辜依海 張微 侯軒 王輝 鄧明惠 陶浚齊 周夢(mèng)蓉 翁蕊
摘 要 目的:為臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)性治療非發(fā)酵革蘭氏陰性桿菌(NFGNB)感染提供參考依據(jù)。方法:收集陜西漢中市某三級(jí)甲等醫(yī)院2010年1月-2019年12月臨床送檢的各類(lèi)標(biāo)本,回顧性分析NFGNB的分布及耐藥情況。結(jié)果:2010-2019年,該院共檢出病原菌26 386株,其中NFGNB 4 077株(占15.45%),主要來(lái)源于年齡≥60歲的患者(1 836株,占45.05%)。10年間,NFGNB的檢出率由2010年的20.14%降至2019年的15.36%(P<0.001)。檢出菌種以鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌(1 359株)、銅綠假單胞菌(1 269株)、嗜麥芽窄食單胞菌(447株)、洋蔥伯克霍爾德菌(351株)等為主。檢出的NFGNB主要來(lái)源于住院患者(4 001株),且多見(jiàn)于重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病區(qū)(占17.05%)、神經(jīng)外科(占14.52%)、呼吸科(占12.41%)等科室以及呼吸道(占66.69%)、分泌物(占7.80%)等標(biāo)本。其中,鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌在腫瘤科的檢出率以及在血液和尿液標(biāo)本中的檢出率均總體呈上升趨勢(shì),而在該院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病區(qū)的檢出率總體呈下降趨勢(shì)(P<0.05);銅綠假單胞菌在神經(jīng)外科的檢出率呈上升趨勢(shì)(P<0.05),鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌在呼吸科的檢出率呈上升趨勢(shì)(P<0.05)。鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌對(duì)碳青霉烯類(lèi)抗菌藥物的耐藥率由2010年的10%左右升至2019年的75%左右,對(duì)頭孢菌素類(lèi)藥物的耐藥率超過(guò)了78%;銅綠假單胞菌對(duì)亞胺培南和美羅培南的耐藥率分別低于35%和30%,且耐藥趨勢(shì)變化不大(P>0.05),而對(duì)哌拉西林、氨曲南等12種臨床常用抗菌藥物的耐藥率均低于40%;嗜麥芽窄食單胞菌對(duì)復(fù)方磺胺甲噁唑的耐藥率逐漸呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)(P<0.001),對(duì)頭孢他啶的耐藥率較高(54.70%~74.10%);洋蔥伯克霍爾德菌對(duì)復(fù)方磺胺甲噁唑、美羅培南、頭孢他啶的耐藥率均呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)(P<0.01),且在2014年之后均低于15%。結(jié)論:該院NFGNB的檢出率雖有下降趨勢(shì),但鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌多重耐藥和泛耐藥情況較為嚴(yán)重,且對(duì)碳青霉烯類(lèi)抗生素的耐藥率有所上升;臨床應(yīng)根據(jù)藥敏試驗(yàn)結(jié)果合理選用頭孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、頭孢他啶等敏感藥物治療NFGNB感染。
關(guān)鍵詞 非發(fā)酵革蘭氏陰性桿菌;耐藥變遷;鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌;銅綠假單胞菌
ABSTRACT ? OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for clinical empirical treatment of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) infection. METHODS: All kinds of clinical specimens were collected from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2019 in a tertiary hospital from Hanzhong city of Shaanxi province; the distribution and drug resistance of NFGNB were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 26 386 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in the hospital during 2010-2019, including 4 077 strains of NFGNB (15.45%), mainly from patients≥60 years old (1 836 strains, 45.05%). During the 10 years, the detection rate of NFGNB decreased from 20.14% in 2010 to 15.36% in 2019 (P<0.001). Acinetobacter baumannii (1 359 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 269 strains), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (447 strains) and Burkholderia cepacia (351 strains) were main pathogens. The detected NFGNB mainly came from hospitalized patients (4 001 strains), and most of them were found in ICU (17.05%), neurosurgery department (14.52%), respiratory department (12.41%), and respiratory tract (66.69%), secretion (7.80%) specimens. The detection rates of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa in oncology department, blood specimens and urine specimens showed an overall upward trend, while the detection rates in ICU of the hospital showed a downward trend (P<0.05); the detection rate of P. aeruginosa in neurosurgery department showed an upward trend (P<0.05), and that of A. baumannii in respiratory department showed an upward trend (P<0.05). The resistance rate of A. baumannii to carbapenems increased from about 10% in 2010 to about 75% in 2019, and the resistance rate to cephalosporins exceeded 78%. The resistance rates of P. aeruginosa to imipenem and meropenem were lower than 35% and 30% respectively, and the trend of drug resistance did not change significantly (P>0.05); the resistance rates to 12 kinds of clinically commonly used antibiotics as piperacillin and aztreonam were lower than 40%. The resistance rate of S. maltophilia to compound sulfamethoxazole showed a decreasing trend (P<0.001), and the resistance rate to ceftazidime was high (54.70%-74.10%). The resistance rates of B. cepacia to compound sulfamethoxazole, meropenem and ceftazidime showed a downward trend (P<0.01), and were lower than 15% after 2014. CONCLUSIONS: Although the detection rate of NFGNB in our hospital showed a downward trend, the multi-drug resistance and pan-drug resistance of A. baumannii are serious, and the resistance rate to carbapenems is increased. Sensitive drugs such as cefoperazone/sulbactam, amikacin, levofloxacin and ceftazidime should be selected for NFGNB infection according to the results of drug sensitivity tests.
嗜麥芽窄食單胞菌和洋蔥伯克霍爾德菌對(duì)多種抗菌藥物天然耐藥,且由于兩種菌株廣泛存在于醫(yī)院環(huán)境中,可引發(fā)呼吸道感染、傷口感染以及尿路系統(tǒng)感染等,無(wú)疑會(huì)對(duì)長(zhǎng)期住院、免疫力低下的易感染患者造成極大威脅[18-19]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,嗜麥芽窄食單胞菌對(duì)復(fù)方磺胺甲噁唑的耐藥率逐漸呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì);對(duì)左氧氟沙星的耐藥率在小幅波動(dòng)后,近3年(2017-2019年)內(nèi)均在20%以下。洋蔥伯克霍爾德菌對(duì)常用的復(fù)方磺胺甲噁唑、美羅培南、頭孢他啶的耐藥率也均呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì),且從2014年以后,該菌對(duì)上述3種藥物的耐藥率均在15%以下。此外,嗜麥芽窄食單胞菌和洋蔥伯克霍爾德菌在血液標(biāo)本中的檢出率分別為2.24%和3.42%,提示這2種病原菌所致血流感染也應(yīng)得到臨床的重視。
綜上所述,NFGNB是引起院內(nèi)感染的重要病原菌;2010-2019年,該院NFGNB的檢出率雖呈下降趨勢(shì),但是鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌多重耐藥和廣泛耐藥情況較為嚴(yán)重,且鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌和銅綠假單胞菌引起的血流感染有所增加。臨床在抗感染治療時(shí),除減少感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素外,還需根據(jù)藥敏試驗(yàn)結(jié)果合理選用頭孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、頭孢他啶等敏感藥物,同時(shí)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格實(shí)施院內(nèi)感染防控,以降低耐藥菌的感染與傳播。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-16 修回日期:2020-09-28)
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