來其
▲風(fēng)土篇
幾乎沒有人不知曉普陀山,它的名氣比舟山還響。到舟山旅游,會想到去普陀山并不稀奇,到寧波、杭州旅游的外省客人也有不少想著去普陀山呢。舟山的機(jī)場叫普陀山機(jī)場,早些年更是有人建議把舟山市改名為普陀山市呢。
震旦第一佛國,第一人間清凈地——四大佛教名山中,觀音道場普陀山的人氣爆棚。
獨(dú)一無二的樹
說來也怪,其他像普陀山這般的小島,大多難以見到成片樹林,唯獨(dú)普陀山,島上樹木豐茂,古樟遍布,還有世界上最稀有的樹——普陀鵝耳櫪,全球僅此一棵野生,屬國家一級瀕危物種,根據(jù)IUCN(國際自然及自然資源保護(hù)聯(lián)盟)物種瀕危等級,屬極度瀕危物種。
為何全球僅此一棵?因?yàn)槠胀御Z耳櫪雌雄同株,淺紅色的雌花與淡黃色的雄花不是同時開放,故授粉率極低。難得一顆種子,種子落地后又易腐爛,出苗率自然很低,所以在野生狀態(tài)下,它一直沒有繁衍。
在普陀山,哪怕是一草一木,都會有些與佛相關(guān)的故事。
就說這棵普陀鵝耳櫪吧,據(jù)說它是緬甸僧人約兩百年前上山朝拜時帶來的。帶來時誰也沒把它當(dāng)一回事,不就是一棵樹嘛,種植到佛頂山慧濟(jì)寺后面空地上,讓它享受佛光普照,已是天大的福分了。直到后來植物分類學(xué)家鐘觀光發(fā)現(xiàn)了它,考證出它是“地球獨(dú)子”,才使得舟山人民如獲至寶。
20世紀(jì)80年代開始培育普陀鵝耳櫪,培育經(jīng)過也很神奇。先是縮短雌花和雄花的開花間隔期,這在現(xiàn)代科技條件下不難做到,可普陀鵝耳櫪開花期正值臺風(fēng)期,大風(fēng)一刮加上雨水一淋,還是無法授粉。
巧的是有幾年舟山連續(xù)幾年沒刮臺風(fēng),這樣就結(jié)出了一批種子,這批種子又培育出67株幼苗,“地球獨(dú)子”終于不會“絕后”了。
如此神奇的普陀鵝耳櫪,舟山人居然沒有選它做市樹。
舟山市樹叫舟山新木姜子——且慢,“舟山”兩個字刪不得,因?yàn)樗侵凵教赜袠浞N。
舟山新木姜子有個俗名叫佛光樹。每年農(nóng)歷二月十九觀音大士誕辰,它的幼嫩枝葉上長滿了金黃色的絹狀柔毛,在陽光照耀下閃閃發(fā)光,就如寺廟里和尚的袈裟,所以就叫作“佛光樹”。
舟山新木姜子是全球木本植物中唯一以“舟山”冠名的樹種?,F(xiàn)在你該明白為何不選普陀鵝耳櫪當(dāng)市樹了吧!
普慧庵外有一棵香樟樹,900多歲了,是普陀山現(xiàn)有1221棵古樹中年齡最大的。有一年,有一個300多人的進(jìn)香團(tuán),就曾專程來叩拜這棵香樟樹。
到普陀山,看見古樹都可以拜一拜,在善男信女眼中,古樹見過的佛,比你多得多了。
普陀山與南海的關(guān)系
普陀山在東海,為什么稱“南海普陀山”?
有人說這是因?yàn)椤妒酚洝で厥蓟时炯o(jì)》有“會稽,祭大禹,望于南?!钡挠涊d,以為古代稱普陀山這邊的海域?yàn)槟虾?也有人說,中國歷代帝王大都在北京建都,習(xí)慣把南方的海域都稱為南海。
這統(tǒng)統(tǒng)錯了。原因很簡單,觀音在古天竺就被稱為南海觀音,所以在元初,普陀山和尚如智向朝廷提出,觀音應(yīng)沿用古天竺的名號,稱南海觀音,普陀山既然是觀音道場,亦應(yīng)改稱南海普陀山。從此普陀山就叫南海普陀山了。
上普陀山游玩前,不了解點(diǎn)佛教知識,雖不能說不行,但也太遺憾了,許多東西你會看不懂。
文人的貢獻(xiàn)
歷代文人于普陀山,貢獻(xiàn)不少。
元代著名書法家趙孟頫,受朝廷指派,來普陀山為《昌國州寶陀寺記》“書丹”(抄寫詔書)于碑。而他的夫人管道升,也就是那位寫愛情絕唱“你儂我儂,忒煞情多,情多處,熱如火”(《我儂詞》)的才女,寫過一篇《觀世音菩薩傳略》。
以她寫的傳略為基礎(chǔ),就有了最為中國民間所接受的觀音故事——妙莊王三公主妙善,為治父親病,甘心斷臂,歷盡磨難,修成正果。
1962年秋,郭沫若來普陀山,出了一上聯(lián)“佛頂山頂佛”,叫人對下聯(lián)。他的秘書對了“天一閣一天”,郭沫若搖搖頭不以為然。一位鄉(xiāng)村干部以“云扶石扶云”相對,贏得郭沫若點(diǎn)頭贊賞。
云扶石是普陀山奇石之一,在去佛頂山的香云路上。連白云都來扶此石,聽上去應(yīng)該高聳險峻,其實(shí)它所在位置海拔并不太高,只因它是由兩石相摞,上石如欹鐘,下石如方棋,斜傾欲墜,才讓人覺得云彩都得來扶它了。
金庸第一次來舟山是1994年4月6日,那次他沒上桃花島,只去了普陀山。
聽說從普陀山到桃花島坐快艇只要幾十分鐘時間,他有點(diǎn)遺憾地說:“桃花島在我書中所占的位置不輕呵!這次時間太緊了!”
