孫玉忠
【真題跟蹤】
1. (2019·全國(guó)卷I改錯(cuò)) All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.
【解析】 say→saying,考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意:操場(chǎng)上所有的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員大聲歡呼,說(shuō)我有足球天賦。句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為cheered,say在這里作伴隨狀語(yǔ),與主語(yǔ)players是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故將say改為saying。
2. (2019·全國(guó)卷III語(yǔ)法填空) On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, _70_ (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
【解析】 listening,考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。本句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為“were invited”,所以空格處動(dòng)詞listen應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。“聽(tīng)音樂(lè)”這個(gè)動(dòng)作是由we發(fā)出的,所以選用V-ing形式。也可由and前后連接兩個(gè)并列的結(jié)構(gòu)這一規(guī)律解題,and后meeting interesting locals為現(xiàn)在分詞形式,故空格處填listening。
3. (2019·北京卷語(yǔ)法填空) Nervously _2_ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”.
【解析】 facing,考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意:緊張地面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn),我知道我將輕聲對(duì)自己說(shuō)兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的字“Be yourself”。分析句式可知,此處是作句子的狀語(yǔ),要用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,其邏輯主語(yǔ)是I,與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ),故填facing。
【考點(diǎn)解讀】
作為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的V-ing形式在高考中頻頻出現(xiàn),其中V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)更是高考命題的重要組成部分。本文在這里從四個(gè)方面談一下V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)要注意的問(wèn)題,希望能夠?qū)ν瑢W(xué)們掌握好這一要點(diǎn)有所幫助。
一、V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的一致性關(guān)系
考點(diǎn):一般來(lái)說(shuō),V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)(特別是位于句首時(shí)),其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)是一致的,即句子的主語(yǔ)是V-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,二者是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如:
Hearing the news, he felt very excited. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他異常激動(dòng)。
His friend died, getting him a lot of money. 他的朋友死了,給了他很多錢(qián)。
Hearing the footstep below, he rose and went to the top of the stairs. 聽(tīng)見(jiàn)下面的腳步聲,他站起身來(lái)走到樓梯口去。
溫馨提示:
1. 英語(yǔ)中也有一些分詞,其邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ),它們已變成固定詞組,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)所說(shuō)的話的一種態(tài)度。如:
Generally speaking, his answer is wrong. 一般說(shuō)來(lái),他的回答是錯(cuò)誤的。
Judging from / by his accent, he is from America. 從他的口音判斷,他來(lái)自美國(guó)。
2. 有時(shí)候分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ),此時(shí)就構(gòu)成了分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ),應(yīng)視句意在分詞前加上其本身的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如:
It being fine, he decided to go fishing. 天氣很好,他決定去釣魚(yú)。
二、V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)間意義和語(yǔ)態(tài)的問(wèn)題
V-ing形式有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,所以使用其作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)其不同的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)所表示的不同意義來(lái)確定其形式。
考點(diǎn)1: V-ing形式的一般式(doing)表示的動(dòng)作與句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(being done)多表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作過(guò)程,這時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者,二者是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如:
The secretary worked late into night, preparing a long speech for the president. 秘書(shū)一直工作到深夜,給總統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)備一篇很長(zhǎng)的演講稿。
Being cooled in the air, the hot metal will harden. 在空氣中冷卻后,鐵水會(huì)變硬。
考點(diǎn)2:分詞表示的動(dòng)作一般和謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。如果分詞的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生,則要用分詞的完成式。其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(having been done)意義相當(dāng)于過(guò)去分詞,具有完成和被動(dòng)的意義。如:
Having answered the letter, she went on to listen to the radio. 回信后,她接著聽(tīng)收音機(jī)。
Having been told many times, he still couldn't understand it. 被告訴了多次,他仍然無(wú)法理解它。
三、V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)的類別
考點(diǎn)1:作原因狀語(yǔ)??梢耘cas, since, because等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句互換。如:
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病,他昨天沒(méi)有去上學(xué)。
= As he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. 排隊(duì)排了半個(gè)小時(shí),湯姆突然意識(shí)到把錢(qián)包忘在家里了。
Being a student, I must study hard. 作為一名學(xué)生,我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。
Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. 當(dāng)警告有強(qiáng)盜出沒(méi)時(shí),他就把貴重物品留在家里。
Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 這書(shū)因?qū)懙脗}(cāng)促,所以錯(cuò)誤不少。
Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墻作保護(hù),他感到很安全。
考點(diǎn)2:作方式狀語(yǔ),表伴隨情況。不可以轉(zhuǎn)換成從句,但可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句。如:
They sat in the garden talking about the days they spent together. 他們坐在花園里,談?wù)撝麄円黄鸲冗^(guò)的時(shí)光。
= They sat in the garden and talked about the days they spent together.
