李玉美 陳胤文 余曉琳 洪建明 林炳耀 曾今誠(chéng) 林東子
【摘要】 目的:探究γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)(interferon-γ release assays,IGRAs)聯(lián)合可產(chǎn)生γ-干擾素(interferon-γ,INF-γ)的斑點(diǎn)形成細(xì)胞(spot-forming cells,SFC)數(shù)量、酶聯(lián)免疫斑點(diǎn)檢測(cè)法(enzyme-linked immunospot assay,ELISPOT)模型識(shí)別活動(dòng)性結(jié)核與潛伏性結(jié)核的診斷效能。方法:選取2017年9月-2018年12月在筆者所在醫(yī)院就診的結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染患者312例,其中活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核組154例記為活動(dòng)組,潛伏性結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染158例記為潛伏組。通過(guò)受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)分析γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)、SFC及ELISPOT聯(lián)合診斷模型識(shí)別活動(dòng)性及潛伏性結(jié)核的診斷價(jià)值。結(jié)果:活動(dòng)組γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)結(jié)果高于潛伏組,SFC高于潛伏組,ELISPOT陽(yáng)性率(78.6%)高于潛伏組(31.0%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)診斷的臨界值為2.72 IU/ml,其對(duì)應(yīng)靈敏度為79.1%,特異度為52.5%,ROC曲線下面積為0.768[95%CI(0.708,0.829)];SFC診斷臨界值為2.78,其對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度為75.3%,特異度為60.8%,ROC曲線下面積為0.768[95%CI(0.711,0.825)];ELISPOT陽(yáng)性診斷臨界值為4.27 mg/L,其對(duì)應(yīng)靈敏度為70.8%,特異度為51.3%,ROC曲線下面積為0.620[95%CI(0.546,0.694)]。行Logistic回歸分析,得到聯(lián)合診斷模型Logit(P)=1.433+2.512γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)+1.654 SFC+1.121 ELISPOT,聯(lián)合檢測(cè)截?cái)嘀禐?.47,對(duì)應(yīng)靈敏度為74.7%,特異度為80.4%,ROC曲線下面積為0.851[95%CI(0.806,0.896)]。聯(lián)合檢測(cè)特異度及曲線下面積均高于各指標(biāo)單獨(dú)檢測(cè),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且聯(lián)合檢測(cè)保持較好的靈敏度。結(jié)論:γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)、SFC及ELISPOT聯(lián)合診斷模型可提高活動(dòng)性結(jié)核的特異度,并保持較高的靈敏度,在鑒別活動(dòng)性及潛伏性結(jié)核感染方面具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病 γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn) 酶聯(lián)免疫斑點(diǎn)檢測(cè)法 斑點(diǎn)形成細(xì)胞 聯(lián)合診斷
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.21.006 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2020)21-00-04
Diagnostic Value of Interferon-γ Release Assays Combined with Spot-forming Cells and Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay in Active and Latent Tuberculosis/LI Yumei, CHEN Yinwen, YU Xiaolin, HONG Jianming, LIN Bingyao, ZENG Jincheng, LIN Dongzi. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2020, 18(21): 14-17
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the diagnostic value of Spot-forming cells (SFC) and enzyme linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) in combination with interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) in active and latent tuberculosis. Method: A total of 312 patients with mycobacterium tuberculosis infection who visited our hospital from September 2017 to December 2018 were selected. Among them, 154 patients in the active tuberculosis group and 158 patients with latent mycobacterium tuberculosis infection were recorded as the latent group. The diagnostic value of IFN-γ release test, SFC and ELISPOT combined diagnostic model in active and latent tuberculosis was analyzed by ROC curve. Result: The result of IFN-γ release test in the active group was higher than that in the latent group, the level of SFC in the active group was higher than that in the latent group, the positive rate of ELISPOT in the active group (78.6%) was higher than that in the latent group (31.0%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The diagnostic threshold of IFN-γ release test was 2.72 IU/ml, the corresponding sensitivity was 79.1%, the specificity was 52.5%, and the area under ROC curve was 0.768 [95%CI (0.708, 0.829)]. The diagnostic threshold of SFC diagnosis was 2.78, the corresponding sensitivity was 75.3%, the specificity was 60.8%, and the area under ROC curve was 0.768 [95%CI (0.711, 0.825)]. The diagnostic threshold of positive diagnosis of ELISPOT was 4.27 mg/L, the corresponding sensitivity was 70.8%, the specificity was 51.3%, and the area under ROC curve was 0.620 [95%CI (0.546, 0.694)]. The combined diagnosis model Logit (P)=1.433+2.512 γ-interferon release test+1.654 SFC+1.121 was obtained by logistic regression analysis, and the diagnostic threshold of combined diagnosis model was 2.47, and the sensitivity of it was 74.7%, the specificity was 80.4%, and the area under ROC curve was 0.851 [95%CI (0.806, 0.896)]. The specificity and the area under the curve of combined detection were higher than those of individual detection, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), and the combined detection maintained good sensitivity. Conclusion: IFN-γ release test, SFC and ELISPOT combined diagnosis model can improve the specificity of active tuberculosis, and maintain high sensitivity, which has important clinical value in distinguishing active and latent tuberculosis infection.
