国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

PHKA2相關(guān)糖原累積癥IXa型一例

2020-12-23 07:02米雪都修波常琳琳譚澤圓馬丙祥鄭宏
新醫(yī)學(xué) 2020年12期

米雪?都修波?常琳琳?譚澤圓?馬丙祥?鄭宏

【摘要】糖原累積癥IXa型(GSD IXa) 是由PHKA2基因雜合突變引起的X連鎖隱性遺傳病。該文報(bào)道1例GSD IXa型患兒的臨床資料并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。該例患兒男,9月齡,因“運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育落后、發(fā)現(xiàn)肝酶升高3個(gè)月”就診,臨床表現(xiàn)為翻身不靈活,不能獨(dú)坐,ALT 84.0 U/L,AST 120.2 U/L,AST同工酶33.6 U/L,總蛋白57.9 g/L,白蛋白42.1 g/L,球蛋白15.8 g/L,彩色多普勒超聲檢查(彩超)示肝臟增大?;驒z測(cè)顯示患兒PHKA2基因c.3143C>T(p.T1048M)半合子突變,突變來(lái)自于雜合子母親,為錯(cuò)義突變。結(jié)合患兒臨床特征和基因突變測(cè)序結(jié)果,確診為GSD IXa型。遂予患兒口服生玉米淀粉每日4次、餐間服用,予口服葡醛內(nèi)酯片、復(fù)方甘草酸苷片等護(hù)肝。5個(gè)月后隨訪(fǎng),患兒肝功能較前明顯改善,復(fù)查ALT 40.0 U/L,未復(fù)查肝臟彩超,運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育基本與同齡正常兒童相同。

【關(guān)鍵詞】糖原累積癥IXa型;PHKA2基因;發(fā)育落后;肝臟腫大;肝酶高

PHKA2-related glycogen storage disease type IXa: a case report Mi Xue, Du Xiubo, Chang Linlin, Tan Zeyuan, Ma Bingxiang, Zheng Hong. Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China

Corresponding author, Du Xiubo, E-mail: 3132939789@ qq. com

【Abstract】Glycogen storage syndrome type IXa (GSD IXa) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutation of PHKA2 gene. In this article, clinical data of a child with GSD IXa were reported and related literature review was conducted. The boy aged 9 months was admitted to our hospital due to delayed development and hypertransaminasemia for 3 months. As for clinical manifestations, the boy could not turn over agilely or sit stably by himself. The ALT level was 84.0 U/L, 120.2 U/L for AST, 33.6 U/L

for AST isoenzyme, 57.9 g/L for total protein, 42.1 g/L for albumin and 15.8 g/L for globulin, respectively. Color Doppler ultrasound showed liver enlargement. Genetic testing showed that the child had a hemizygous mutation of c.3143C > T (p.T1048M) in the PHKA2 gene, it was a missense mutation from a heterozygous mother. The diagnosis of GSD IXa was confirmed combined with the clinical characteristics and gene mutation sequencing results. The child was orally given with raw corn starch four times a day between meals, and glucurolactone tablets and compound glycyrrhizin tablets to protect the liver. After 5-month follow-up, the liver function of the child was significantly improved. The ALT level was detected as 40.0 U/L. Color Doppler ultrasound was not performed. Physical development of the child was basically the same as normal counterparts of the same age.

【Key words】Glycogen storage disease type IXa;PHKA2 gene;Hypoevolutism;Hepatomegaly;

Hypertransaminasemia

糖原累積癥(GSD)是一種糖原代謝異常的遺傳性疾病。由于本病僅靠臨床表現(xiàn)不易確診,且多數(shù)醫(yī)師對(duì)本病認(rèn)識(shí)不足,故易誤診漏診。筆者收治1例GSD患兒,該患兒運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育落后,肝功能損傷,護(hù)肝治療效果不佳,輾轉(zhuǎn)幾所醫(yī)院未明確病因,經(jīng)基因檢測(cè)后確診為GSD IXa型,現(xiàn)將該例報(bào)道如下。

