D3>D2、D1"/>
孔令英 趙俊曄 駱蘭平 石玉 于振文
摘要:研究寬幅播種條件下不同基本苗密度處理的小麥全生育期耗水特性及籽粒產(chǎn)量特性,明確提高小麥水分利用效率和籽粒產(chǎn)量的最佳基本苗密度。于田間試驗(yàn)條件下,設(shè)置4個(gè)基本苗密度處理,即每公頃密度90萬株(D1)、180萬株(D2)、270萬株(D3)、360萬株(D4),測(cè)定其小麥生育期間各土層土壤貯水消耗量、小麥耗水來源及其占總耗水量的比例、各生育階段耗水量、耗水模系數(shù)、日耗水量、籽粒產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率。結(jié)果表明:①土壤貯水消耗量及總耗水量均為D4>D3>D2、D1,140~160、160~180、180~200 cm土層土壤貯水消耗量D2處理顯著高于D1、D3、D4。②拔節(jié)至開花期的階段耗水量、耗水模系數(shù)D2處理均顯著高于其它處理,日耗水量D2處理與D3、D4無顯著差異,但顯著高于D1。③土壤水利用效率、降水利用效率、水分利用效率及籽粒產(chǎn)量D2處理均顯著高于D1、D3和D4。表明,在寬幅播種條件下,每公頃密度180萬株的D2處理是降低小麥農(nóng)田總耗水量、提高籽粒產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率的最佳基本苗密度。
關(guān)鍵詞:寬幅播種;小麥基本苗密度;耗水特性;水分利用效率;籽粒產(chǎn)量
中圖分類號(hào):S512.101文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)號(hào):A文章編號(hào):1001-4942(2020)04-0027-05
Abstract The characteristics of water consumption during the whole growth period and grain yield of wheat with different basic seedling densities were studied under wide sowing conditions to determine the optimum basic seedling densities for increasing water use efficiency and grain yield. Under field test conditions, four basic seedling density treatments were set as 90×104?plants·hm-2?(D1),?180×104?plants·hm-2 (D2),?270×104?plants·hm-2?(D3),?360×104?plants·hm-2?(D4),?and the soil water consumption in different soil layers, sources of wheat water consumption and its proportion in total water consumption, water consumption at each growth stage, water consumption modulus, daily water consumption, grain yield and water use efficiency during wheat growth were analyzed. The results were as follows. ①The soil water consumption and total water consumption were both as D4>D3>D2 and D1,?and the soil water consumption in the soil layers of 140~160 cm, 160~180 cm and 180~200 cm was higher under D2 treatment compared to D1, D3 and D4 treatments. ②The water consumption and water consumption modulus of D2 treatment at the stages from jointing to flowering were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. The daily water consumption of D2 treatment was not significantly different from that of D3 and D4 treatments, but significantly higher than that of D1 treatment. ③?The soil water use efficiency, precipitation use efficiency, water use efficiency and grain yield of D2 treatment were significantly higher than those of D1, D3 and D4 treatments. All the results showed that under wide sowing conditions, the D2 treatment of 180×104?plants·hm-2?was the best basic seedling density to reduce total water consumption of wheat farmland and increase grain yield and water use efficiency.
Keywords Wide sowing; Basic wheat seedling density; Water consumption characteristics; Water use efficiency; Grain yield
2.2 不同處理對(duì)小麥耗水來源及其占總耗水量比例的影響
由表2可知,D4處理的灌溉量最高,其后依次是D3、D2、D1處理;灌溉水占總耗水量的比例為D4、D3>D2>D1。土壤貯水消耗量為D4處理最高,D3處理次之,D2和D1處理較低且無顯著差異;土壤貯水消耗量占總耗水量的比例各處理為D4、D3>D1、D2。降水量占總耗水量的比例各處理為D1、D2>D3、D4。土壤總耗水量為D4>D3>D2、D1,D2、D1處理之間無顯著差異。表明,D2處理的土壤貯水消耗量低是總耗水量較低的主要原因。
2.3 不同處理對(duì)小麥不同生育階段耗水量、日耗水量和耗水模系數(shù)的影響
由表3可知,播種至拔節(jié)期的階段耗水量、耗水模系數(shù)、日耗水量各處理為D3、D4>D1、D2;拔節(jié)至開花期的階段耗水量、耗水模系數(shù)各處理為D2>D3、D4>D1,日耗水量D2、D3、D4處理間無顯著差異,均顯著高于D1處理;開花至成熟期的階段耗水量、耗水模系數(shù)為D3、D4處理顯著高于D1、D2處理,D3與D4處理、D1與D2處理之間均無顯著差異,日耗水量各處理為D4>D3>D2>D1。表明,寬幅播種條件下,D2處理拔節(jié)至開花期較高的階段耗水量、耗水模系數(shù)及日耗水量,為形成較多單位面積穗數(shù)和增加穗粒數(shù)奠定了水分基礎(chǔ)。
2.4 不同處理對(duì)小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率的影響
由表4可知,籽粒產(chǎn)量各處理為D2>D3>D4>D1;土壤水利用效率為D2處理顯著高于其它處理;降水利用效率各處理為D2>D3>D4>D1;灌溉水利用效率各處理為D1>D2>D3>D4;水分利用效率為D2處理顯著高于D1、D3、D4處理,D1、D3處理無顯著差異。表明,寬幅播種條件下,D2處理能夠充分利用土壤水和降水,滿足小麥生長發(fā)育的需水要求,獲得本試驗(yàn)最高的籽粒產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率。
3 討論與結(jié)論
前人研究表明,不同基本苗密度和不同土層的土壤貯水量可直接影響小麥全生育期的耗水量[17]。在土壤底墑充足條件下,拔節(jié)期和抽穗期0~200 cm土層土壤貯水對(duì)冬小麥耗水的貢獻(xiàn)率分別為97.4%和94.5%;抽穗期100~200 cm土層土壤貯水對(duì)冬小麥耗水的貢獻(xiàn)率為1.7%~8.7%[18]。秸稈覆蓋條件下,112.5 kg·hm-2播量處理越冬期0~100 cm土層的土壤貯水消耗量比187.5 kg·hm-2播量處理高16 mm[19]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,寬幅播種條件下,D2處理的總耗水量顯著低于D3、D4處理,與D1處理無顯著差異;D2處理的140~200 cm土層土壤貯水消耗量顯著高于D1、D3、D4處理,有利于降低小麥總耗水量,充分利用深層土壤水分,最終達(dá)到節(jié)水的目的。
合理的基本苗密度有利于小麥生長發(fā)育,直接影響小麥各生育期耗水,從而影響籽粒產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率[20,21]。研究表明,在300~525 kg·hm-2[JP]范圍內(nèi),增加播量可以有效提高旱地小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率[22]。亦有研究表明,早播條件下,播量67.5 ~112.5 kg·hm-2范圍內(nèi),小麥全生育期耗水量增加2~20 mm,開花前耗水量112.5 kg·hm-2播量處理的最高,開花后耗水量67.5 kg·hm-2播量的最高[6]。寬幅播種條件下,本試驗(yàn)D2處理拔節(jié)至開花期階段土壤貯水消耗量、籽粒產(chǎn)量、土壤水利用效率、降水利用效率及水分利用效率顯著高于D1、D3、D4處理,表明該處理(每公頃基本苗密度180萬株)能促進(jìn)小麥中后期土壤水的利用,是提高籽粒產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率的最佳處理。
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