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我的曾祖父吳昌碩

2020-08-14 09:00吳越
文化交流 2020年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:潘天壽西泠印社吳昌碩

吳越

“十年不到香雪海,梅花憶我我憶梅。何時買棹冒雪去,便向花前傾一杯?!边@是一首題畫詩,表達了我的曾祖父吳昌碩先生對杭州超山梅花的深厚感情。

2020年7月,杭州市余杭區(qū)超山風(fēng)景區(qū)管理委員會在江南梅花圣地——超山梅花園拍攝電視片“藝術(shù)大師——吳昌碩”。

我的曾祖父吳昌碩,一生酷愛梅花,對梅有一種發(fā)自肺腑的真情。他寫梅、書梅、畫梅、刻梅,在他的藝術(shù)精品中,以梅花為主題的作品占了很大的比例。

他曾題詩“苦鐵道人梅知己”,意寓永遠做梅花的朋友。1927年11月,吳昌碩先生逝世,我祖父吳東邁遵父遺命,將他葬于超山。一代宗師吳昌碩從此長眠于超山十里梅海。

梅花象征著高潔,象征著拼搏,是不畏嚴(yán)寒與困境的發(fā)憤圖強,是悠然的淡泊名利。吳昌碩先生愛超山梅花,選擇與梅為伴,因為他就是梅,梅就是他。

作為中國近代集詩、書、畫、印于一體的藝術(shù)大家,吳昌碩賦予了書畫藝術(shù)探索創(chuàng)新的生命力。這個從貧困家境中走出來的人,以藝術(shù)為畢生追求,而且培養(yǎng)了諸多有影響力的書畫藝術(shù)家,甚至還“跨界”培養(yǎng)了京劇大師梅蘭芳和荀慧生。

學(xué)訓(xùn)詁學(xué)文學(xué),他拜俞曲園為師

吳昌碩的家鄉(xiāng)在浙江省安吉縣。這里是中國的毛竹之鄉(xiāng),又是白茶之鄉(xiāng)。山清水秀的一方山水,養(yǎng)育了大師吳昌碩。

吳昌碩早年受他父親的影響,對書法、篆刻產(chǎn)生了濃厚興趣。一般人家,一方印一般刻一面或者刻兩面、兩頭,但是由于早年家境貧困,吳昌碩每得到一方印材,往往要六面全部刻滿后,磨平再刻,反復(fù)練習(xí)。他練字是用青石板,把石板磨平,沾清水在石板上反復(fù)練習(xí)。他把家里的墻磚挖出來,鑿了一方硯臺,因為練字,甚至還磨穿過一方硯臺。

劉海粟美術(shù)館曾經(jīng)就陳列過吳昌碩用過的一方硯臺,是用非常普通的一塊墻磚打造的,吳昌碩后來傳給了兒子,后者又傳到了下一代手中。我們現(xiàn)在講文化自覺、文化自信、文化自強,老一輩藝術(shù)家為我們作了很好的示范。一方硯臺看不出什么,但是傳承了一種精神:有條件要上,沒有條件創(chuàng)造條件也要上。

安吉曾是兵家必爭之地,屬軍事要地。吳昌碩在17歲到22歲這五年中,正逢太平天國的后期,當(dāng)時太平軍在安吉燒殺搶掠,老百姓到處避難,他也在到處避難,做長工,打短工,啃樹皮。但是他并沒有泯滅自己的學(xué)習(xí)意志,反而鍛煉了刻苦向上的求學(xué)精神。

吳昌碩把詩、篆刻、書法、繪畫作為自己終身奮斗學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)。26歲后,他離開家鄉(xiāng),走訪湖州、杭州、蘇州、上海等地,拜師求學(xué)。29歲后,他和新婚的妻子分別,又到湖州、杭州、蘇州求學(xué)。在杭州,拜俞曲園為師,學(xué)習(xí)訓(xùn)詁。在蘇州,拜楊見山為師,學(xué)習(xí)文學(xué)、書法以及人品。楊見山還有一個號,叫“楊藐翁”,寓意藐視一切,傲骨錚錚。真正的藝術(shù)家個性都非常強烈,不唯唯諾諾。吳昌碩對楊見山非常崇拜和敬仰,他刻了一方印,稱呼自己為“庸齋內(nèi)老門生”(楊見山先生的號叫“庸齋”)。

