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腰方肌阻滯對(duì)小兒睪丸固定術(shù)后疼痛的影響 ?

2020-07-14 08:35帥建忠徐曉燕張成黃振華
中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究 2020年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:兒童

帥建忠 徐曉燕 張成 黃振華

【摘要】 目的:對(duì)比腹橫肌平面(transverses abdominis plane,TAP)阻滯和腰方?。╭uadratus lumborum,QL)阻滯對(duì)睪丸下降固定術(shù)患兒術(shù)后疼痛的影響。方法:納入2017年1月-2018年10月于成都市婦女兒童中心醫(yī)院擬行單側(cè)睪丸下降固定術(shù)+疝修補(bǔ)手術(shù)的2~7歲患兒80例,隨機(jī)分為TAP組、QL組,每組40例。麻醉誘導(dǎo)后,兩組在超聲引導(dǎo)下分別行TAP阻滯和后路QL阻滯,兩組術(shù)中均采用靜脈+吸入復(fù)合麻醉維持。觀察兩組相關(guān)時(shí)間指標(biāo),疼痛情況,以及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)畢拔出喉罩時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),TAP組麻醉時(shí)間長于TAP組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組術(shù)后30 min、24 h FLACC評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),QL組術(shù)后2、6、48 h FLACC評(píng)分均低于TAP組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。TAP組補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生率為30.0%,QL組為12.5%,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.056);TAP組第1例補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生于術(shù)后4 h,QL組術(shù)后第1例補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生于術(shù)后8 h。QL組術(shù)后疼痛時(shí)間為(64.10±14.63)h,短于TAP組的(78.80±18.32)h,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。兩組住院期間均未見穿刺部位感染、出血或血腫形成;TAP組術(shù)后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率為20.0%,QL組為17.5%,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=0.082,P=0.775)。結(jié)論:在睪丸下降固定術(shù)患兒術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛中,與TAP阻滯相比,QL阻滯可更有效降低疼痛程度、縮短疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 腹橫肌平面阻滯 腰方肌阻滯 兒童 睪丸下降固定術(shù)

[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effect of transverses abdominis plane (TAP) block and quadratus lumborum (QL) block on the postoperative pain in pediatric patients after orchiopexy surgery under general anesthesia. Method: A total of 80 children aged 2~7 years who underwent unilateral testicular descending fixation and hernia repair in Chengdu Women and Children Central Hospital from January 2017 to October 2018 were selected, and were randomly divided into the TAP group and the QL group, 40 cases in each group. After anesthesia induction, TAP block and posterior QL block were performed under ultrasound guidance in both groups, anesthesia maintenance were administered by inhalation and intravenous anesthetics. The relative time index, pain condition and incidence of adverse reaction of two groups were observed. Result: There was no significant difference in operation time, laryngeal mask extraction time and recovery time between the two groups (P>0.05), TAP group anesthesia time was longer than the TAP group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the FLACC scores at 30 min, 24 h after operation between the two groups (P>0.05), and the FLACC scores at 2, 6, 48 h after operation in the QL group were lower than those in the TAP group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of remedial analgesia in the TAP group was 30.0%, and that in the QL group was 12.5%, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.056). The first case of remedial analgesia in the TAP group occurred in 4 h after operation, the first case in the QL group occurred in 8 h after operation. The postoperative pain time was (64.10±14.63) h in the QL group, which was shorter than (78.80±18.32) h in the TAP group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). No puncture site infection, bleeding or hematoma formation was observed during hospitalization in both groups, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 20.0% in the TAP group and 17.5% in the QL group, the difference was not statistically significant (字2=0.082, P=0.775). Conclusion: In pediatric patients receiving orchiopexy surgery under general anesthesia, as compared with the TAP block, the QL block could provide improved postoperative analgesia and shorten the length of postoperative pain.

[Key words] Transverses abdominis plane block Quadratus lumborum block Pediatric Testicular descending fixation First-authors address: Womens and Childrens Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.

