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核心素養(yǎng)背景下高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中學(xué)生思維能力培養(yǎng)探究
——以A Father,a Son and an Answer為例

2020-07-09 02:23
英語教師 2020年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:設(shè)計說明思維能力環(huán)節(jié)

王 群

一、理論背景

薩丕爾—沃爾夫假說的理論核心是語言決定思維。認知心理學(xué)認為,閱讀是一種積極的信息加工過程,其實質(zhì)就是一系列復(fù)雜的思維活動(邱玲2013)。閱讀是一個語言與思維相互作用的過程?!坝⒄Z閱讀對于提升學(xué)生的核心素養(yǎng),特別是語言能力、文化品格、思維品質(zhì)及學(xué)習(xí)能力將會起到關(guān)鍵的作用。”(王薔 2017)高質(zhì)量的閱讀體驗有助于提高學(xué)生的思維含量,發(fā)展學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。在英語閱讀教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)學(xué)生以主題探究為切入點,以語篇為依托,以解決問題為目標,通過感知、預(yù)測、獲取、分析、概括、比較、評價、創(chuàng)新等思維活動,在分析問題和解決問題的過程中訓(xùn)練英語思維,提升高階思維能力,促進英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的形成與發(fā)展。

二、教學(xué)分析

(一)內(nèi)容分析

A Father,a Son and an Answer是一篇課外閱讀文章(文章出處:https://yingyu.chazidian.com/show-27370-all/),文章體裁是夾敘夾議。主題語境是人與社會,內(nèi)容圍繞一對父子在車站的幸福時刻展開,并由此聯(lián)想到一系列社會問題。作者通過黑人父子與白人乘客的對比引出解決方案:父母的真情陪伴是解決問題的關(guān)鍵。

故事文本是一切語言的開始,因而敘事性文本的解讀對語言學(xué)習(xí)和思維訓(xùn)練有著重要的意義。在解讀故事文本的過程中,教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注語言特點、對話節(jié)奏、敘事要素、故事所傳達的主旨及作者是如何實現(xiàn)寫作目的的,使他們感悟語言并在運用語言的過程中提升思維能力。

(二)學(xué)情分析

這是一堂面向高一學(xué)生的區(qū)級公開課。從知識儲備來看,高一學(xué)生具備了一定的語言基礎(chǔ)和表達能力,所以教師在設(shè)計過程中較多地采用啟發(fā)式的問答活動。從情感發(fā)展角度來看,高一學(xué)生的心理發(fā)展日趨成熟,與父母的依賴關(guān)系逐漸弱化,但不善于表達自己的情感,對于細膩的情感關(guān)系沒有準確的體會。

三、教學(xué)過程

Step 1:Lead-in(引入話題,活躍思維)

教師先播放一段約三分鐘的電影剪輯片段,且所選片段的情節(jié)與該篇閱讀文本有很多相似之處。通過短片引入文章的一條明線:happiness。

T:What’s the name of this film?

S:The Pursuit of Happyness.

T:Is there anything wrong with the name?

S:Yes,there is a mistake in the word“Happyness”.

T:Excellent.Can you read the famous line together?

S:There’s no“y”in happiness;there is“i”.

T:Can you figure out the deeper meaning of the lines?

S:“y”refers to“why”,and“i”refers to“I”.

T:Absolutely right.So it is a story about a father who tries to pursue happiness for his son.

隨后,教師在“幸福樹”(課前教師讓學(xué)生在黑板上畫好的)上貼上父子的照片,引出故事的主人公,為后面引入標題環(huán)節(jié)作好鋪墊。

【設(shè)計說明】以視頻導(dǎo)入,能夠使學(xué)生快速進入情境,同時引發(fā)他們閱讀文本的好奇心。電影標題的解讀一方面讓學(xué)生了解到英語語言中雙關(guān)的巧妙用法;另一方面能夠結(jié)合文章的明線,自然過渡到文本閱讀。此外,“There’s no‘y’in happiness;there is‘i’.”是對電影中感人情節(jié)的概括和升華,能夠有效調(diào)動學(xué)生的情緒,活躍他們的思維,達到課前熱身的目的,為閱讀教學(xué)的順利進行奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

Step 2:While-reading(自主發(fā)現(xiàn),深層閱讀)

在主體閱讀部分,教師設(shè)計了大量的問題,通過任務(wù)閱讀的方式引導(dǎo)學(xué)生逐層深入,由淺入深地完成文本閱讀。

Task 1

Fast Reading:background information

T:When and where did the story happen?