他還到吳大澂家里擔(dān)任家庭教師。吳大澂在當(dāng)時的清朝廷任官,他把兩個兒子交給吳昌碩指導(dǎo)。當(dāng)時,蘇州吳家是一個望族,家里收藏相當(dāng)豐富,像一個小型博物館。吳昌碩非常高興,一邊在吳大澂家里教書,一邊在他家看很多社會上看不到的珍藏,如青銅器、鼎、彝器等一大批精品。吳大澂有一次問他的兒子,吳?。▍遣T早年的名字)在家里除了教書以外還做什么?他兒子回答說,每天就是在看我們家里面的收藏,記了很多筆記,寫了很多詩。當(dāng)時吳大澂對吳昌碩的這種學(xué)習(xí)精神非常滿意。

后來,吳昌碩又到全國各地去拜訪了一大批藝術(shù)家。他能夠看到的、學(xué)到的都是第一手的資料,是原汁原味的藝術(shù)精品。這個過程對他的進步有很大的促進作用。

吳昌碩和家鄉(xiāng)的感情非常深厚。他有一個名字叫“吳蒼石”,他喜歡畫大石頭,因為安吉的山里面,這種類型的石頭相當(dāng)多。他還喜歡畫家鄉(xiāng)的竹子、山水,69歲以后,他作品上面都是以“吳昌碩”或者以“安吉吳昌碩”來落款。

寫詩用功60年,夫人稱他是詩人

吳昌碩的繪畫,大氣磅礴之余,還有一個鮮明的細(xì)節(jié)特點:他的每幅畫作上面都有詩詞提示。本來,畫作上寫個日期、簽個名的做法在畫界很常見,但吳昌碩并不僅僅是簡單的日期、簽名,他更多地把自己心中的想法表達在作品落款的詩詞里面。他在詩歌方面,用了60年的功夫。吳昌碩的夫人也會寫詩,她從沒有把吳昌碩當(dāng)作畫家、書畫家,一直說他是詩人。他的詩里面思想性非常強,他喜愛王維、杜甫的詩,也喜歡學(xué)習(xí)揚州八怪的作品。

他把老百姓喜聞樂見的內(nèi)容作為詩詞的題材。潘天壽是吳昌碩的弟子之一,潘天壽對吳昌碩非常敬佩,吳昌碩對潘天壽也非常厚愛。吳昌碩曾經(jīng)寫了對聯(lián)給潘天壽,上聯(lián)是“天驚地怪見落筆”,下聯(lián)叫“巷語街談總?cè)朐姟保馑际窍M颂靿蹚睦习傩障猜剺芬姷膬?nèi)容出發(fā)來進行創(chuàng)作。他不僅這樣要求自己,也要求他的弟子深入生活,要把老百姓看的、聽的、講的,作為詩、書、畫的內(nèi)容。

所以,他的藝術(shù)永遠和老百姓在一起。晚年,擔(dān)任西泠印社社長以后,他為西泠印社寫了對聯(lián),其中一句就是:“一耕夫來自田間”。別人把他稱為泰斗、大師,他則把自己當(dāng)成一個耕夫、一個農(nóng)民。他說,“我永遠是一個耕夫,在田里面耕也好,在書法上面也是一種耕,在繪畫方面也是一種耕。”

吳昌碩的書法是他的藝術(shù)之根,他畢生以書法為友。而他書法的源頭在哪里?答案是石鼓文。吳昌碩早年特別喜歡臨摹石鼓文,他愛石鼓文殘缺的古樸美和獨特的結(jié)構(gòu)。他扎實的書法功力,為他的篆刻和繪畫打下了扎實的基礎(chǔ),也幫助他的藝術(shù)成就達到了“20世紀(jì)中國書法第一人”的稱號。篆書一般圓體比較多,但吳昌碩經(jīng)過自己幾十年的修煉以后,形成了自己的風(fēng)格:每個篆書結(jié)構(gòu)比較偏長,線條有一種韌性。所以昌碩先生的篆書,有一種鐵筆剛勁的韻味含在其中。他用篆書寫就的《西泠印社記》,也是現(xiàn)在西泠印社收藏的鎮(zhèn)社之寶。