睪丸固定術(shù)是兒科常見下腹部手術(shù)。臨床觀察及研究表明,睪丸固定術(shù)后疼痛較為明顯,影響患兒自主活動(dòng)及進(jìn)食、睡眠等[1]。然而,曲馬多或非甾體抗炎藥鎮(zhèn)痛效果欠佳或副作用耐受性差,多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方式需進(jìn)一步改善[1-2]。研究顯示,局部神經(jīng)阻滯可以改善下腹部手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,已在小兒腹部手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛應(yīng)用中取得一定進(jìn)展[3]。腹橫肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滯與腰方肌(quadratus lumborum,QL)阻滯是新型神經(jīng)阻滯方式,相關(guān)研究表明可為上腹部及下腹部手術(shù)提供良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[4-5]。然而,目前國內(nèi)兒童手術(shù)中QL阻滯與TAP阻滯效果對(duì)比研究證據(jù)尚缺乏。本研究擬在睪丸下降固定術(shù)患兒中,對(duì)比觀察QL阻滯與TAP阻滯的鎮(zhèn)痛效果及其對(duì)兒童術(shù)后康復(fù)的影響,具體如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

納入2017年1月-2018年10月于成都市婦女兒童中心醫(yī)院擬行單側(cè)睪丸下降固定術(shù)+疝修補(bǔ)手術(shù)的患兒80例,患兒年齡2~7歲,ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ或Ⅱ級(jí)。排除術(shù)前存在凝血功能障礙、穿刺局部感染或局麻藥過敏史等神經(jīng)阻滯禁忌證的患兒,以及意識(shí)障礙、精神異常等影響術(shù)后評(píng)估的患兒。研究采用前瞻性、隨機(jī)、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),所有患兒隨機(jī)分為TAP阻滯組(TAP組)、QL阻滯組(QL組),每組40例。TAP組平均年齡(3.20±1.20)歲,平均體質(zhì)指數(shù)(18.29±1.76)kg/m2;QL組平均年齡(3.35±1.15)歲,平均體質(zhì)指數(shù)(18.51±2.92)kg/m2。兩組年齡、體重指數(shù)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.571、-0.395,P=0.569、0.694),具有可比性。本研究通過醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并獲得患兒監(jiān)護(hù)人知情同意書。

1.2 方法

所有患兒常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖(electrocardiogram,ECG)、無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓(noninvasive arterial blood,NBP)、脈搏血氧飽和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、體溫(temperature,T)、呼氣末CO2分壓(expiratory CO2 pressure,PetCO2)。采用丙泊酚(四川國瑞藥業(yè)有限公司;批號(hào):1912181)2 mg/kg、芬太尼(人福藥業(yè)有限公司;批號(hào):91D02101)3 μg/kg、順式阿曲庫銨(上海醫(yī)藥東英藥業(yè);批號(hào):A11190905)0.1 mg/kg行麻醉誘導(dǎo),而后置于喉罩。術(shù)中麻醉維持采用2.5%~3%七氟烷(上海恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司;批號(hào):20021131),間斷按需推注芬太尼1~2 μg/kg。

手術(shù)開始前,TAP組和QL組分別行TAP阻滯和后路QL阻滯。TAP組患兒平臥位,采用高頻線性(7~10 MHz)超聲掃描探頭放置于腹壁旁正中線位置,逐漸向外滑行掃描辨識(shí)側(cè)腹壁3層肌肉及腹橫肌平面后,采用平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針法,直至腹橫肌平面。回抽血、無氣后給予0.2%羅哌卡因(阿斯利康;批號(hào):2022-02NBCC)0.6 ml/kg,超聲下觀察局麻藥液擴(kuò)散情況。采用同樣方法,行對(duì)側(cè)TAP阻滯。QL組患兒平臥位,一側(cè)髖部稍墊高,采用高頻線性(7~10 MHz)超聲掃描探頭放置于背闊肌、髂嵴、腹外斜肌后緣之間的側(cè)腹壁近腋中、后線位置。在腹外斜肌及腹內(nèi)斜肌后方定位腰方肌,回抽血、無氣后在腰方肌后側(cè)給予0.2%羅哌卡因 (阿斯利康;批號(hào):2022-02NBCC)0.6 ml/kg。采用同樣方法,行對(duì)側(cè)QL間隙阻滯。所有患兒術(shù)后FLACC評(píng)分>4分,即認(rèn)定為鎮(zhèn)痛不足,給予曲馬多(德國格蘭素有限公司,批號(hào):00475P)20 mg/kg靜脈注射補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛。所有患者麻醉均由同一組醫(yī)師操作;手術(shù)均由同一組醫(yī)師實(shí)施。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