S:On Saturday morning,on a shuttle train at the Atlanta airport.

T:Is it fun to ride the shuttle train?

S:No.Not many people consider them fun.

T:Would you please try to find two negative adjectives to describe them?

S:They are sterile and impersonal.

T:That’s true.However,there is a good point for such trains.What is it?

S:They are free.

T:Exactly,but something unexpected was heard.What’s that and where did it come from?

S:Laughter from a father and a son.

T:Why were they so happy?

S:They were enjoying the ride together on the free shuttle train at the Atlanta airport on a Saturday morning.

【設(shè)計說明】這一環(huán)節(jié)先讓學(xué)生快速閱讀文本,然后通過問答互動使其快速理清文本中when,where,who,what等關(guān)鍵信息。對四個“W”信息的確定是學(xué)生快速把握敘事性文本內(nèi)容、深刻理解文本內(nèi)涵的主要途徑。四個“W”在PPT課件中分別是通過time,place,character和plot呈現(xiàn)的(如圖1所示),旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的信息轉(zhuǎn)化思維能力,避免刻意地強調(diào),也是對“小說主要要素”這一知識點的喚起。

圖1

在問題的驅(qū)動下,學(xué)生要快速閱讀文章,了解文本大意,培養(yǎng)略讀能力。對學(xué)生進行略讀訓(xùn)練,有助于提升其整體閱讀能力,同時培養(yǎng)其快速思維的能力,使其對故事的后續(xù)情節(jié)進行預(yù)測,從而擴大思維容量。通過問答互動形式訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的尋讀技能,且問題的設(shè)計多用特殊疑問句形式,其目的是讓學(xué)生明白回答問題時要有理有據(jù)。尋讀是一種常見的通過跳讀尋找文章具體信息的閱讀技能,它能激發(fā)學(xué)生對文本進行深層閱讀。

Task 2

Detailed reading:character analysis

T:How did they look?

S:They were black and they were dressed in clothes that were just about as inexpensive as you can buy.

T:What can you tell from their clothes?

S:They were not rich.

T:How old was the boy?

S:About five years old.

T:To this little boy,was the ride fun?

S:Yes.He made sounds of sheer delight and said,“I want to ride some more”.

T:Well done!What did he do when his father pointed something out?

S:He craned his neck to look.

T:Yes.“crane”as a noun refers to a kind of bird with a long neck.As a verb,it has the meaning of stretching one’s neck to look.Can you act it out?

(請一名學(xué)生表演這個動作。)

T:Why did the boy do it like that?What do you think of this boy?

S:Curious,lovely,innocent...

T:Did it sound fun to his father,an adult?

S:No.“More?”the father said,mock-annoyed but clearly pleased.

T:Then what’s the meaning of“mock-annoyed”?Was he really annoyed?

S:No,actually he was happy.

T:That’s right.Then what does“mock”mean?

S:It means“pretend”.

T:What do you think of this father?What can we learn from him?

S:Responsible,patient,warm-hearted,a father full of love...

(在分析完人物性格之后,教師請兩名學(xué)生將父子的對話表演出來。)

【設(shè)計說明】在完成了快速閱讀任務(wù)之后,學(xué)生對文本大意有了初步了解。接著,讓他們精讀文本的第3—11段。這一部分以人物對話為主,需要學(xué)生透過字里行間感悟并分析出人物性格。人物性格往往是作者通過文字描述或者語言對話塑造出來的,不是直接給出的信息。所以,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生對人物性格的分析能力也是提高其邏輯思維能力的過程。同時,在分析父親的情緒時,教師試圖引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過上下文分析并判斷出mock的意思,旨在進行根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的閱讀技巧訓(xùn)練,為他們提供有效的閱讀策略,幫助他們在閱讀過程中克服畏懼生詞的心理障礙。

通過角色扮演,一方面可以活躍學(xué)生的思維,為后續(xù)較難的深層閱讀活動作好準備;另一方面可以為學(xué)生提供情感體驗的機會。在閱讀活動中,讀者的主體參與有助于積極發(fā)揮主體的主觀能動性。學(xué)生的情感參與必然能夠促進其高效學(xué)習(xí)。在對話過程中,學(xué)生不只是簡單地重述文字,還要開動腦筋,加入恰當?shù)姆锨榫车那楦?,達成情感上的共鳴。

Task 3

Group work:theme exploration

敘事性文本往往圍繞一個主題展開,然后就主題進行探索。這屬于高階思維活動,對學(xué)生而言有一定的難度。

T:As you know,for working parents,what would they prefer to do on Saturday mornings?

