王凌霄 羅榮 蔣海波 宋禹杉 金修才 楊朝愛 楊繼金
[摘要] 目的 運用超聲彈性成像技術定量評價不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水治療兔VX-2瘤的效果。 方法 新西蘭荷瘤大白兔48只,采用標簽法隨機分為4組。其中G0組12只注射1次低溫生理鹽水,實驗組36只在超聲引導下分別給予腫瘤體積2倍臭氧化生理鹽水,并根據(jù)注射次數(shù)分為G1組(1次)、G2組(2次,1次/d)、G3組(3次,1次/d),每組各12只。分別于術前,術后4、8 d測量腫瘤的長徑(a)、短徑(b)和彈性值(B/A),根據(jù)公式V=1/2ab2計算各組腫瘤體積(V),并比較腫瘤生長率。 結果 G1、G3組術后4 d腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);G1、G2、G3組術后8 d腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。術后4 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。術后8 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,且G2、G3組低于G1組,G3組低于G2組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。 結論 二維超聲聯(lián)合彈性成像技術,可以更客觀、全面地評價不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射相同濃度臭氧化鹽水對兔VX-2瘤的治療效果,且以多次治療后腫瘤組織彈性值下降最明顯。
[關鍵詞] 臭氧;臭氧化水;超聲彈性成像;VX-2瘤
[中圖分類號] R735.7? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0008-04
Effect of intraocular injection of ozonated saline on rabbit VX-2 tumor by evaluation of ultrasound elastography
WANG Lingxiao1? ?LUO Rong2? ?JIANG Haibo1? ?SONG Yushan1? ?JIN Xiucai1? ?YANG Chao′ai2? ?YANG Jijin2
1.Department of Ultrasound, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai? ?200433, China; 2.Department of Intervention, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai? ?200433, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of different times of intraocular injection of ozonized saline on VX-2 tumor in rabbits by ultrasound elastography. Methods A total of 48 New Zealand tumor-bearing white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups by labeling. Among them, 12 rabbits were in the G0 group (injected with low-temperature normal saline, once), while 36 rabbits of the experimental group were given twice the volume of ozonized normal saline under ultrasound guidance, and according to the number of injections, they were divided into G1 (one time), G2 (two times, once a day), G3 group (three times, once a day), with 12 rabbits in each group. The long diameter (a), short diameter (b) and elasticity value (B/A) of the tumor were measured before operation, four and eight days after surgery. The tumor volume (V) was calculated by the formula V=1/2ab2 and tumor growth rate were compared. Results The tumor growth rate of the G1, G3 group four days after surgery were lower than that of the G0 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); the tumor growth rate of G1, G2 and G3 groups were lower than that of the G0 group eight days after surgery, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Four days after surgery, the elasticity value of the tumor tissues in the four groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05); among them, the elasticity value of the VX-2 tumor tissues in the G1, G2 and G3 groups were lower than that in the G0 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Eight days after surgery, the elasticity value of the tumor tissues in the four groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05); among them, the elasticity value of the VX-2 tumor tissues in the G1, G2 and G3 groups were lower than that in the G0 group, while the G2 and G3 groups were lower than that in the G1 group, and G3 group was lower than G2 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Two-dimensional ultrasound combined with elastography can more objectively and comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic effect of different times of intraocular injection of the same concentration of ozonated saline on rabbit VX-2 tumors, and the most obvious decrease in tumor tissue elasticity value after multiple treatments.