記錄兩組相關(guān)時(shí)間指標(biāo),包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、術(shù)畢拔出喉罩時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間。觀察兩組蘇醒后30 min、2、6、24、48 h疼痛程度,采用FLACC疼痛行為量表評(píng)估,通過量化評(píng)價(jià)患兒表情、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)、活動(dòng)、哭泣、可安慰性5項(xiàng)內(nèi)容綜合判斷疼痛程度,總分最低分為0分,最高位10分,得分越高,表明疼痛不適越明顯[6];術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生率;觀察患兒術(shù)后疼痛消失時(shí)間(FLACC評(píng)分穩(wěn)定為0分超過24 h)。觀察術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、穿刺點(diǎn)感染、出血等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 21.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料先以K-S檢驗(yàn)考察是否符合正態(tài)分布,當(dāng)符合正態(tài)分布時(shí),以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布,采用中位數(shù)(四分位間距)表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組相關(guān)時(shí)間指標(biāo)比較

兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)畢拔出喉罩時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),TAP組麻醉時(shí)間長于TAP組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。

2.2 兩組疼痛情況比較

兩組術(shù)后30 min、24 h FLACC評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),QL組術(shù)后2、6、48 h FLACC評(píng)分低于TAP組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。TAP組補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生率為30.0%(12/40),QL組為12.5%(5/40),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.056);TAP組第1例補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生于術(shù)后4 h,QL組術(shù)后第1例補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生于術(shù)后8 h。QL組術(shù)后疼痛時(shí)間為(64.10±14.63)h,短于TAP組的(78.80±18.32)h,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。

2.3 兩組術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率比較

兩組住院期間均未見穿刺部位感染、出血或血腫形成。TAP組術(shù)后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率為20.0%(8/40),QL組為17.5%(7/40),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=0.082,P=0.775)。

3 討論

術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛不良可對(duì)患兒術(shù)后進(jìn)食、睡眠及康復(fù)產(chǎn)生不良影響,然而,由于評(píng)估困難及鎮(zhèn)痛藥物和技術(shù)有限,兒童手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛是圍術(shù)期尚需進(jìn)一步解決的難題[1,7-8]。睪丸下降固定術(shù)+疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)是幼兒和學(xué)齡前兒童常見手術(shù),其術(shù)后疼痛程度較為明顯。本研究對(duì)比研究了TAP阻滯與QL阻滯對(duì)該類手術(shù)患兒術(shù)后疼痛的影響。結(jié)果顯示,TAP阻滯和QL阻滯均可有效控制術(shù)后疼痛,而QL阻滯效果更強(qiáng),其FLACC評(píng)分更低。

超聲引導(dǎo)下行TAP阻滯已在成人腹部手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛中得到較為廣泛的應(yīng)用,可減輕術(shù)后疼痛、促進(jìn)康復(fù)。既往多項(xiàng)研究表明,在兒童腹部手術(shù)后,TAP阻滯亦具有良好的可操作性和安全有效性[9]。因此,在本研究中并未設(shè)置空白對(duì)照組與之對(duì)照。

QL阻滯是將局麻藥注射于腰方肌周圍間隙內(nèi),一方面可阻滯腰方肌周圍間隙內(nèi)行走的神經(jīng),另一方面亦可通過筋膜間隙擴(kuò)散至椎旁間隙發(fā)揮神經(jīng)阻滯作用[10-11]。從解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及神經(jīng)阻滯范圍等方面而言,QL阻滯與TAP阻滯具有不同的機(jī)制[10]。相關(guān)研究表明,QL阻滯可以較廣泛地阻滯下胸段及上腰段神經(jīng),在腹部手術(shù)及下肢髖關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)圍術(shù)期鎮(zhèn)痛中具有良好的效果[5,12]。?ksüz等[2]對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)在兒童下腹部手術(shù)中,QL阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于TAP阻滯。然而,其納入的受試者中兼有單純疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)和睪丸下降固定術(shù)患兒。有研究表明,睪丸下降固定術(shù)患兒其術(shù)后疼痛程度和持續(xù)時(shí)間均顯著高于疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)[1],因此,其研究有可能低估兩種阻滯方式鎮(zhèn)痛效果的差別。本研究僅納入睪丸下降固定術(shù)+疝修補(bǔ)手術(shù)患兒,結(jié)果顯示,QL阻滯組患兒術(shù)后2、6、48 h FLACC評(píng)分均低于TAP組,推測其原因與QL阻滯范圍更廣及效果更為確切有關(guān)。