S:Have a good rest at home.

T:But this father spent his time with his son and tried to make the ride fun for his son.Why did he do so?

S:Out of deep love for his son.

T:Can this love be bought with money?

S:No,but it takes time.

T:Then what did both of them really enjoy?

S:They enjoyed being together.

T:Excellent.Can you find the exact answer from the text?

S:“The father and son,though,were just riding this shuttle together,making it exciting,sharing each other’s company.”

T:Exactly.That’s the theme of the story.It reminds me of a famous Chinese sentence,can you translate it?

S:The best way to show your deep love is to accompany me forever.

T:Perfect!Now,please have a discussion about how this father tries his best to make his son happy?

(教師讓學(xué)生將討論結(jié)果寫在事先發(fā)的樹葉形狀的便簽上,最后將便簽貼到“幸福樹”的樹干上。)

【設(shè)計說明】通過人物分析和角色扮演,父親的形象更加高大,這樣一位肯在周末早晨舍棄自己的休息時間,帶著兒子來回穿行在接駁班車上的父親形象已然在讀者心中樹立起來了。那么,接下來就要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考作者的寫作意圖,也就是對文章進行主題探索。在敘述性文本中,主題意義的考查是一個重點,也是難點。該文本的主題意義不是特別的明顯,但在教師適當?shù)囊龑?dǎo)下,學(xué)生還是能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)的。為了進一步凸顯主題意義,教師設(shè)計了一個形象、直觀的活動——課前,教師讓學(xué)生在黑板上畫好了一棵“幸福樹”,在導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)已經(jīng)在樹干貼上了父子的照片;在這個主題探索環(huán)節(jié),教師讓學(xué)生小組討論話題:“What contributes to the happiness tree?”即“父親是如何讓兒子開心快樂的”,要求學(xué)生盡量以名詞形式呈現(xiàn)討論結(jié)果,并將結(jié)果寫在“幸福樹”的樹葉上;最后,教師總結(jié)學(xué)生的討論結(jié)果,關(guān)鍵詞有 responsibility,love,care,patience,company,attention,commitment,time,devotion 等(如下頁圖 2所示)。這一環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計能夠使學(xué)生更好地理解作者的寫作意圖,使他們的思維實現(xiàn)從廣度到深度的轉(zhuǎn)變。

圖2

Task 4

Critical thinking:comparison and contrast

學(xué)生在上一環(huán)節(jié)中十分積極、活躍,給出了很多關(guān)鍵詞,這同時意味著文章一條主線的結(jié)束。文章的另一條主線是作者由父子的故事引發(fā)的個人評判。教師設(shè)計如下環(huán)節(jié):

T:On the shuttle train,there are other passengers.Can you find some information about them?

S:Most of them are white people,dressed for business trips or vacations.

T:Can you tell more about them from these descriptions?

S:They are rich and busy.

T:Can you guess what kind of parents they are likely to be?

S:Perhaps they fail to spare time to accompany their children.They might give their children much money for material things.

T:Good guesses!Now let’s read the author’s comments.Focus on L25—28,and show your understanding of the comparison and contrast in this part.

(學(xué)生完成圖3,并給出自己的理解。)

圖3

T:Now,based on the comparison and contrast,my question is whether happiness has anything to do with money or race.

S:Absolutely not.

【設(shè)計說明】作者在寫作時主要圍繞兩條主線展開。教師將父子的幸福時刻通過“幸福樹”這一直觀形象呈現(xiàn),突出了明線;暗線是作者的評論,以夾敘夾議的形式展開。這一環(huán)節(jié)是一個過渡環(huán)節(jié),旨在讓學(xué)生對比感悟,慢慢地使他們過渡到作者的視角,審視車上衣著得體的其他白人乘客,由此推理并判斷出這些乘客處理親子關(guān)系的可能方式。最后,得出結(jié)論——幸福無關(guān)金錢或種族,為后續(xù)問題的進一步展開作好鋪墊。

Task 5

Critical thinking:problem and solution

作者由親子關(guān)系的視角轉(zhuǎn)向社會,是一個提出問題、分析問題并解決問題的過程。

T:With parents like that,what might their children become?

S1:They might be very lonely.

S2:Perhaps they don’t know how to love and communicate with others.

S3:They are likely to be selfish,distant and cold-hearted...

T:All of these can lead to trouble,right?Then read L33—37 to find out what the writer worried about.