病例資料

一、主訴及病史

患兒男,9月齡,因“運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育落后,發(fā)現(xiàn)肝酶升高3個(gè)月”于2018年8月28日入河南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院?;純?月齡時(shí)因翻身不靈活、不能獨(dú)坐于外院住院治療,行肝功能檢查示ALT 75.0 U/L,AST 105.0 U/L,總蛋白57.5 g/L,白蛋白35.6 g/L;血氨基酸及肉堿譜分析:丙?;鈮A降低,乙基丙二酸增高;尿有機(jī)酸分析示己二酸及辛二酸增高,可能與脂肪酸氧化有關(guān),3-羥基丁酸增高,提示酮尿;行表面肌電圖檢查示肱二頭肌、內(nèi)收肌信號(hào)活動(dòng)稍弱;腦干聽(tīng)覺(jué)誘發(fā)電位示左側(cè)腦干未見(jiàn)異常,右側(cè)70 dB各波潛伏期及峰間值均正常,各波波幅與對(duì)側(cè)相比均略低,雙側(cè)閾值30 dB;視覺(jué)誘發(fā)電位未見(jiàn)異常;頭顱MRI示髓鞘化落后于同齡兒。外院診斷為運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育落后原因待查,予口服左卡尼汀、葡醛內(nèi)酯片、維生素C片及綜合康復(fù)治療,半個(gè)月后復(fù)查肝功能示ALT 93.0 U/L,AST 137.0 U/L,為進(jìn)一步治療轉(zhuǎn)至河南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院就診?;純菏穷^胎,足月經(jīng)剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)出,出生體質(zhì)量4550 g,出生時(shí)無(wú)缺氧窒息等,無(wú)生理性黃疸,母親孕晚期出現(xiàn)1次尿葡萄糖(+),經(jīng)飲食控制后恢復(fù)正常,孕后期胎動(dòng)減少,吸氧后胎動(dòng)恢復(fù)正常,余無(wú)異常?;純焊改妇眢w健康,非近親婚配,否認(rèn)有家族遺傳病史。

二、體格檢查

體質(zhì)量7.3 kg,身長(zhǎng)70 cm,發(fā)育落后,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良貌,皮下脂肪菲薄,皮膚彈性差,褶皺多,腰背及臀部可見(jiàn)大片形狀不規(guī)則蒙古斑,肋緣外翻,呈“O”型腿。肝臟可觸及腫大,質(zhì)韌,邊緣圓鈍,肝濁音界增大,無(wú)肝區(qū)叩擊痛。專(zhuān)科查體:頭發(fā)稀疏、纖細(xì),頭圍44 cm,前囟平軟,面積約3 cm×3 cm,眼距2.7 cm,小下頜,長(zhǎng)人中,追視追聽(tīng)正常,可逗笑,能笑出聲;肩肘關(guān)節(jié)稍有抵抗,股角120°,腘角150°,足背屈角60°,踝關(guān)節(jié)抵抗;豎頭穩(wěn),翻身靈活;弓背坐;俯臥位肘支撐,抬頭90°;仰臥位肢體對(duì)稱(chēng),有主動(dòng)抓物意識(shí),可對(duì)指捏取;立位雙下肢可支持身體,無(wú)主動(dòng)邁步意識(shí);Vojta反射,拉起頭后垂,能主動(dòng)用力;原始反射,摩羅(Moro)反射呈伸展相,非對(duì)稱(chēng)性緊張性頸反射(-),對(duì)稱(chēng)性緊張性頸反射(-),迷路緊張反射(-),側(cè)彎反射(-),手、足把握(-),落傘反射可引出;膝腱反射(++++),踝陣攣(-),巴賓斯基征(+)。