繪畫方面,吳昌碩經(jīng)常畫老百姓喜歡的蔬菜,如白菜。他一直講“食蔬者長壽”,所以他畫的蔬菜也很多。有趣的是,他畫筆下的蔬菜線條全部是篆書線條。正因為他書法的功力深,簡練而又剛勁的書體,使他的繪畫充滿了一種強烈的個性。你如果書法基礎(chǔ)不好,像這種線條,包括一朵一朵梅花的花瓣是表現(xiàn)不出的。據(jù)我父親講,老先生畫梅花的花瓣,他就是用篆書的筆法來畫花瓣的。我們一直講書畫同源,以書為基礎(chǔ),畫是一種表現(xiàn)的形式,正因為書法的基礎(chǔ)好了,才為繪畫的成功奠定了基礎(chǔ)。他畫壽桃,壽桃的線條就是他書法的線條,正因為他書法藏鋒筆力的剛勁,所以線條也能承載著這么豐滿的一對壽桃。

他的詩詞、繪畫、書法,為他的中國畫奠定了扎實的基礎(chǔ),從而達到了氣勢磅礴、意境豐滿、內(nèi)涵豐富、色彩高度完美的結(jié)合。即便是其將近80歲時的繪畫作品,依然充滿強烈的生命力,體現(xiàn)了一種民族向上的奔放精神。

詩書畫印精絕,還有卓越的教育成果

吳昌碩不僅是詩、書、畫、印四絕,而且在藝術(shù)教育方面,幾位學(xué)生都頗有成就。其中包括沙孟海、王個簃、陳半丁、劉海粟、潘天壽、張大千、王一亭、梅蘭芳等。梅蘭芳是京劇大師,但實際上早在20歲的時候,他就在上海向吳昌碩先生求教,學(xué)習(xí)書畫藝術(shù)。吳昌碩晚年和王一亭交往特別深,他們兩位亦師亦友。也是因為在藝術(shù)教育上的卓越成果,吳昌碩被世界藝術(shù)界評為五絕完人。

不僅對中國的藝術(shù)教育作出貢獻,吳昌碩還培養(yǎng)了日本的弟子,其中包括許多位日本有名的書畫大家,為中日民間的友好藝術(shù)交流做了大量的工作。1913年,西泠印社建立10周年的時候,正式對外營運交流。當(dāng)年的篆刻書畫界公推吳昌碩為西泠印社的首任社長。1996年,日本福岡地區(qū)的藝術(shù)家為了紀(jì)念吳昌碩,在日本北九州市專門建立了吳昌碩胸像紀(jì)念碑。吳昌碩誕辰170周年時,日本各地也舉辦了吳昌碩紀(jì)念活動。這都反映了吳昌碩帶給日本的積極影響。

晚年時,吳昌碩把自己的家藏大批捐獻出來,要求王一亭辦一個學(xué)校,就是昌明藝術(shù)??茖W(xué)校。吳昌碩自己沒有經(jīng)過學(xué)校的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí),他靠兩條腿走遍了大半個中國,他憑自己的意志努力,在老師的指點下,站上中國的藝術(shù)高峰。但他說:我一定要辦一個學(xué)校,讓想學(xué)習(xí)而沒有條件學(xué)習(xí)的年輕人,在這個學(xué)校里面得到正統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)。

一位藝術(shù)家一定要有一種責(zé)任感。吳昌碩賑災(zāi)、辦學(xué)校、搶救西泠印社的國寶……他不僅在藝術(shù)方面攀上了高峰,對社會的發(fā)展也有巨大的擔(dān)當(dāng)。

吳昌碩特別喜歡杭州余杭超山的梅花。晚年的吳昌碩一直在超山畫梅、寫梅。老先生逝世之前,就跟我祖父講:我去世以后,你們就把我葬在超山的梅花樹旁。他曾經(jīng)自己寫了一首《苦鐵道人梅知己》,他說:我永遠是梅花的朋友。

My Great Grandfather Wu Changshuo

By Wu Yue

Wintersweet was the lifetime lover of my great-grandfather Wu Changshuo (1844–1927), whose high attainments in seal-engraving, painting and calligraphy made him a heavyweight member in the hall of fame of contemporary Chinese arts. His deep love for wintersweet infiltrated his versatile artworks. In 1927, the art master rested in peace in the wintersweet-perfumed Chaoshan Hill in Yuhang, Hangzhou.