[Key words] Ozone; Ozonated water; Ultrasound elastography; VX-2 tumors
醫(yī)用臭氧于20世紀初開始應用于醫(yī)學,現(xiàn)已廣泛應用于腰椎間盤突出癥[1]、組織缺血再灌注等疾病的治療[2]。19世紀80年代,臭氧治療腫瘤的實驗研究及作為臨床惡性腫瘤治療的輔助手段的報道逐漸出現(xiàn)[3-7]。有學者認為[8-9],單獨使用臭氧治療惡性腫瘤可使腫瘤部分滅活,與化療的效果相同。前期動物實驗研究中,多采用CT或高頻超聲測量腫瘤大小,通過計算腫瘤生長率比較治療效果。然而,瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧對腫瘤治療作用的早期,主要是對腫瘤細胞和血管的直接破壞,引起組織壞死和變性,在腫瘤體積發(fā)生變化前,組織彈性或許已發(fā)生變化。應力超聲彈性成像技術[10]正是通過測定組織應變,并計算感興趣區(qū)域與周圍組織應變比值,從而判斷該區(qū)域的組織硬度,可以較好地定量評價感興趣區(qū)域的組織硬度。兔VX-2瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧治療后,瘤組織的彈性變化鮮見報道。本研究旨在運用超聲彈性成像技術定量評價不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水治療兔VX-2瘤的效果。
1 對象與方法
1.1 實驗動物
經(jīng)海軍軍醫(yī)大學動物實驗倫理委員會審批通過。入組新西蘭大白兔48只,實驗動物生產(chǎn)許可證號:SCXK(滬)2015-0005,體重2.0~2.5 kg,由海軍醫(yī)學研究提供,瘤株由中山醫(yī)院醫(yī)學動物試驗中心饋贈。將VX-2瘤塊自瘤兔左后腿內(nèi)側肌肉內(nèi)取出,生理鹽水沖洗干凈后,切取周邊的活性組織,將其剪成1 mm×1 mm×1 mm碎塊放置在生理鹽水中備用,隨后將1粒瘤組織植入大白兔后腿內(nèi)側肌肉,待腫瘤長徑長至1.0~1.5 cm時開始實驗。
1.2 實驗分組及處理
將符合實驗條件的48只瘤兔采用標鑒法隨機分為4組,每組12只。其中G0組為對照組(注射低溫生理鹽水1次),G1、G2、G3組為實驗組。G1組注射臭氧化生理鹽水1次、G2組注射臭氧化生理鹽水2次(1次/d)、G3組注射臭氧化生理鹽水3次(1次/d)。
1.3 實驗方法
所有瘤兔采用上?;瘜W試劑供應站分裝廠提供的3%的硫酸戊巴比妥鈉(0.8~1.0 mL/kg,湖北鴻運隆精細化有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號:57-33-0)耳緣靜脈麻醉后采用高頻超聲測量腫瘤最大切面的長徑(a)、短徑(b),根據(jù)公式V=1/2ab2計算腫瘤體積。隨后,在高頻超聲引導下瘤內(nèi)注射2倍腫瘤體積的低溫生理鹽水或臭氧化生理鹽水(臭氧用德國赫爾曼公司生產(chǎn)的Medozone型臭氧發(fā)生器制備),臭氧化生理鹽水為20 μg/mL臭氧氣體通入低溫生理鹽水中制作而成,時間為20 min,在制作及實驗過程中均采用冰袋維持低溫環(huán)境。
采用日立公司HI VISION Preirus彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,L15-4線陣探頭,頻率4~15 MHz,充分暴露兔荷瘤部位,所有操作均由同1名檢查者完成,分別獲取術前,術后4、8 d腫瘤組織最大切面,凍結圖像后分別測量長徑(a)和短徑(b)3次,取平均值。切換至彈性成像模式,將腫瘤組織和兔正常肌肉組織放置感興趣區(qū)域內(nèi),并輕微加壓探頭至提示壓力適中,分別勾畫腫瘤治療區(qū)組織和兔正常肌肉組織,獲取組織B/A值,測量3次,取平均值。計算腫瘤體積(V)及計算腫瘤生長率(GR=術后腫瘤體積/術前腫瘤體積),其中V4/V0為術后4 d腫瘤生長率,V8/V0為術后8 d腫瘤生長率,V8/V4為術后8 d相對術后4 d腫瘤生長率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 21.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用單因素方差分析,進一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 四組兔VX-2瘤生長率比較
G1、G3組V4/V0腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。G1、G2、G3組V8/V0腫瘤生長率低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。各組V8/V4腫瘤生長率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 四組兔VX-2瘤彈性值比較