三、實(shí)驗(yàn)室及輔助檢查

尿、糞常規(guī)未見(jiàn)異常。血常規(guī)示血紅蛋白106 g/L,紅細(xì)胞3.98×1012/L,紅細(xì)胞平均體積80.1 fl,平均血紅蛋白量26.5 pg,血小板670×109/L白細(xì)胞8.7×109/L。ALT 84.0 U/L,AST 120.2 U/L,AST同工酶33.6 U/L,總蛋白57.9 g/L,白蛋白42.1 g/L,總膽紅素6.0 μmol/L、直接膽紅素1.7 μmol/L、間接膽紅素4.3 μmol/L,球蛋白15.8 g/L,肌酸激酶62.0 U/L,CK-MB 20.0 U/L;血糖3.79 mmol/L(參考值3.90 ~ 6.10 mmol/L),甘油三酯0.56 mmol/L(參考值0 ~ 1.70 mmol/L);血同型半胱氨酸未見(jiàn)異常?;純簩?duì)食物不耐受,雞蛋高度敏感,牛奶、大米、小麥輕度敏感;連續(xù)1周監(jiān)測(cè)空腹及餐前血糖為3.8 ~ 6.4 mmol/L。頸胸腰椎X線(xiàn)片未見(jiàn)異常。彩色多普勒超聲檢查(彩超)示心臟未見(jiàn)異常;副脾;肝右葉斜徑73 mm,肋下30 mm,大于正常肝臟;泌尿系統(tǒng)未見(jiàn)異常。心電圖示竇性心律不齊。

四、基因檢測(cè)情況

結(jié)合患兒臨床癥狀及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,疑為GSD,家屬簽署知情同意書(shū),取患兒及其父母靜脈血送檢,采用全外顯子及Sanger測(cè)序驗(yàn)證進(jìn)行相關(guān)基因分析。結(jié)果顯示患兒PHKA2基因存在1個(gè)突變點(diǎn)c.3143(exon 30)C > T(p.T1048M),位于第30外顯子,為致病性突變。查閱單核苷酸多態(tài)性數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(dbSNP)、千人基因組、千人南方、千人北方、外顯子集成聯(lián)合數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(ExAC)、ExAC東亞等均未見(jiàn)收錄,根據(jù)美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)與基因組學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(ACMG)變異解讀指南進(jìn)行生物學(xué)致病等級(jí)分析,位點(diǎn)c.3143C > T(p.T1048M)錯(cuò)義變異位于深入研究的無(wú)良性變異的外顯子功能域,屬于低頻變異,預(yù)測(cè)無(wú)證據(jù)表明變異對(duì)基因(基因產(chǎn)物)有影響,保守性及蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)無(wú)害;該變異先證者為半合子,符合X染色體隱性遺傳疾病發(fā)病機(jī)制,先證者及其家庭成員表型及其基因型符合共分離,變異支持致病。綜上所述,提示本例患兒發(fā)病與PHKA2基因變異的危害性與表型存在相關(guān)性,最終結(jié)合臨床確診為GSD IXa型?;純杭易寤驕y(cè)序結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖1、2。

五、治療及隨訪(fǎng)

給予患兒口服生玉米淀粉(患兒體質(zhì)量7.3 kg,故給予生玉米淀粉15 g/d),每日4次,餐間服用;予口服葡醛內(nèi)酯片、復(fù)方甘草酸苷片等護(hù)肝。出院5個(gè)月后隨訪(fǎng),患兒肝功能較前明顯改善,ALT 40.0 U/L,未復(fù)查肝臟彩超,運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育情況基本與同齡正常兒童相同。

