Tianshan-Beilu(天山北路)andTurpanaspartofthe"Chin-Khitai"during10thto13thcentury

--focusingonnon-ChineseHistoricalRecords

ZhongHan(1)

Abstract：The term "China" as the concept of spatial geography is often expressed as "Chin-Khitai" in the non-Chinese historical documents in the Western Regions and Central Asia.While many foreign scholars now think this historical term of "Chin-Khitai" only covers the general Chinese Mainland (China Proper) in the geographical area，excluding Xinjiang.Based on this wrong concept the foreign scholars also generate the strange notion that Qing Empire had its "colonial conquest" of the Junggar in the mid-18th century and then think Xinjiang became part of China just after this "conquest".Taking Turpan and Tianshan-Beilu as examples，based on the analysis of these non-Chinese historical documents in the Song and Yuan Dynasties，this article pinpoints the misuse of these concepts and notions among the foreign scholars is due to the lack of basic knowledge and ignoring the historical facts.Actually，"Chin-Khitai" not only refers to the Chinese Mainland，but also often covers Turpan and Tianshan-Beilu in the Western Regions.This study fully demonstrates that before the Yuan Dynasty，the northwestern frontier and the Chinese Mainland were in the same geographical concept of China for a long time.The further unification of the Western Regions during the Yuan and the Qing Dynasties had consolidated China into a fully integrated and eventually developed into an indivisible and unified multi-ethnic country.

Keywords：Non-Chinese historical documents；Gaocang-Uyghur；Qara Khitai；Turpan；Tianshan-Beilu；Chin-Khitai

TextualinvestigationonnamesofthenewdiscoveredlawintheHandynasty

ZhangZhongwei，ZhangChunlong(12)

ThefirstHexiJiedushiinTangDynastyand"DayunStele"(《大云碑》)

PuZhongyuan(23)

Abstract：Based on the observation on the re-engraving of Tang Dynasty's "Merit and virtue monument of the Dayun Temple" during the Ming Dynasty，this article is to address that Sima-Yike was the first appointed as the Hexi Jiedushi by the Liangzhou Governor in first of the Jingyun (710)，instead of Heba-Yansi.Sima-Yike was quite active in the period of Wu-Zhou and Tang Zhongzong.He participated in the military operations against ancient Turkic Mochuo and post-Turkic Khanate in 702 AD and 710 AD respectively in Tang Dynasty.Being the Hexi Jiedushi，he hosted the renovation of the Dayun Temple，which was endorsed by Chishui Army and other militaries，in order to effectively control the local societies.

Keywords：Hexi Jiedushi；Sima-Yike；Dayun Temple；Heba-Yansi；Chishui Army

Atextualresearchonthe"Tuhao(Rabitfur) "and"Humao(Foxfur)"intheunearthed

inscriptionsontheburialclothesfoundinTurpan

LiYan(31)

OnthehistoricknowledgeanddiscourseofHuiethnichistorianChahanintheYuanDynasty

CaoYuqing(36)

AchievementinArchaeologyofXinjiangin2019

XinjiangInstituteofArchaeologyandRelics(44)

StudyonthestoneartefactsfoundattheLuotuoshisite，Xinjiang

ZhuZhiyong，ZhangXinrong，LiuFengjun，WangYuguo(55)

Theexistenceof"TuntianDistrict" (militaryfarmingdistrict)andthehistoryofTuntian

intheWesternRegions

HouYongjian(65)

Abstract：It has been a great deal of the research on the military farming in the Western Regions in Chinese history，which can be seen from the ancient historical documents and the studies on the official papers recovered in the Hexi region in modern Xinjiang.This article points out the existence "Tuntian District" to depict the systematic development of military farming in ancient Chinese the Western Regions.Through the examples of Tuntian District managed by official administration in the past，we can see the progress of the system of Tuantian District from scratch to the small，to the big，and becoming intensified.This article summarizes the basic contents of the Tuntian district: the ancient city and its attached defense constructions，the crops storage constructions，the residential structures for ancient Tuntian personnel，the irrigation facilities established near the river，the Tuntian farming fields distributed along the rivers，and the borders of Tuntian districts with different landforms such as deserts，Gobi，foothills，and fields.This article also suggest the research needs to pay more attention to the effectiveness on the reconstruction methodology in the study of Tuntian district.Such multidisciplinary framework needs to combine history，archaeology，historical geography，oasis science，remote sensing and GIS techniques，etc.in order to profoundly advance the study on the history of the Western Regions military farming at a high-level.

Keywords：The Western Regions；the History of Tuntian；Tuntian district；Historical methodology；Concept；Oasis science；Remote sensing imagery；GIS technique application

TheevolutionofthemiddleandlowerreachesofHutobiRiveranditsinfluencingfactors

overthepast250years

ZhangLi，LuSimin(80)

Abstract：The historical process of river changes is one of the core contents of historical geography.With the expansion of historical documents and the advancement of techniques，the restoration of river course changes in historical period has become more and more refined，quantified and visualized.By using the ArcGIS program and combining historical documents，also with the remote sensing imagery，large-scale topographic maps，field observation，and interviewing local residents，this paper is to establish a database of the settlement pattens in the Qing dynasty along the middle and lower reaches of Hutobi river，and to reconstruct its spatial changes in its evolutional progress of the channel system over the past 250 years.The study shows that from the mid 18thto mid 19thcentury，the middle and lower reaches of the river were relatively stable，which joined with Santun River finally into Manas Lake.The climatic in both temperature and precipitation have facilitated the increase of runoff，which is the main reason of keeping river stabile in this period.Around the end of 19thto the beginning of 20thcentury，the river was shortened due to the comprehensive effect of low temperature and the exploitation on Fangcao Lake，leading to the evolution of the river.Since the 1950s，a large quantity of water have been brought into manmade canals and the river channel has been shorten constantly.As result，the Xiaohaizi reservoir in the north of the river is almost dry out.Adverse climate factors，hydraulic construction，populating and arable land exploitation combining with other humanity factors have primarily dominated the river evolution in this period.