[Key words] Active tuberculosis Interferon-γ release assays Enzyme-linked immunospot assay Spot-forming cells Combination diagnosis
First-authors address: The Sixth Peoples Hospital, Dongguan 523008, China
近年來(lái),隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,人口遷徙空前加快,增加了結(jié)核病的傳播機(jī)會(huì)[1],據(jù)報(bào)道,中國(guó)的結(jié)核分枝桿菌攜帶者的比例為13%~20%[2]。如果不經(jīng)治療,其中約5%的結(jié)核菌攜帶者將發(fā)展為活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病[3]。雖然當(dāng)前有多種檢測(cè)結(jié)核病的方法,但是靈敏度和特異性還不能滿足臨床的要求[4]。γ-干擾素(IFN-γ)釋放試驗(yàn)是一種新的用于輔助診斷結(jié)核感染的免疫學(xué)方法,其靈敏度和特異性均顯著優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)方法,使其在臨床上得以廣泛應(yīng)用[5]。然而,IFN-γ釋放試驗(yàn)(interferon-γrelease assays,IGRAs)不可區(qū)分活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病和潛伏性結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染[6]。由于抗結(jié)核治療有副作用,準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病和潛伏性結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染對(duì)臨床上決定是否采取治療措施十分重要。本研究擬綜合使用IFN-γ釋放水平及產(chǎn)生γ-干擾素的T細(xì)胞數(shù)量即斑點(diǎn)形成細(xì)胞(sport-forming cells,SFC)、酶聯(lián)免疫斑點(diǎn)檢測(cè)法(enzyme-linked immunospot assay,ELISPOT)來(lái)建立一個(gè)模型,來(lái)用于活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病和潛伏性結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染的識(shí)別,探討其臨床可行性,具體如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年9月-2018年12月在筆者所在醫(yī)院就診的結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染患者312例,其中活動(dòng)性肺結(jié)核組154例記為活動(dòng)組,潛伏性結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染158例記為潛伏組?;顒?dòng)組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):抗酸染色檢測(cè)、結(jié)核分枝桿菌PCR檢測(cè)或分枝桿菌培養(yǎng)檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性;且有明顯結(jié)核相關(guān)癥狀?;顒?dòng)組排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):已進(jìn)行2周以上抗結(jié)核治療;依從性差、復(fù)診或隨訪困難;年齡小于16歲或大于65歲;妊娠期;合并肺外結(jié)核?。ńY(jié)核性胸膜炎除外);抗酸染色(+)但PCR(-),懷疑為非結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染;人類免疫缺陷病毒感染。潛伏組納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):與活動(dòng)性結(jié)核患者密切接觸,結(jié)核菌素實(shí)驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性,但無(wú)咳嗽、咳痰、發(fā)熱、盜汗等臨床表現(xiàn),同時(shí)無(wú)影像學(xué)證據(jù)支持肺結(jié)核診斷。潛伏組排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):依從性差、復(fù)診或隨訪困難;年齡小于16歲或大于65歲;妊娠期;不明原因的感染性疾,包括懷疑為非結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染及HIV感染;自身免疫性疾病;有結(jié)核病史;ICU病房患者及腫瘤患者;使用免疫抑制劑;人類免疫缺陷病毒感染?;顒?dòng)組男88例,女66例,平均年齡(57.12±10.74)歲;潛伏組男89例,女69例,平均年齡(59.43±11.28)歲。兩組性別、年齡比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=0.020,P=0.885;t=0.852,P=0.065)。本研究通過(guò)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審閱同意,所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法與觀察指標(biāo)