討論

GSD又被稱(chēng)為肝糖原累積病,是由糖原代謝相關(guān)酶缺乏或者活性降低引起的一組臨床和遺傳異質(zhì)性疾病,可導(dǎo)致糖原在多個(gè)組織臟器中累積,以肝臟為主要受累器官,根據(jù)酶、受累組織不同和發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間的先后,GSD被分為13種類(lèi)型[1]。GSD IX是糖原累積癥中最常見(jiàn)的類(lèi)型,約占所有GSD的25%,發(fā)病率約為1/100 000[2]。已知GSD IX致病基因主要有3種,分別為PHKA2、PHKB、PHKG2,由此可將GSD分為3種類(lèi)型,分別為GSD IXa、GSD IXb和GSD IXc。GSD IXa是GSD IX中最常見(jiàn)的類(lèi)型,由PHKA2突變引起,磷酸化酶激酶(PHK)由α、β、γ和δ 4個(gè)亞基組成,不同基因編碼不同的亞基,PHKA2基因位于X染色體的長(zhǎng)臂上(Xp22.2-22.1),編碼PHK的α亞基,包括33個(gè)外顯子,PHKA2基因突變是導(dǎo)致PHK缺乏的常見(jiàn)原因,約占75%[3-4]。PHK缺乏引起的GSD主要臨床癥狀為肝臟增大、肝酶升高、低血糖、高血脂、酮癥、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育遲緩和矮小[5]。少數(shù)患者可有肝纖維化改變、特應(yīng)性皮炎、反復(fù)性腹瀉、肝硬化和罕見(jiàn)的遲發(fā)性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀,也有患者以間斷便血為首發(fā)癥狀[6-10]。檢索人類(lèi)基因突變數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)截至2019年10月報(bào)道的GSD IXa病例有134例,癥狀以肝酶升高、肝臟增大、低血糖多見(jiàn),收錄的PHKA2基因突變包括錯(cuò)義、缺失、插入、無(wú)義、剪接突變,這些癥狀與PHKA2基因突變所致表型相符,與GSD其他類(lèi)型相比,GSD IXa的癥狀較輕,可隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而改善,一般預(yù)后良好,但其臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重程度不一,即使無(wú)低血糖和酮癥表現(xiàn),也要常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)葡萄糖和酮水平,因?yàn)槲礄z測(cè)到的低血糖和酮癥會(huì)影響患者生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,需及時(shí)干預(yù)[11-12]。

GSD IXa的治療主要采用生玉米淀粉,或者采用高蛋白食物維持血糖、改善肝功能及對(duì)癥治療[13-15]。但這種治療對(duì)疾病并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防作用尚不明確,應(yīng)定期檢測(cè)患兒肝臟及心臟各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),防止發(fā)生并發(fā)癥[16]。目前在我國(guó)已被報(bào)道的以運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育遲緩為主要表現(xiàn)而確診的患兒有2例[17]。本例患兒亦以發(fā)育遲緩為主訴就診,經(jīng)過(guò)基因測(cè)序發(fā)現(xiàn)c.3143C > T(p.T1048M)突變,新的突變位于PHKA2第30號(hào)外顯子上,先證者的突變來(lái)自其母親。驗(yàn)證先證者外祖母及姨母基因,結(jié)果均為攜帶者,患兒母親、外祖母及姨母并未受到影響,符合該病X連鎖隱性遺傳的方式,但也有女性發(fā)病的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[18]?;純撼跏急憩F(xiàn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育落后于同齡兒,進(jìn)一步檢查后發(fā)現(xiàn)肝酶異常及肝臟增大,有可能是肝酶升高出現(xiàn)較早但未行檢查所致,連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)空腹血糖未見(jiàn)異常,考慮與患兒進(jìn)食母乳頻繁、空腹時(shí)間較短,糖異生途徑受影響小有關(guān),明確診斷后即采用護(hù)肝藥物及生玉米淀粉以改善肝功能、預(yù)防低血糖,同時(shí)定期檢測(cè)肝臟彩超。

GSD具有臨床和遺傳異質(zhì)性,即使同一基因突變,臨床癥狀也不盡相同,不同基因突變也可能出現(xiàn)同樣癥狀,加之GSD IXa癥狀較輕,不典型,所以診斷該病不易,有些患兒在出現(xiàn)肝臟腫大、低血糖之前,先出現(xiàn)原因不明的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育遲緩和反復(fù)腹瀉,也會(huì)給本病的診斷增加難度,若不及時(shí)明確診斷、治療,會(huì)影響患兒正常發(fā)育。傳統(tǒng)的依賴(lài)肝臟、肌肉活組織檢查或血液生化結(jié)果的方式有創(chuàng)且并發(fā)癥多,隨著基因檢測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,疑為GSD時(shí)應(yīng)盡早進(jìn)行基因檢測(cè),以助盡早明確診斷、進(jìn)行針對(duì)性治療。

參 考 文 獻(xiàn)

[1] 顧學(xué)范, 江載芳, 申昆玲, 沈穎.褚福堂實(shí)用兒科學(xué).8版.北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社, 2015:2263.

[2] Maichele AJ, Burwinkel B, Maire I, S?vik O, Kilimann MW. Mutations in the testis/liver isoform of the phosphorylase kinase gamma subunit (PHKG2) cause autosomal liver glycogenosis in the gsd rat and in humans. Nat Genet,1996,14(3):337-340.

