮抗病毒作用[19]。CD4+T細(xì)胞經(jīng)MHC Ⅱ類分子激活并分化為濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞(follicular helper T cell,Tfh)、調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory cells,Tregs)等不同亞型,輔助CD8+T細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞發(fā)揮抗病毒功能[20,21],部分抗原特異性T細(xì)胞可經(jīng)抗原激活[22]。HBV特異性T細(xì)胞通過高表達(dá)程序性死亡受體1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)和細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)等共抑制分子發(fā)揮抑制效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞的抗病毒應(yīng)答功能,并降低靶細(xì)胞損傷等作用[23]。HBV特異性T細(xì)胞的抗病毒應(yīng)答功能可由PD-1聯(lián)合CD137刺激后阻斷并重建[23]。Tregs和骨髓來源的抑制性細(xì)胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)的耗竭也發(fā)現(xiàn)類似現(xiàn)象。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[24],在CHB患者肝臟和血液中均檢測到分泌高水平IL-17的CD4+T細(xì)胞,其與血清中IL-27的高水平相關(guān),這些細(xì)胞可能參與肝臟炎癥并發(fā)揮保護(hù)功能。另外,Th17細(xì)胞的增加和Tregs的減少造成了與CHB患者疾病進(jìn)展負(fù)相關(guān)的失衡。Wang S等[24]通過對miR-146a在調(diào)節(jié)CHB患者T細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng)中的潛在作用和機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與健康對照組相比,CHB患者T細(xì)胞中miR-146a的表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),且與血清中ALT水平相關(guān)。信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子1(STAT1)作為miR-146a靶標(biāo),參與CD4+和CD8+T細(xì)胞的抗病毒細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生及細(xì)胞毒性,并在體外阻斷CHB患者T細(xì)胞中miR-146a表達(dá),可顯著上調(diào)病毒特異性T細(xì)胞的活性。T細(xì)胞分化階段和慢性感染狀態(tài)也可能存在其他抑制途徑,如細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)、B及T淋巴細(xì)胞弱化因子(B and T lymphocyte attenuator,BTLA)和T細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白域粘蛋白域蛋白-3(T cells immunoglobulindomain and mucin domain protein-3,TIM-3),這些抑制途徑的存在是為了維持肝免疫耐受[25,26]。除了抑制功能,NK細(xì)胞通過腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand,TRAIL)或BCL2家族促凋亡分子(BCL2 interacting mediator of cell death,Bim)等信號通路清除已激活HBV特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞[27-29]。此外,炎癥微環(huán)境可能通過釋放精氨酸酶并消耗T細(xì)胞關(guān)鍵營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(如精氨酸)或通過分泌細(xì)胞因子抑制HBV特異性T細(xì)胞的功能[30]。
3總結(jié)
慢性乙型肝炎的HBV清除、肝損傷及疾病進(jìn)展均與機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答密切相關(guān)。固有免疫有助于以非特異性抗原的方式抗病毒免疫防御,并沒有長期的免疫記憶。病毒最初在固有免疫過程中逃逸,提供長期免疫性保護(hù)的記憶B細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞將清除感染病毒的細(xì)胞。雖然近年來HBV治療取得了重大進(jìn)展,在發(fā)達(dá)國家已成為一種可控的慢性疾病。然而慢性乙型肝炎還存在免疫耐受、免疫激活和感染炎癥之間平衡的挑戰(zhàn),因此治愈仍然難以實現(xiàn)。靶向病毒cccDNA和抑制肝炎的同時,增強(qiáng)病毒特異性適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答的聯(lián)合方法可能為實現(xiàn)和維持慢性乙型肝炎的功能治療提供參考。
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收稿日期:2020-03-02;修回日期:2020-03-13
編輯/杜帆
基金項目:1.“十三五”科技重大專項(編號:2017ZX10202203- 008-003,2017ZX10202101-003-007、2017ZX10202101-004-005、20 17ZX10202102-001-011);2.陜西省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃(編號:S2018- YF-YBSF-0852)
作者簡介:黨便利(1986.3-),女,陜西西安人,碩士,研究實習(xí)員,主要從事艾滋病免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究
通訊作者:康文臻(1966.6-),女,陜西西安人,博士,副教授,主要從事艾滋病免疫學(xué)發(fā)病機(jī)制及診斷的研究