術前四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。術后4 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2、圖2。術后8 d,四組腫瘤組織彈性值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);其中,G1、G2、G3組兔VX-2瘤組織彈性值低于G0組,且G2、G3組低于G1組,G3組低于G2組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
醫(yī)用臭氧通過游離出1個原子氧,與腫瘤組織內(nèi)有機分子反應,生成自由基,從而破壞細胞膜和細胞器微分子結構,對腫瘤組織起到直接和間接的殺滅作用[11-13]。魏強等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),不同濃度的臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤均可不同程度抑制腫瘤生長,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。超聲彈性成像技術雖在臨床上應用廣泛,而瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水后瘤組織的彈性變化相關研究尚無報道。
本研究顯示,不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧均可抑制腫瘤生長。短時間觀察,單次注射治療抑制腫瘤生長率的效果最明顯。但不同次數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。究其原因,可能與低劑量(單次)臭氧作為一種強氧化劑,既能直接破壞腫瘤組織和微血管,還參與激活體內(nèi)免疫機制,誘導合成與釋放干擾素、腫瘤細胞壞死因子、白細胞介素等細胞因子共同抗腫瘤有關[15-17]。然而,連續(xù)多次瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧可以導致腫瘤膨脹,短時間內(nèi)藥物吸收較慢,外觀上出現(xiàn)腫瘤抑制抵消現(xiàn)象,甚至繼續(xù)增大。因此,單純利用腫瘤生長率評價瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤的效果缺乏嚴謹性。另外,臭氧對腫瘤組織直接和間接的破壞作用都會改變組織結構排列和活性,組織彈性變化可能較生長率能更客觀、準確評價治療效果[18]。
超聲彈性成像[19-21]是在二維聲像圖基礎上,根據(jù)不同組織彈性系數(shù)及壓力后組織應變的不同,收集片段信號,進行彩色編碼成像,計算病變組織與正常組織硬度上的差別。臨床上,關于超聲彈性成像技術對甲狀腺結節(jié)、乳腺結節(jié)等疾病的良惡性鑒別診斷作用已得到廣泛研究證實。韓世龍等[22]利用臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤后病理分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤消融區(qū)周邊為乳糜樣壞死組織,中間伴有組織液化、壞死,病理標本顯示腫瘤細胞出現(xiàn)溶解、破裂等壞死表現(xiàn)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術后4 d實驗組兔VX-2瘤彈性值較對照組明顯下降,正是因為臭氧極不穩(wěn)定,進入組織后能迅速與水分子結合生成反應性極高的過氧化氫、過氧化自由基;后者既能直接破壞細胞膜、線粒體膜,導致細胞核破裂、溶解,又能與生物膜上的不飽和脂肪酸發(fā)生過氧化作用,代謝產(chǎn)物引起連鎖反應,進一步加重損傷致腫瘤組織液化壞死,從而腫瘤組織變軟。然而,術后4 d實驗組彈性值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),可能與觀察時間較短,連續(xù)多次注射臭氧,藥物未完全發(fā)揮作用有關,具體有待后續(xù)研究。術后8 d,G3組兔VX-2瘤彈性值繼續(xù)降低,提示瘤內(nèi)多次注射臭氧的治療作用維持時間更長,效果更持久。
本研究尚存在一定局限性:①樣本量較小,有待擴大樣本量進一步研究;②觀察時間較短,仍需延長觀察時間繼續(xù)研究臭氧的治療效果。
綜上所述,不同次數(shù)瘤內(nèi)注射臭氧化鹽水對兔VX-2瘤生長率的抑制作用差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),但對腫瘤組織彈性值的影響明顯,且以多次治療腫瘤組織彈性值下降最明顯。因此,二維超聲聯(lián)合彈性成像技術可以更好地評價瘤內(nèi)多次注射臭氧治療兔VX-2瘤的效果。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-30)