張純萍
[摘要] 糖尿病以及并發(fā)癥已成為威脅人類健康的主要疾病之一。芹菜素是廣泛分布于各種蔬菜和水果中的天然黃酮類化合物,芹菜素具有抗氧化、抗炎、保護(hù)神經(jīng)等作用,并從機(jī)制上肯定了其治療糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥的有效性。本文對(duì)芹菜素治療糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),包括芹菜素可減少抗氧化應(yīng)激、保護(hù)胰島β細(xì)胞線粒體膜、增加胰島素敏感性、激活過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ改善心肌梗死后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂以及抑制膠原Ⅳ、纖連蛋白改善腎臟的纖維化,說明芹菜素具有多靶點(diǎn)、多途徑、多層次等治療優(yōu)勢(shì),可用于治療糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥,改善預(yù)后,具有廣闊的研究前景,為進(jìn)一步開發(fā)芹菜素提供新的思路和依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 芹菜素;糖尿病;研究進(jìn)展;作用機(jī)制
[中圖分類號(hào)] R587.1 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)08(b)-0034-03
[Abstract] Diabetes mellitus and its complications have become one of the major diseases threatening human health. Apigenin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in a variety of vegetables and fruits. Apigenin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and confirmed its effectiveness in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This paper summarizes the mechanism of apigenin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications, including apigenin can reduce antioxidant stress, protect the mitochondrial membrane of pancreatic beta cells, increase insulin sensitivity, and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) to improve hemodynamics disorder after myocardial infarction and inhibits collagen Ⅳ and fibronectin to improve renal fibrosis. These results indicate that apigenin has therapeutic and prognostic advantages in patients with diabetes mellitus and complications based on multi-target, multi-pathway and multi-layer treatment, which provides a new idea and basis for the further development of apigenin.
[Key words] Apigenin; Diabetes mellitus; Research progress; Mechanism of action
糖尿病主要是指因胰島素分泌絕對(duì)或相對(duì)缺乏導(dǎo)致糖、蛋白與脂肪等代謝發(fā)生紊亂的一組臨床綜合征。近年來,2型糖尿病發(fā)病率急劇上升,已經(jīng)成為世界性公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。目前我國(guó)2型糖尿病的患病率位于世界第1位[2]。芹菜素屬于黃酮類化合物,它廣泛存在于日常食用的蔬菜和水果中[3]。黃酮類化合物具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌以及抗癌的作用。有研究顯示,芹菜素對(duì)糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥有一定的作用[4]。本文將有關(guān)芹菜素治療糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥的藥理作用進(jìn)行綜述,為進(jìn)一步研究探索與開發(fā)利用芹菜素防治糖尿病的藥理作用提供參考。
1 芹菜素治療糖尿病的作用機(jī)制
2型糖尿病是由遺傳與環(huán)境因素共同作用形成的復(fù)雜疾病,其中胰島素抵抗和β細(xì)胞功能障礙是2型糖尿病發(fā)病機(jī)制中的重要決定因素[5-6]。研究表明,胰島β細(xì)胞的功能異常以及代償能力下降可導(dǎo)致2型糖尿病的發(fā)生[7-8]。
1.1 抗氧化應(yīng)激,保護(hù)胰島β細(xì)胞功能
2型糖尿病發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,主要是由于糖脂毒性、氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥等因素導(dǎo)致胰島β細(xì)胞數(shù)量進(jìn)行性減少[9]。Suh等[10]研究顯示,芹菜素通過抗氧化應(yīng)激、保護(hù)胰島β細(xì)胞線粒體膜損傷的作用減少胰島β細(xì)胞凋亡。Rukiyah等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),芹菜素通過抑制環(huán)氧化酶-2的表達(dá)減少氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。芹菜素還可以通過減少活性氧自由基對(duì)胰島細(xì)胞的損傷[12]以及減少氧化應(yīng)激所導(dǎo)致的炎癥反應(yīng)達(dá)到保護(hù)胰島β細(xì)胞的作用[13]。
1.2 增加胰島素敏感型、改善胰島素抵抗