在佛頂山,有人朝遠(yuǎn)處指點(diǎn)著對金庸說:“看,那就是桃花島?!边h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)看去,在普陀山東南的海面上,桃花島如藍(lán)色棋盤上的一粒棋子,清晰可見。金庸先生興奮起來:“呵,這就是桃花島嗎?”他凝神看了一會兒,轉(zhuǎn)身招呼攝影師給他攝影留念。
從佛頂山下來,金庸遇到了特意趕來的桃花鎮(zhèn)文化站負(fù)責(zé)人周威文。周威文說:“金庸先生雖然來不了桃花島,但我們無論如何得表達(dá)一下自己的心意??!”“心意”是一張?zhí)一◢u地圖和幾本《桃花島民間傳說故事》。金庸欣然接受了,提筆在宣紙上題寫“碧海金沙桃花島”七個字。
明故宮唯一存世的建筑
普陀山有一座多寶塔,建于元順帝元統(tǒng)二年(1334年),是當(dāng)時普陀山僧人孚中,向南京藩王宣讓王募捐建成的。此塔又名“太子塔”。
這座多寶塔,用太湖石砌成,方形,5層,高32米,有臺無檐。每層塔的四面雕有佛龕。佛龕內(nèi),供奉著“全跏趺坐式佛像”,此坐姿即兩足交叉置于左右股上,俗稱“雙盤”。
它是普陀山現(xiàn)存最古老的建筑,是浙江現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的石結(jié)構(gòu)方塔中最為精美的一座。
很少有人知道,南京明代故宮唯一存世的建筑物在普陀山,那就是法雨寺的大圓通殿,包括琉璃瓦、雕龍柱磉和九龍?jiān)寰际钱?dāng)時從明故宮里拆移過來的。
康熙三十八年(1699年)春,皇帝南巡至杭州,接見了法雨寺住持性統(tǒng),下發(fā)“拆金陵舊殿以賜”的圣旨。
Putuo is full of ancient trees. To be exactly, there are 1,221 trees listed as ancient trees on the islet. The oldest is a 900-year-old camphor tree outside Puhui Nunnery. These trees have seen more Buddhas than a visitor can imagine.
Mount Putuo and South Sea
Guanyin is known as Guanyin of South Sea to all the Guanyin worshippers. Mount Putuo is in the East China Sea. East Sea and South Sea are different. Why is the Goddess of Mercy of South Sea in East China Sea? One explanation is that Guanyin is a goddess of south sea in the original India. In the early Yuan Dynasty, a monk in Putuo proposed to the court that Guanyin should be known as Guanyin of South Sea. The proposal was approved.
A Grand Hall from the Forbidden City of the Ming
It is little known to the world that Dayuantong Hall (the Grand Hall of Universal Understanding) at Fayu Temple in Putuo is a reconstruction of a hall from the Forbidden City in Nanjing, the capital city of the Ming (1368-1644) before a coup and then relocation to Beijing in the north in 1421. In 1699, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) visited Hangzhou during his inspection tour to the south. He granted an interview with the abbot of the Fayu Temple and issued a royal edict that an old hall from the Forbidden City in Nanjing be relocated to Fayu Temple as a royal gift.
Famed Food
A few grand temples in Putuo operate vegetarian restaurants that cater to the public. All the dishes on the menus are priced low and all the dishes are vegetarian. However, these temple restaurants design menus that sound weirdly unorthodox: the menus have fish and meat, but these names are deceptive. All the fish and meat dishes on the menus are actually made of vegetables.
Mount Putuo holds a 1000-guest vegetarian banquet outside Putuo regularly. So far, the annual event has been held in Quanzhou, Shishi, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Sanming in Fujian Province, Dalian in Liaoning Province in the north, and Shenzhen in the south, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
Temples on the islet also offer cakes and pies as takeouts to pilgrims who bring the snacks back to where they come from.
Typhoons
As Zhoushan is in East China Sea where typhoons visit in the summer frequently, Putuo is often impacted by storms. However, over the past few years, typhoons havent made their landfalls in Zhoushan for some reasons. A few years ago, a typhoon had reached Zhujiajian, a small islet about 2,500 meters from Putuo Island. Had the typhoon moved a little bit closer, it would have certainly reached the 33-meter-tall South Sea Guanyin Statue on Putuo. But the typhoon made a turn of 90 degrees and went away. When the typhoons bizarre route was later published online, many people were astonished and puzzled. They couldnt help but wonder why the storm changed its mind and made such an abrupt turn. Some suggest that typhoons have shied away from Putuo since the statue of Guanyin of South Sea was installed on Putuo. Many people believe it is a pure coincidence. But many believe the heaven moves in mysterious ways and who could seriously dismiss the superstitious idea that typhoons stay away respectfully.