江運慧

【導圖助記】

【語法解讀】

一、V-ing形式作表語

V-ing形式在連系動詞后面作表語時，具有雙重性：

1. 具有名詞性質(zhì)，用于說明主語的情況或詳細內(nèi)容，多表示一般性或抽象性的行為。如：

Li Ming's hobby is collecting stamps. 李明的愛好是收集郵票。

My work is teaching English. 我的工作是教英語。

2. amuse， astonish， charm， confuse， disappoint， encourage， excite， interest， move等表示心理狀態(tài)的及物動詞可用其V-ing形式作表語，意為“令人……的”。此時的V-ing形式的功能相當于形容詞，常指人或物所具有的特征。如：

The news is very disappointing. 這個消息很令人失望。

To our disappointment， the result was so shocking. 使我們失望的是，這結果太令人吃驚了。

【特別注意】

1. 作表語的V-ing形式與進行時態(tài)中的V-ing形式相同，但功能不同。前者說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況，后者說明動作是由主語完成的。如：

Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。（表性質(zhì)）

They are playing basketball on the play- ground now. 他們現(xiàn)在在操場上打籃球。（表動作）

2. excite， interest， amuse， astonish， charm，confuse等心理狀態(tài)類及物動詞的V-ing形式表示“令人……的”，而V-ed形式表示“感到……的”。這類詞常見的有：interesting 使人感到有趣的/interested 感到有興趣的;exciting 令人激動的/excited 感到激動的;delighting 令人高興的/delighted 感到高興的;disappointing 令人失望的/disappointed 感到失望的;encouraging 令人鼓舞的/encouraged 感到鼓舞的;pleasing 令人愉快的/pleased 感到愉快的;puzzling 令人費解的/puzzled 感到費解的;satisfying 令人滿意的/satisfied 感到滿意的;surprising 令人驚異的/surprised 感到驚異的;worrying 令人擔心的/worried 感到擔心的。

二、V-ing形式作定語

V-ing形式作名詞修飾語時即定語，可以分為兩類：前置定語和后置定語。其中前置定語在高考中考查得比較少，而后置定語是高考的重要考點。

1. V-ing形式作前置定語

（1） 單獨作定語，通常放在所修飾詞前。如：

In the following years he worked even harder. 在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。

That is a very exciting story. 那是一個很令人激動的故事。

Everyone knows that barking dogs seldom bite. 大家都知道吠犬不咬人。

This is an interesting film. 這是一部有趣的電影。

（2） 有時V-ing 形式可以和副詞或名詞構成復合詞作定語。如：

Australia is an English-speaking country. 澳大利亞是一個講英語的國家。

The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems. 快速增長的經(jīng)濟引起了環(huán)境問題。

（3） V-ing 形式作定語時表示的動作有時表示“在進行”，有時表示“經(jīng)?！保╟oming 表將來）。如：

The sleeping boy is Simon. 正在睡覺的男孩是西蒙。

The paper-making factory is near our school. 這家造紙廠在我們學校附近。

2. V-ing形式作后置定語

（1） 往往表示正在發(fā)生或與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作，其作用相當于一個定語從句。如：

The man standing by the window （=who is standing by the window） is our teacher. 那個站在窗戶旁邊的人是我們的老師。

The young man breaking the law （=who broke the law） was sentenced to death. 違反了法律的那個年輕人被判處死刑。

The boy sitting by me is my son. 坐在我旁邊的男孩是我的兒子。

Who is the girl standing by the door？ 站在門邊的那個女孩是誰？

I don't know the man going upstairs. 我不認識上樓的那個男人。

Tell the children playing football outside not to make too much noise. 告訴在外面踢足球的孩子們不要弄出太大的噪音。

（2） V-ing 形式可起非限制性定語作用，常用逗號分開。如：

Jackson， wearing beautiful clothing， followed me down the hill. 杰克遜穿著漂亮的衣服，跟著我下山了。