芹菜素具有調(diào)節(jié)微小RNA(miRNA)表達(dá)的作用。miRNA是內(nèi)源性單鏈小RNA,其中miRNA 103/107可調(diào)控機(jī)體對(duì)胰島素敏感性與血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)[14]。Ohno等[15]在過度表達(dá)miRNA 103的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠腹腔中注射芹菜素2周后可抑制miRNA 103的成熟,從而改善小鼠的糖耐量。此外,miRNA 122參與調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝平衡,它與糖尿病、胰島素抵抗等疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[16]。Shibata等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),芹菜素能降低人體肝細(xì)胞中miRNA 122的表達(dá),這可能是芹菜素治療糖尿病的作用靶點(diǎn)。
1.3 抑制糖異生
葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pc)和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化激酶(PEPCK)為肝臟糖異生的關(guān)鍵酶[18]。肝臟的胰島素活性主要是由叉頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1調(diào)控。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)胰島素抵抗時(shí),叉頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1轉(zhuǎn)錄活性增強(qiáng)后可活化G6Pc和PEPCK,從而導(dǎo)致胰島素抵抗[19]。體外研究表明,芹菜素通過激活NF-E2相關(guān)因子2,可減少肝細(xì)胞中的G6Pc和PEPCK mRNA的表達(dá)[20],達(dá)到抑制糖異生的作用。
2 芹菜素對(duì)糖尿病并發(fā)癥的治療作用
2.1 治療糖尿病心血管疾病
氧化應(yīng)激和細(xì)胞凋亡增加是糖尿病心臟共同發(fā)病的原因之一[21]。研究表明,過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ(PPAR-γ)激動(dòng)劑可減輕心肌缺血再灌注所致的炎癥及繼發(fā)性心肌損傷[22]。因此,PPAR-γ成為預(yù)防代謝紊亂、心臟并發(fā)癥和心力衰竭的新的治療靶點(diǎn)[23]。Buwa等[24]研究表明,芹菜素對(duì)心肌損傷的保護(hù)作用與刺激PPAR-γ產(chǎn)生有關(guān)。芹菜素可增強(qiáng)內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑作用,增加心臟的收縮功能[25-26]。Gutierrez-Venegas等[27]在糖尿病心肌梗死大鼠模型中使用芹菜素后,發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂明顯改善,同時(shí)還可以提高左室舒張功能,考慮與激動(dòng)PPAR-γ有關(guān)。此外,芹菜素可以減輕心肌細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng),抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)的心肌損害,下調(diào)低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α,緩解高血壓導(dǎo)致的心肌肥厚[28]。這些研究表明芹菜素可減少高糖狀態(tài)下的心血管損害。
2.2 治療糖尿病腎病
糖尿病腎病是由于長(zhǎng)期未控制的高血糖引起的一種微血管并發(fā)癥,其早期病理表現(xiàn)為腎小管肥大、腎小球系膜細(xì)胞擴(kuò)張、基底膜增厚,并伴有巨噬細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)。糖尿病腎病臨床表現(xiàn)為腎小球高濾過狀態(tài)、白蛋白排泄增加;晚期可出現(xiàn)蛋白尿增多,最終導(dǎo)致腎小管萎縮、腎間質(zhì)纖維化,腎小球?yàn)V過率逐漸下降[29]。Malik等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)的糖尿病大鼠予以多種劑量的芹菜素可顯著抑制腎臟的纖維化,尤其以高劑量芹菜素對(duì)膠原Ⅳ、纖連蛋白的抑制作用最明顯。此外,通過調(diào)節(jié)MAPK-NF-κB-TNF-α通路,芹菜素可抑制高糖狀態(tài)下的腎臟炎癥反應(yīng)。以上研究提示芹菜素具有保護(hù)腎臟的作用。
2.3 治療糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病
糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變是糖尿病最常見的微血管并發(fā)癥之一,其發(fā)病機(jī)制為視網(wǎng)膜微血管炎癥,可刺激血清中腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)升高,導(dǎo)致淋巴細(xì)胞活化分泌大量炎癥介質(zhì)使患者血管內(nèi)皮損傷,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)微血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[31]。Fu等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),芹菜素通過抑制天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶的凋亡和激活NF-κB來減輕TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而減輕視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞功能受損。此外,芹菜素還能促進(jìn)視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞ATP和總攝氧量增加。因此,芹菜素有可能成為治療視網(wǎng)膜病變的抗凋亡藥物。
3 小結(jié)與展望
從目前的研究來看,芹菜素通過多靶點(diǎn)、多通路潛在改善炎癥、糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥等,而且其毒性與其他黃酮類化合物相比較低。近年來芹菜素的研究多處于動(dòng)物模型階段,許多作用機(jī)制仍不清楚,還需要更多的研究進(jìn)一步深入了解芹菜素,開發(fā)為新型抗糖尿病藥物。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-17)