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濟(jì)南冬季泉水水系中趨磁細(xì)菌的多樣性

2020-07-04 03:07王浩然張連越劉沛余
山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2020年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:水系泉水濟(jì)南

王浩然 張連越 劉沛余

摘要:為探究濟(jì)南冬季泉水水系中細(xì)菌的生態(tài)分布、未培養(yǎng)趨磁細(xì)菌及其磁小體形態(tài)的多樣性,選擇濟(jì)南市泉水源頭、護(hù)城河及泉水匯集的大明湖等8處不同位點(diǎn),于2018年1月13日收集水底表層泥樣,富集環(huán)境中趨磁細(xì)菌,提取樣品總DNA,進(jìn)行16S rDNA高通量測(cè)序及生物信息學(xué)分析,并利用透射電子顯微鏡觀察和統(tǒng)計(jì)趨磁細(xì)菌及磁小體的形態(tài),揭示濟(jì)南泉水水系中趨磁細(xì)菌的分布特征。結(jié)果表明,濟(jì)南冬季泉水水系中趨磁細(xì)菌分布明顯不均,泉水源頭處未檢測(cè)到趨磁細(xì)菌;黑虎泉下游護(hù)城河中發(fā)現(xiàn)了少量單鏈趨磁球菌,基因序列表明為新種,暫定為η-變形菌綱(Candidatus Etaproteobacteria)的一個(gè)菌株;眾泉匯集的大明湖中趨磁細(xì)菌種類(lèi)最多,且細(xì)菌和磁小體形態(tài)多樣性復(fù)雜。微生物多樣性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),冬季泉水水系中細(xì)菌種類(lèi)主要是變形菌門(mén)(Proteobacteria)、藍(lán)細(xì)菌門(mén)(Cyanobacteria)和綠彎菌門(mén)(Chloroflexi),三者總豐度均占細(xì)菌總量的65%以上,具有磁細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)所需的群落環(huán)境。本研究可為深入研究未培養(yǎng)趨磁細(xì)菌的全基因組及可培養(yǎng)條件等提供素材與線索。

關(guān)鍵詞:濟(jì)南泉水;冬季;趨磁細(xì)菌;磁小體;暫定η-變形菌綱;16S rRNA;微生物多樣性

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S273:Q938.8文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)號(hào):A文章編號(hào):1001-4942(2020)04-0079-07

Abstract In order to explore the ecological distribution of bacteria, the diversity of uncultured magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) and their magnetosome morphology in Jinan spring water system in winter, the water sludge samples were collected from 8 sites in the fountainhead, mead stream Hucheng River and downstream Daming Lake on January 13, 2018. The MTB cells were gathered from the sludge samples and used to extract the genome DNA for high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The morphology of MTB and magnetosome were observed by transmission electron microscope, and the distribution features of MTB in Jinan spring water in winter were revaled. The results showed that the distribution of MTB in Jinan spring water system was obviously uneven. No MTB was detected at the fountainheads. A small amount of single-stranded magnetococci was found in the downstream of Heihu Spring, which is a strain of Candidatus Etaproteobacteria. Daming Lake had the most diverse types of magnetotactic bacteria, and the morphology of bacteria and magnetosomes was diverse. Microbial diversity analysis showed that the types of bacteria in the spring water system in winter were mainly Proteobacteria,Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi, whose abundance was more than 65%. The results in this article would provide materials and clues for the further researches of the whole genome and cultured conditions.

Keywords Jinan spring water; Magnetotactic bacteria; Magnetosome; Candidatus Etaproteobacteria; 16S rDNA; Microbial diversity

趨磁細(xì)菌是一類(lèi)可沿地球磁場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的微生物總稱(chēng),廣泛存在于海洋和湖泊中。其獨(dú)特之處在于胞內(nèi)能夠合成由生物膜包被的納米級(jí)磁性顆?!判◇w(magnetosome),目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的磁小體主要成分為磁鐵礦或膠黃鐵礦[1]。相對(duì)于人工合成的磁性顆粒,磁小體具有眾多優(yōu)點(diǎn),如化學(xué)組分純度高、質(zhì)地均一、熱損耗高等,具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。然而,趨磁細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)條件苛刻,實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下僅有少量趨磁細(xì)菌(如AMB-1)能被純培養(yǎng)[2],這給其深入研究帶來(lái)較大困難。

快速發(fā)展的宏基因組技術(shù)為未培養(yǎng)微生物的研究開(kāi)拓了全新的方法,人們可通過(guò)對(duì)環(huán)境中微生物遺傳物質(zhì)的分析探究趨磁細(xì)菌種群的種類(lèi)、分布以及功能基因簇的起源與系統(tǒng)發(fā)育等。由于環(huán)境條件可能作為重要的進(jìn)化壓力,在趨磁細(xì)菌長(zhǎng)期演化過(guò)程中扮演重要角色,因此認(rèn)識(shí)不同季節(jié)不同天然條件下趨磁細(xì)菌的分布就引起人們廣泛的興趣。前人研究揭示,在河流、湖泊、海洋等常見(jiàn)水體及以鹽堿湖和熱泉為代表的極端環(huán)境中趨磁細(xì)菌都具有復(fù)雜的生物多樣性[1,3-6],且種類(lèi)的分布與環(huán)境因子體現(xiàn)出明顯相關(guān)性[7, 8]。目前還未見(jiàn)有關(guān)趨磁細(xì)菌在冬季泉水這種寡營(yíng)養(yǎng)水體環(huán)境中的生物多樣性研究。本試驗(yàn)即以冬季寡營(yíng)養(yǎng)的濟(jì)南天然泉水水系為研究對(duì)象,分析趨磁細(xì)菌的分布以及細(xì)菌和磁小體的形態(tài)多樣性,揭示不同區(qū)域泉水的微生物多樣性,為進(jìn)一步研究趨磁細(xì)菌與環(huán)境微生物群落之間的關(guān)系奠定基礎(chǔ)。

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