【特別注意】

V-ing形式和過去分詞作定語時的區(qū)別：

There were about 200 children studying in the art school. 有大約二百個孩子在這所藝術學校學習。

When I entered the room， I found a broken glass on the floor. 當我進入房間的時候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)地板上有一只被打破的玻璃杯。

三、V-ing形式作賓補

V-ing形式作賓補，強調(diào)賓語的動作是主動的，又是正在進行的;賓語和賓語補足語之間是邏輯上的主謂關系。其主要用于以下幾種情況：

1. 在see， hear， feel， find， smell， watch， find， listen to， look at， notice， observe等感官動詞后V-ing形式作賓補，強調(diào)動作正在進行。如：

We heard her singing in her room. 我們聽見她在她的房間里唱歌。

He saw a girl getting on the tractor. 他看見一個女孩正在上拖拉機。

The salesman caught the boy stealing in the shop. 那個男售貨員發(fā)現(xiàn)這個男孩在商店里偷東西。

2. 在with復合結構中，V-ing形式表示主動關系，往往有進行的意思。如：

The poor man begged from door to door， with a lot of children following behind. 那個可憐的人挨家挨戶地乞討，后面跟著許多孩子。

3. 在set， keep， have， get， leave等使役動詞后V-ing形式作賓補，構成“have / leave...+賓語+doing”結構，表示“使……一直做……”，這里V-ing形式強調(diào)動作正在進行或狀態(tài)在持續(xù)。如：

I won't have you standing long. 我不會讓你站得太久的。

【特別注意】

注意區(qū)別V-ing形式與不定式、過去分詞作賓語補足語：

V-ing形式強調(diào)動作的主動、正在進行;不定式強調(diào)動作的全過程，如果是被動的時候，要跟帶to 的不定式;過去分詞強調(diào)動作的被動、完成。比較：

I saw him opening the window. （在開窗戶）

→I saw the window opened. （窗戶開著）

→I saw him open the window. （開了窗戶）

=He was seen to open the window.

I heard them singing that song. 我聽見他們正在唱那首歌。

I heard them sing that song. 我聽見他們唱了那首歌。

I heard that song sung. 我聽人唱過那首歌。

【跟蹤訓練】

I. 單句語法填空。

1. We all believe that if a book is ___ （interest）， it will surely interest the reader.

2. The purpose of new teaching method is making study easier， not ___ （make） it more difficult.

3. It was said that the missing students were last seen ___ （play） near the river.

4. The police woman looked around and caught a young man ___ （put） his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

5. Every teacher said Mike was a ___（promise） boy when in school.

6. Mr. White， tired of the ___ （bore） TV play， started to read a novel.

7. When the girl got back home from work she saw a message pinned to the door ___ （read） “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”

8. In spite of his broken English， he can make himself ___ （understand）.

9. The murder was brought in， with his hands ___ （tie） behind his back.

10. The thief was observed ___ （open） the door.

II. 分析下列句子中的V-ing形式作哪種定語。

1. Last night， there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.

_________________

2. Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.

_________________

3. He can't walk without a walking-stick.

_________________

4. Is there a swimming pool in your school？ __________________

5. The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

_________________

III. 單句改錯。

1. On the top of the hill， he could see smoke rise from the chimneys in the village.

2. You will see this product advertise wherever you go.

3. The hare was seen run into the bushes and disappear.

4. He didn't keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch repairing.

5. They urged the committee make the decision soon.

IV. 語法填空。

A woman in jeans stood at the window of an expensive shop. _1_ （hesitate） for a moment， she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window. The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. ? _2_ （glance） at her scornfully （輕蔑地）， he told her that the dress had been sold. _3_（walk） out of the shop angrily， she decided to punish the assistant the next day. She returned to the shop the following morning _4_ （wear） a fur coat， holding a handbag in one hand _5_ a long umbrella in the other. After ? _6_ （seek） out the rude assistant， she asked for the same dress. Not realizing _7_ she was， the assistant was eager to serve her this time. ?_8_ great difficulty， he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. On _9_ （see） it， the woman said she did not like it. She enjoyed herself making the assistance bring almost everything in the window before finally _10_（buy） the dress she had first asked for.