Keywords：River evolution；Hutubi River；Manasi Lake；Fangcao Lake；River spatial distribution；Evolution of river course；Canal

TheraiseandfallofSibeWaterConservancySocietyinYiliduringtheQingDynasty

andtheRepublicofChina

PanWei(94)

Abstract：In the 25thof Qianlong (1760)，the Qing government set up the General Yili to administrate Xinjiang region.The Eight Banner Army of General Yili has resulted in the unique "Qitun (Banner village)" system to established，and Sibe was one of this representations of the "Qitun".In the early period of Jiaqing，Sibeying (Sibe Army) built its own complete farmland water conservancy and irrigation system，forming a social water utility order adapted to the Qitun system and local environment.This system enhanced the social functions of the Sibe ethnic group，thereby greatly improved the level of social and economic development among the Sibe society.It also increased the ability to stabilize the border defense.In the 10thof Guangxu (1884)，after the establishment of Xinjiang Province，the Sibe Model of regional administration was once extended to the outside Sibeying due to the urgent need to rebuild the northwest border defense system for the country.After the Revolution of 1911，the vicious land privatization in Sibe society shook the traditional water conservancy order，and the Banner system hindered the entry of modern water conservancy system，finally causing the Qitun water conservancy society collapsed.

Keywords：Yili；Water Conservancy Society；Qapqal；Sibe；Qitun

ThegeneticexchangebetweeneastTianshanofXingjiangandEurasiansteppes

duringtheearlyIronAge

WangYichen，MaPengcheng，ZhangFan，

NingChao，GaoShizhu，MaJian，CuiYinqiu(106)

Abstract：By analyzing the whole human genome sequence for the Shirenzigou site，and with the reference from the ancient genetics information from the Eurasian grassland，this study reveals that the East Tianshan and Sayan-Altai became the active areas for population integration and cultural interaction during the early Iron Age.This has laid an important social economic and cultural foundation for the development of the Silk Road in the second century BC.

Keywords：East Tianshan；Shirenzigou site；Ancient Genome；Silk Road；Cultural interaction；People migration

Studyandphysicalanthropologicalcharactersofancientpopulationappearedontheskulls

atXiaoheCemetery

NieYing，ZhuHong，LiWenying，Yidilisi·Abuduresule(115)

Abstract：Forty-eight skulls without soft tissue cover are selected in this study.According to the stratigraphic evidence in the excavation，most skulls are identified as in the early stage of Xiaohe Culture.The statistical analysis on the non-measured traits and measured traits of these skulls shows that，within the known cultures in Xinjiang and surrounding areas，the early population of Xiaohe cemetery has been fully hybridized through long-term genetic exchanges，becoming a genetically independent people.They should be related to the Caucasoid from South Siberia which had mixed with the population of northern Asian Mongoloid before entering the Lop Nur region in Xinjiang.

Keywords：Physical Anthropology；Skull morphology；Xiaohe Cemetery；Caucasoid；Northern Asian Mongoloid

TheinvestigationandpreliminaryunderstandingonthecemeterieswithintheHanand

JinperiodfoundinLoulanregionandthemorphologicalanalysis

ontheskullsunearthedfromtheLoulanGutaiCemetery

WeiDong，QinXiaoguang，XuBing，WuYong，TianXiaohong，MuGuijin(126)

Abstract：From 2014 to 2018，the research team of the project "Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Lop Nur" has carried out a series observations in Lop Nur region.Among them，the investigation and preliminary research on the Han-Jin cemeteries in the Loulan area reveals burial location which tends to be selected on the high platform within the Yadang landform.The burial customs and artefacts design was much influenced by the Central Plains.Compared with the early Iron Age skull measurement in other regions in Xinjiang，the Loulan population represented by the people buried at Gutai cemetery shares some common features with the Yingpan cemetery in Yuli County.But the difference also suggests they may not have close genetic exchange between the two groups.

Keywords：Loulan；The Han-Jin Period；Burial customs；Skull measurement

TheinterrelationofBuddhismbetweenTibetandKhotanduring7thto10thCentury

ShenChen(133)

Abstract：Although some Tibetan literatures reveal the legend about Buddhist interrelation between Tibet and Khotan，the actually Buddhist interrelation between the two regions began in the early 8thcentury，when some exiled Khotan monks came into Tibet to seek refuge during the Princess Jincheng period.When Tibetan ruled Khotan，more Khotan monks were offered to translate some Khotan Buddhist inscriptions into Tibetan，which made a substantial influence on the Tibetan Buddhism.During this period，in Khotan，the monasteries were asked to contribute food crops to the Tibetan army，and Khotan temple households must take guide job together with the Tibetan soldiers.This circumstance promoted the Buddhist interrelation between two regions within the community level.Some Tibetan monks travelled to the temples of Endere in east Khotan and brought some ancient Tibetan Buddhist scriptures there.After the collapse of Tibet Empire， some Tibetan still stayed in Khotan and the Tibetan Buddhist ideology of power of King was also inherited by Khotan.

Keywords：Tibet；Khotan；Buddhism；Lha btsan po；Sutra on the Lotus Flower of the Wondrous Dharma

StudyonancientGaochangstupasandcentralpagodasofBuddhisttemples

LinLi(149)

The"Yuliu(mainstream)"studyoftheSilkRoadLiterature-reading"HanhaiLingxu

--AcollectionoftheWesternRegionliteratureresearch"

WuHuafeng(163)