此外,本研究顯示QL組麻醉時(shí)間長于TAP組,主要與QL阻滯操作相對(duì)更為復(fù)雜有關(guān),然其并不延長術(shù)后喉罩拔出時(shí)間和患兒蘇醒時(shí)間。并且,值得注意的是,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)QL組術(shù)后疼痛FLACC評(píng)分恢復(fù)0分時(shí)間短于TAP組。既往研究表明,預(yù)防性鎮(zhèn)痛包括神經(jīng)阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛等,可抑制術(shù)后疼痛敏化,降低術(shù)后疼痛嚴(yán)重程度和持續(xù)時(shí)間[13]。由于兩組神經(jīng)阻滯均采用相同濃度和容量的局麻藥,推測兩組患兒術(shù)后疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間及其術(shù)后48 h疼痛嚴(yán)重程度的差異可能與QL更顯著地抑制痛覺敏化效應(yīng)有關(guān)。此外,研究表明,神經(jīng)阻滯等措施抑制術(shù)后疼痛敏化可有效防治術(shù)后慢性疼痛[14-15],然而本研究中尚無法明確兩組患兒術(shù)后慢性疼痛發(fā)生率的差異。

本研究采用FLACC量表作為患兒術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)估工具,盡管其已被國內(nèi)外廣泛采用,由于其主要依據(jù)患兒面部表情、肢體動(dòng)作等進(jìn)行評(píng)估,準(zhǔn)確性和穩(wěn)定性仍存在一定局限性。此外,本研究表明QL組補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛發(fā)生率低于TAP組,但檢驗(yàn)分析未明確統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這可能與本研究樣本量較少有關(guān),亦是本研究的局限性之處。

綜上所述,在睪丸下降固定術(shù)患兒術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛中,與TAP阻滯相比,QL阻滯能更有效降低疼痛嚴(yán)重程度、縮短疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[3] Dingeman R S,Barus L M,Chung H K,et al.Ultrasonography-guided bilateral rectus sheath block vs local anesthetic infiltration after pediatric umbilical hernia repair: a prospective randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Surg,2013,148(8):707-713.

[4] Abdallah F W,Laffey J G,Halpern S H,et al.Duration of analgesic effectiveness after the posterior and lateral transversus abdominis plane block techniques for transverse lower abdominal incisions: a meta-analysis[J].Br J Anaesth,2013,111(5):721-735.

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[9] Li T,Zhang Z,Kolwicz S C,et al.Defective branched-chain amino acid catabolism disrupts glucose metabolism and sensitizes the heart to ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Cell Metab,2017,25(2):374-385.

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[11] Dam M,Moriggl B,Hansen C K,et al.The Pathway of Injectate Spread With the Transmuscular Quadratus Lumborum Block: A Cadaver Study[J].Anesth Analg,2017,125(1):303-312.

[12] Colla L L,Ben-David B,Merman R.Quadratus Lumborum Block as an Alternative to Lumbar Plexus Block for Hip Surgery: A Report of 2 Cases[J].A A Case Rep,2017,8(1):4-6.

[13] Katz J,Clarke H,Seltzer Z.Review article: Preventive analgesia: quo vadimus[J]. Anesth Analg,2011,113(5):1242-1253.

[14] Hussain N,Shastri U,McCartney Colin J L,et al.Should thoracic paravertebral blocks be used to prevent chronic postsurgical pain after breast cancer surgery? A systematic analysis of evidence in light of IMMPACT recommendations[J].Pain,2018,159(10):1955-1971.

[15] Katz J,Cohen L.Preventive analgesia is associated with reduced pain disability 3 weeks but not 6 months after major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy[J].Anesthesiology,2004,101(1):169-174.

(收稿日期:2020-03-18) (本文編輯:馬竹君)

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