Born into a poor, academic family in Anji in present-day Huzhou in northern Zhejiang, Wu Changshuo pursued throughout his lifetime the highest possible stage of traditional Chinese arts, and influenced many cultural notables, even including Mei Lanfang (1894-1961) and Xun Huisheng (1900-1968), two Peking Opera masters of the 20th century in China.

Anji, where Wu Changshuo was born, is “Chinas capital of bamboo and white tea”. The countys picturesque scenery of mountains and rivers contributed to the art genes of a young Wu Changshuo. Influenced by his father, Wu Changshuo became interested in calligraphy and seal carving at a very young age. Family poverty never bothered the boy, who made the best of each stone to practice seal carving and practiced calligraphy with water. An inkslab made by Wu Changshuo with a piece of wall brick was once displayed at the Liu Haisu Museum in Shanghai.

Wu never stopped his pursuit in arts during the warring years from 1861 to 1866. The scarcity of life materials further built his character, and at the age of 29, he left his hometown and his newly-wedded wife for more advanced study in Suzhou, where he further honed his skills in literature and calligraphy, and Hangzhou, where he learned exegesis from Yu Quyuan (1821-1907).

In his Suzhou years, Wu Changshuo became the tutor of the two sons of Wu Dacheng, a high-ranking court official of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The familys collection of ancient artifacts opened the eye of Wu Changshuo. He also traveled a lot, visiting the countrys art masters and trying his best to build connections. In those years, he made sure that what he saw was the best of the best, and such a mentality paved the way for his achievements in later years.

Wu Changshuo also called himself “Cangshi” (weather-beaten rock). The name shows his love for stone. The artist used “Wu Changshuo” or “Wu Changshuo from Anji” for almost all his artworks made after the age of 69, in order to show his spiritual connection with his hometown.

Wus unique approach to art, later known as the “Wu style,” was inspired by traditional calligraphic technique. His compositions were often accompanied by poetic inscriptions. Interestingly, in the eye of his wife, who also wrote poems, Wu Changshuo was more a poet than a painter and calligrapher. Poetry remained his lifetime passion. He was a big fan of Wang Wei, Du Fu and the “Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics”.

Wu Changshuo and Pan Tianshou (1897-1971), who was one of Wus disciples, were friends for life. “Life is the best source of poems,” Wu Changshuo once wrote a couplet as words of advice to Pan. It is no exaggeration to say that the art of Wu Changshuo is from ordinary life and for the ordinary people. In his later years as the president of the Xiling Seal-engravers Society, he humbly called himself a “farmer filling my duties in the art realms”.

Calligraphy is the “root” of the virtuosos peerless attainments in all the realms he specialized in. Wus calligraphic style was first inspired by “shiguwen” (inscriptions on drum-shaped stone blocks of the Warring States period of China), which he copied a lot in his younger years with great passion. The primitive simplicity of the inscriptions rendered his calligraphy a unique, unsurpassable quality, as best illustrated in , written in the seal script by Wu Changshuo.

Interestingly, such a calligraphic style is also noticeable in the artists paintings, most strikingly in his “vegetable” and “wintersweet” pieces. For Wu Changshuo, painting is a bifurcation of calligraphy. His incomparable calligraphic mastery blossomed into a freestyle he manipulated with ease in all the other art genres he pursued. Wu did not start painting until the age of 30. Combining bright colors and sharp contrasts with bold, simple brushstrokes, he created a unique style that is rich in life. Such fierce vitality never waned with age, as is fully demonstrated in works he created in his 80s.

Wu Changshuo was also a master of art education. He was the most important mentor to Wang Yiting, an influential figure in the artist circle of Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s. Of Wus numerous followers also were some Japanese painting artists and calligraphers.

Wu Changshuo donated most of his collections of ancient artifacts and artworks and collaborated with Wang Yiting to fulfill a long-cherished wish, that is, to open an art school. The school evolved into the Hangzhou-based China Academy of Arts, one of the most prestigious art institutions in China.

Wu Changshuo spent the last few of his twilight years in Yuhang, admiring the legendary beauty of the wintersweet blossoms in Chaoshan Hill, about 30 kilometers from present-day downtown Hangzhou.

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