γ-INF釋放試驗(yàn):入組后抽取患者外周靜脈血3 ml,肝素管抗凝,在空白對(duì)照管N,測(cè)試管T和陽(yáng)性對(duì)照管P各加入1 ml全血樣本(管經(jīng)肝素抗凝處理),在血液采集4 h內(nèi)將各管放入(37±1)℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)16~24 h,后以3 000~5 000 r/min的轉(zhuǎn)速離心10 min,取血漿檢測(cè)各培養(yǎng)管中γ-干擾素的濃度。高于診斷最佳截?cái)嘀?,則定位陽(yáng)性。
ELISPOT及SFC測(cè)定:入組后抽取患者外周靜脈血3 ml,肝素管抗凝,分離外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞并測(cè)定細(xì)胞濃度,測(cè)定經(jīng)分泌靶抗原-6及培養(yǎng)濾液蛋白-10融合蛋白刺激下產(chǎn)生γ-INF的T-細(xì)胞數(shù)量(即SFC),與陰性對(duì)照孔相比,得出ELISPOT陽(yáng)性率。判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):ELISPOT陽(yáng)性率,每孔20萬(wàn)單個(gè)核細(xì)胞的陰性對(duì)照孔斑點(diǎn)數(shù)為0~5時(shí),則測(cè)試孔SFC與對(duì)照孔SFC之差≥6為陽(yáng)性;若陰性對(duì)照孔斑點(diǎn)數(shù)≥6,則測(cè)試孔SFC的值大于2倍對(duì)照孔SFC的值為陽(yáng)性。ELISPOT分析儀為德國(guó)Autoimmun diagnostika公司生產(chǎn),γ-INF ELISPOT試劑盒操作嚴(yán)格按照操作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(批號(hào):1605023,上海江萊生物科技有限公司產(chǎn))。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
數(shù)據(jù)處理采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用獨(dú)立資料t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù))[M(P25,P75)]表示,采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較用字2檢驗(yàn)。運(yùn)用Logistic回歸擬合聯(lián)合診斷模型并繪制ROC曲線評(píng)估診斷價(jià)值,采用Hanley-McNeil方法比較ROC曲線下面積,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組γ-干擾素、SFC及ELISPOT陽(yáng)性率比較
活動(dòng)組γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)結(jié)果高于潛伏組,SFC高于潛伏組,ELISPOT陽(yáng)性率(78.6%)高于潛伏組(31.0%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 各組γ-干擾素釋放水平、SFC及ELISPOT結(jié)果單獨(dú)和聯(lián)合診斷效能比較
以血清γ-干擾素釋放水平、SFC及ELISPOT陽(yáng)性結(jié)果作為檢驗(yàn)變量,有無(wú)活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病為狀態(tài)標(biāo)量,以1-特異度為X軸,以靈敏度為Y軸繪制ROC曲線,見圖1,以確定最佳截?cái)嘀?。根?jù)ROC曲線可得,γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)診斷的臨界值為2.72 IU/ml,其對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度為79.1%,特異度為52.5%,ROC曲線下面積為0.768[95%CI(0.708,0.829)];SFC診斷的臨界值為2.78,其對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度為75.3%,特異度為60.8%,ROC曲線下面積為0.768[95%CI(0.711,0.825)];ELISPOT陽(yáng)性診斷的臨界值為4.27 mg/L,其對(duì)應(yīng)的靈敏度為70.8%,特異度為51.3%,ROC曲線下面積為0.620[95%CI(0.546,0.694)];隨后以活動(dòng)性結(jié)核的發(fā)生情況(賦值:發(fā)生=1,未發(fā)生=0)為因變量,以γ-干擾素釋放水平、SFC及ELISPOT陽(yáng)性結(jié)果為自變量,進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析,得到回歸方程為L(zhǎng)ogit (P)=1.433+2.512γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)+1.654 SFC+1.121 ELISPOT,模型中概率值變量pre-1=1/{1+exp[-Logit (P)]},并根據(jù)Logistic回歸模型中的概率值pre-1擬合聯(lián)合ROC曲線,聯(lián)合檢測(cè)最佳診斷截?cái)嘀禐?.47,靈敏度為74.7%,特異度為80.4%,ROC曲線下面積為0.851[95%CI(0.806,0.896)]。聯(lián)合檢測(cè)特異度及曲線下面積均高于各指標(biāo)單獨(dú)檢測(cè),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且聯(lián)合檢測(cè)保持較好的靈敏度,見表2、表3。