(在學(xué)生閱讀的同時,教師解釋長難句,把不容易理解的部分轉(zhuǎn)述成易于學(xué)生理解的表達。)

T:What can you know from the author’s comments?

S:These are all social problems,but they also result from family problems.

T:Wonderful.As the writer said,there were so many problems about what to do.Then what can we do?What is your answer?Now work with your partner and figure it out.

S1:Parents should spend more time with their children.

S2:Parents should educate their children in a right way.

S3:Children should talk to their parents and ask them for help when in trouble.

...

T:In fact,the author gave his own answer.Can you find it out?

S:The answer is so simple:parents who care enough to spend time,and to pay attention and to try their best.It doesn’t cost a cent,yet it is the most valuable thing in the world.

【設(shè)計說明】通過一系列發(fā)問,學(xué)生不僅在文章中找到了答案,還結(jié)合自己的生活實際給出了合理的解決方案。

Step 3:Post-reading(自主構(gòu)建,升華主題)

在教學(xué)的最后環(huán)節(jié),教師設(shè)計了一個開放性的問題,即讓學(xué)生給文章提煉一個恰當?shù)臉祟}。

T:Since there is no title for this passage,can you give a possible one for this story?Show your reasons.

S1:I think it can be“A love journey”,because the story happened on a train and journey has a symbolic meaning,which can stand for our life.

S2:I think it should be“A lesson on the train”.The author intends to teach us a lesson.He wants us to show our attention to family members.

S3:“A key to happiness”might be proper.

S4:I’d like to recommend “Love,Care and Company”.The story shows us the deep love from the father,who cares his son and tries his best to keep his company.

...

T:I really appreciate all of your ideas.Actually,there is a title for this passage.Let’s appreciate the original title.

(教師把“幸福樹”上寫有happiness的愛心換成 answer,并呈現(xiàn)原標題:A Father,a Son and an Answer。)

T:Life can be hard some time,but it won’t be that hard with the company of our family members,as“family”means“father and mother I love you!”

Hope all of you can love your father,love your mother and love your children in the future!

(教師總結(jié),學(xué)生齊讀。)

【設(shè)計說明】這篇閱讀文本的語言和情節(jié)都較為簡單,為了加強對學(xué)生高階思維的訓(xùn)練,教師進行教學(xué)設(shè)計時刪去了原文標題,而設(shè)計了一個較為開放的問題。通過讓學(xué)生提煉文本標題,進一步提高他們的概括能力。概括能力是一項重要的思維能力。思維課堂必須指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行有效的提問、學(xué)習(xí)和總結(jié),自主獲取和建構(gòu)知識(陳滬軍 2017)。教師讓學(xué)生探討合適的標題并陳述理由,可以訓(xùn)練他們自主構(gòu)建知識的能力。通過對陳述性知識的反思、討論及總結(jié),充分挖掘文字背后的深層內(nèi)涵,使學(xué)生可以自主建構(gòu)程序性知識,達到思維課堂的要求。在學(xué)生小組匯報標題之后,教師再次回歸“幸福樹”,呈現(xiàn)原文標題,讓學(xué)生對比體會其中的意蘊,并將文章的明、暗兩條線融合起來,體現(xiàn)作者的寫作技巧,同時讓學(xué)生從中感悟、理解,提升思維品質(zhì)。最后,教師總結(jié),讓學(xué)生齊讀,并提出希望——學(xué)生能夠愛自己的爸爸、媽媽,在未來也能成為愛自己孩子的好父母。這一環(huán)節(jié)的意圖是在順應(yīng)文章主題和作者寫作意圖的情況下,在英語閱讀教學(xué)中融入德育,實現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科立德樹人的目的。

結(jié)語

基于英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的高中英語閱讀教學(xué)設(shè)計旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力,打造思維課堂,培養(yǎng)具備高效學(xué)習(xí)能力的現(xiàn)代化人才。基于所選文本的體裁特點,教師在教學(xué)中多以問題導(dǎo)學(xué)。問題教學(xué)法已經(jīng)成為目前國際上較為流行的教學(xué)方法(朱琳 2012)。在閱讀教學(xué)設(shè)計中,教師通過創(chuàng)設(shè)不同的情境設(shè)計逐層遞進的問題,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)會思考和解決問題的能力,以落實、提升他們的英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。同時,希望更多的研究者和一線教師能夠積極參與交流和討論,逐步探尋更加適合的培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維能力的教學(xué)方法。

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