[3] Johnson AO, Goldstein JL, Bali D. Glycogen storage disease type IX: novel PHKA2 missense mutation and cirrhosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr,2012,55(1):90-92.

[4] Bali DS, Goldstein JL, Fredrickson K, Austin S, Pendyal S, Rehder C, Kishnani PS. Clinical and molecular variability in patients with PHKA2 variants and liver phosphorylase b kinase deficiency. JIMD Rep, 2017,37:63-72.

[5] Zhu Q, Wen XY, Zhang MY, Jin QL, Niu JQ. Mutation in PHKA2 leading to childhood glycogen storage disease type IXa: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore),2019,98(46):e17775.

[6] Kim TH, Kim KY, Kim MJ, Seong MW, Park SS, Moon JS, Ko JS. Molecular diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type IX using a glycogen storage disease gene panel. Eur J Med Genet,2020,63(6):103921.

[7] Achouitar S, Goldstein JL, Mohamed M, Austin S, Boyette K, Blanpain FM, Rehder CW, Kishnani PS, Wortmann SB, den Heijer M, Lefeber DJ, Wevers RA, Bali DS, Morava E. Common mutation in the PHKA2 gene with variable phenotype in patients with liver phosphorylase b kinase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab,2011,104(4):691-694.

[8] Tsilianidis LA, Fiske LM, Siegel S, Lumpkin C, Hoyt K, Wasserstein M, Weinstein DA. Aggressive therapy improves cirrhosis in glycogen storage disease type IX. Mol Genet Metab,2013,109(2):179-182.

[9] Smith C,Care4Rare Canada Consortium, Dicaire MJ, Brais B, La Piana R. Neurological involvement in glycogen storage disease type IXa due to PHKA2 mutation. Can J Neurol Sci,2020,47(3):400-403.

[10] 孫曼青,陸文麗,王偉,董治亞,肖園,倪繼紅,王德芬.以間斷便血為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的PHKA2基因突變致糖原累積?、鵤 1例報(bào)告.中國(guó)實(shí)用兒科雜志,2020,35(3):246-248.

[11] Zhang J, Yuan Y, Ma M, Liu Y, Zhang W, Yao F, Qiu Z. Clinical and genetic characteristics of 17 Chinese patients with glycogen storage disease type IXa. Gene,2017,627:149-156.

[12] Kim JA, Kim JH, Lee BH, Kim GH, Shin YS, Yoo HW, Kim KM. Clinical, Biochemical, and genetic characterization of glycogen storage type IX in a child with asymptomatic hepatomegaly. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr,2015,18(2):138-143.

[13] 李春微,于康,李融融,李明,張敏杰.糖原累積癥的醫(yī)學(xué)營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療:病例報(bào)告與文獻(xiàn)綜述.營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào),2014,36(6):594-602,630.

[14] 李靜.糖原累積癥患兒臨床特征與治療.臨床檢驗(yàn)雜志(電子版),2018,7(3):440.

[15] 王璞,董漪,徐志強(qiáng),陳大為,王福川,甘雨,王麗旻,閆建國(guó),曹麗麗,李?lèi)?ài)芹,朱世殊,張敏.糖原累積癥Ⅸ型12例臨床、病理特點(diǎn)及基因突變位點(diǎn)分析.肝臟,2018,23(9):764-768.

[16] Roscher A, Patel J, Hewson S, Nagy L, Feigenbaum A, Kronick J, Raiman J, Schulze A, Siriwardena K, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S. The natural history of glycogen storage disease types VI and IX: Long-term outcome from the largest metabolic center in Canada. Mol Genet Metab,2014,113(3):171-176.

[17] Fu J, Wang T, Xiao X. A novel PHKA2 mutation in a Chinese child with glycogen storage disease type IXa: a case report and literature review. BMC Med Genet,2019,20(1):56.

[18] Cho SY, Lam CW, Tong SF, Siu WK. X-linked glycogen storage disease IXa manifested in a female carrier due to skewed X chromosome inactivation. Clin Chim Acta,2013,426:75-78.

(收稿日期:2020-07-31)

(本文編輯:洪悅民)