3 討論
我國(guó)是結(jié)核大國(guó),結(jié)核感染率在世界排名第二位,結(jié)核的藥物治療對(duì)機(jī)體損傷較大,因此需要建立高效的診斷方法進(jìn)行活動(dòng)性結(jié)核及潛伏性結(jié)核的鑒別[7]。γ-干擾素釋放實(shí)驗(yàn)是臨床上確認(rèn)結(jié)核感染和評(píng)估較為常用的方法,能較為靈敏和準(zhǔn)確地鑒定結(jié)核的感染,但是在區(qū)分潛伏性結(jié)核和活動(dòng)性結(jié)核方面尚存在不足,需要探索更好地鑒別診斷方法[5]。既往研究中SFC及ELISPOT陽(yáng)性率在鑒別潛伏性結(jié)核和活動(dòng)性結(jié)核顯示出一定成效[8-9],本研究探討了γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)、SFC及ELISPOT聯(lián)合診斷模型鑒別活動(dòng)和潛伏結(jié)核病的臨床價(jià)值。
γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)是一種較新的結(jié)核病診斷方法,通過(guò)抗原刺激致敏淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的干擾素水平來(lái)確定是否有結(jié)核分枝桿菌的感染[10]。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)診斷的靈敏度為79.1%,特異度為52.5%,ROC曲線下面積為0.768[95% CI(0.708,0.829)]。謝莉等[11]研究表明γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)診斷活動(dòng)性結(jié)核的敏感度和特異度分別為84%、62%,高于本實(shí)驗(yàn);但兩者樣本人群、樣本量存在較大差異。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)在鑒別潛伏性和活動(dòng)性結(jié)核方面價(jià)值有限,主要是特異度較低,單一診斷依據(jù)可能造成誤診,使一部分患者接受了結(jié)核治療對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生危害。因此,γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)作為單一的診斷依據(jù)價(jià)值有限,需要和其他方法相結(jié)合提高診斷效能。
ELISPOT是采用干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)技術(shù),通過(guò)測(cè)定抗原刺激下產(chǎn)生干擾素的斑點(diǎn)數(shù)量,以此判斷是否結(jié)果為陽(yáng)性;并同時(shí)確定SFC的數(shù)量[12]。在活動(dòng)性結(jié)核中,機(jī)體受到結(jié)核分枝桿菌的抗原刺激較多,免疫系統(tǒng)較為活躍,可產(chǎn)生較多的致敏T細(xì)胞,這是其鑒別活動(dòng)性結(jié)核和潛伏性結(jié)核的理論基礎(chǔ)[13]。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,SFC診斷的靈敏度為75.3%,特異度為60.8%,ROC曲線下面積為0.768[95%CI(0.711,0.825)];ELISPOT陽(yáng)性診斷的靈敏度為70.8%,特異度為51.3%,ROC曲線下面積為0.620[95%CI(0.546,0.694)],兩種方法靈敏度較好。史會(huì)影等[14]研究了ELISPOT實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷活動(dòng)性結(jié)核的效能,敏感性及特異性均達(dá)80%,與本研究結(jié)果相比較高,可能是由于樣本人群結(jié)核感染情況存在一定差異。SFC及ELISPOT是診斷活動(dòng)性結(jié)核的重要方法,靈敏度尚可,但單獨(dú)診斷價(jià)值有限,需要聯(lián)合其他方法提高診斷特異度,以減少誤診情況。
既往研究表明聯(lián)合多種方法診斷活動(dòng)性結(jié)核提高其檢出率[15-16]。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,三者聯(lián)合診斷活動(dòng)性結(jié)核的靈敏度為74.7%,特異度為80.4%,ROC曲線下面積為0.851(95%CI 0.806,0.896)。聯(lián)合檢測(cè)特異度顯著高于各指標(biāo)單獨(dú)檢測(cè)(P<0.05),且保持較好的靈敏度,聯(lián)合診斷的曲線下面積顯著高于各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)單獨(dú)檢測(cè)(P<0.05)。表明聯(lián)合診斷可提高活動(dòng)性結(jié)核病的診斷準(zhǔn)確度,具有較好的臨床應(yīng)用前景。通過(guò)構(gòu)建γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)、SFC及ELISPOT聯(lián)合診斷模型提高了活動(dòng)性結(jié)核診斷的特異度,也明顯提高了診斷效能。
綜上所述,γ-干擾素釋放試驗(yàn)、SFC及ELISPOT聯(lián)合診斷模型可提高活動(dòng)性結(jié)核的特異度,并保持較高的靈敏度,在鑒別活動(dòng)性及潛伏性結(jié)核感染方面具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-24) (本文編輯:馬竹君)