She stood by the window, watching people passing by her window. 她站在窗前,望著來(lái)來(lái)往往的人們。
“Can't you read?” Mary said angrily pointing to the notice. “你自己不能讀嗎?”瑪麗生氣地指著告示說(shuō)。
I walked along the street, listening to the music. 我沿著街道走著,聽(tīng)著音樂(lè)。
考點(diǎn)3:作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。可以與when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
While reading / he was reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 當(dāng)他看書(shū)的時(shí)候,他不時(shí)地點(diǎn)著頭。
When opening / he was opening the door, he found a cat in the room. 打開(kāi)門(mén),他發(fā)現(xiàn)屋里有一只貓。
考點(diǎn)4:作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)??梢耘cso... that...引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句相互轉(zhuǎn)換,有時(shí)也可以轉(zhuǎn)換為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如:
The boy ran even faster, reaching the school out of breath. 那個(gè)男孩跑得更快了,到達(dá)學(xué)校時(shí)累得上氣不接下氣。
In January, 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit”, a Mars Exploration Rover, making it a new milestone in the history of mankind. 2004年的一月,美國(guó)成功地發(fā)射了“勇氣”號(hào)火星探測(cè)器,創(chuàng)造了人類歷史上新的里程碑。
四、V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)注意的幾點(diǎn)問(wèn)題
考點(diǎn)1:如果分詞作狀語(yǔ)表方式時(shí),通常不能改為and連接的并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但可用“by+V-ing”形式來(lái)改寫(xiě)。如:
They eat using the fingers of their right hands. 他們用右手的手指吃飯。(分詞using短語(yǔ)表方式)
=They eat by using the fingers of their right hands.
考點(diǎn)2:V-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作一般和謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。如果分詞的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生,則要用分詞的完成式,也可以用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間,發(fā)生在前的一個(gè)用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示了,那么發(fā)生在后的動(dòng)作就不能用V-ing形式,而只能采用并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示。如:
Having been there more than once, the old professor did not show us around the lab. 由于以前不止一次去過(guò)那兒,老教授沒(méi)有領(lǐng)著我們?nèi)⒂^實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
She set out soon after dark and arrived home an hour later. 天黑后不久,她出去了,一個(gè)小時(shí)后又回來(lái)了。
【針對(duì)訓(xùn)練】
I. 改正下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤。
1. Looking out of the window, several children were playing about in the garden.
2. Hearing the news, tears came to her eyes.
3. Having checked your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.
4. The old man, working abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
II. 說(shuō)出下列V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)的具體類型。
1. Having finished his homework, he went to school.
2. Not knowing what to do, they turned to the teacher for help.
3. Studying hard, you will be sure to be successful.
4. He sat there, losing himself in deep thought.
5. His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
III. 單句語(yǔ)法填空。
1. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ____ (range) from butterflies to elephants.
2. ____ (overcome) the difficulties, he finished his task.
3. ____ (study) his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
4. ____ (clean) thoroughly, the garden looked more beautiful than ever before.
5. ____ (find) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
IV. 結(jié)合V-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)的用法,將下列句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)。
1. 她站在那兒等公共汽車(chē)。
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2. 游客們圍繞在火堆旁邊,與當(dāng)?shù)厝艘黄鹛琛?/p>
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3. 她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲。
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