魯益飛, 陳征海, 孫文燕, 金孝鋒,①
(1. 浙江大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院, 浙江 杭州 310058;2. 杭州師范大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院 浙江省藥用植物遺傳改良和質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 浙江 杭州 311121;3. 浙江省森林資源監(jiān)測中心, 浙江 杭州 310020)
菊科(Asteraceae)是有花植物種類最多的科,全世界有1 600多屬24 000多種[1]1-2。中國分布的菊科植物有2 336種,隸屬于15族248屬[1]1-8,[2]。全世界薊屬(CirsiumMill.)植物有250~300種,廣布于北溫帶及亞熱帶地區(qū)[1]160-175,[3-5]。中國分布的薊屬植物有46種,其中近一半為中國特有種[1]1-2,[5]。本屬用于種類鑒定的形態(tài)性狀主要包括葉片形狀和質(zhì)地、花期時(shí)基生葉存在與否、頭狀花序直立或下垂、總苞片層數(shù)以及外層總苞片是否密被細(xì)小黏質(zhì)腺體[3-4,6]。
作者所在課題組在承擔(dān)《浙江植物志》(新編)菊科的編研過程中,對(duì)浙江及鄰近地區(qū)的菊科植物進(jìn)行了調(diào)查、采集和鑒定以及相關(guān)標(biāo)本的查閱,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)了薊屬2個(gè)新種,這2個(gè)新種的花均于秋季至初冬開放,開花時(shí)頭狀花序下垂,二者具體的形態(tài)特征描述如下:
浙江垂頭薊 新種(圖1,圖2)
CirsiumzhejiangenseZ. H. Chen et X. F. Jin, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, Fig. 2)
Haec species novaC.yezoenso(Maxim.) Makino affinis est, sed a qua involucri phyllis 5- vel 6-seriatis, exterioribus interioribus brevioribus, laminis minoribus, 15-32 cm longis, 6-15 cm latis, supra sparse villosis, subtus sparse pubescentibus differt.
Type: China. Zhejiang (浙江), Pan’an (磐安), Weixin (維新), Lingjiangyuan (靈江源), E120°39′38.03″, N28°57′49.32″, by stream under forest, alt. 550 m, 26 Nov. 2013, X. F. Jin & T. T. Yu (金孝鋒和余婷婷) 3202 (holotype, ZM; isotypes, HTC, PE).
A: 生境Habitat; B: 基生葉Basal leaves; C: 葉片上面,示顏色及毛被Upper surface of leaf, showing color and indumentum; D,E: 頭狀花序排列式樣Arranging pattern of capitula; F: 葉片下面,示顏色及毛被Lower surface of leaf, showing color and indumentum; G: 頭狀花序,示總苞及總苞片Capitulum, showing involucre and phyllaries; H: 瘦果Achenes.
Perennial herbs. Roots tuberous, fusiform, 0.8-1.0 cm in diameter, obliquely ascending. Stems erect, 40-70 cm tall, slightly ribbed, simplex or branched on upper part, nearly glabrous, or sparsely to densely white villose under capitula. Basal leaves rosulate; blade ovate-elliptic, elliptic or long-elliptic, 15-32 cm long, 6-15 cm wide, adaxially dark green, sparsely brown villose, abaxially pale green, sparsely pubescent and rather densely along veins, pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, sometimes pinnatipartite, base narrowed into a long winged petiole; lateral lobes 3-6 pairs, ovate, ovate-elliptic, elliptic or long-triangular, margin irregularly lobed or incised, lobe margin unequal toothed, with an apical spinule 3.0-5.0 mm long; terminal lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin unequal teeth with a ca. 1.0 mm apical spinule. Cauline leaves alternate; blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 8-20 cm long, 4-12 cm wide, adaxially dark green, sparsely brown villose, abaxially pale green, sparsely pubescent and rather densely along veins, pinnatilobate, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, base auriculate. Capitula 3-5, racemose, rarely solitary, nodding. Involucre bowl-like or broadly campanulate, 1.5-3.0 cm in diameter. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, obliquely patent, outer ones shorter than inner ones; outer phyllaries lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 6.0-7.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, upper margin ciliate, with densely minute glands on outside surfaces, apex with a ca. 1.0 mm long spinule; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 11.0-17.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide, upper margin ciliate or entire, with densely minute glands on outside surfaces, apex with a ca. 1.0 mm long spinule; inner phyllaries lanceolate, 17.0-19.0 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, upper margin ciliate or entire, with densely minute glands on outside surfaces, apex with a ca. 1.0 mm long spinule. Achenes slightly compressed, long-obovoid, brown, 5.0-5.5 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, apex obliquely truncate. Florets bisexual; corolla purplish-pink or purple, 18.0-20.0 mm long, limb 9.0-11.0 mm long, 5-lobed, tube 9.0-10.0 mm long. Pappus pale brown, base connate; bristles pinnate, 14.0-17.0 mm long.
多年生草本。塊根紡錘形,直徑0.8~1.0 cm,斜伸。莖直立,高40~70 cm,微具棱,不分枝或上部分枝,近無毛,或疏被白色長柔毛,至頭狀花序下密被白色長柔毛。基生葉蓮座狀;葉片卵狀橢圓形、橢圓形或長橢圓形,長15~32 cm,寬6~15 cm,上面深綠色,疏被褐色長柔毛,下面淡綠色,疏被短柔毛,沿脈較密,羽狀淺裂至中裂,有時(shí)羽狀深裂,基部漸狹成具翼長柄;側(cè)裂片3~6對(duì),卵形、卵狀橢圓形、橢圓形或長三角形,邊緣不等淺裂或缺刻狀齒裂,小裂片或裂齒邊緣具大小不等的鋸齒,齒端具針刺,針刺長3.0~5.0 mm;頂裂片披針形或卵狀披針形,邊緣疏具大小不等的鋸齒,齒端具短針刺,針刺長約1.0 mm。莖生葉互生;葉片卵形、卵狀橢圓形、橢圓形或長圓狀橢圓形,長8~20 cm,寬4~12 cm,上面深綠色,疏被褐色長柔毛,下面淡綠色,疏被短柔毛,沿脈較密,羽狀淺裂、中裂至深裂,基部耳形。頭狀花序3~5個(gè)排列呈總狀,稀單一頂生,下垂??偘胄位驈V鐘形,直徑1.5~3.0 cm??偘?或6層,向外斜展,外層短而向內(nèi)漸變長;外層總苞片披針形或卵狀披針形,長6.0~7.0 mm,寬1.5~2.0 mm,上部邊緣具睫毛,背面密被細(xì)腺毛,頂端具長約1.0 mm的針刺;中層總苞片卵狀披針形或披針形,長11.0~17.0 mm,寬2.5~3.0 mm,上部邊緣具睫毛或無,背面密被細(xì)腺毛,頂端具長約1.0 mm的針刺;內(nèi)層總苞片披針形,長17.0~19.0 mm,寬1.5~2.0 mm,上部邊緣具睫毛或無,背面密被細(xì)腺毛,頂端具長約1.0 mm的針刺。瘦果稍壓扁,倒長卵形,褐色,長5.0~5.5 mm,寬2.0~2.5 mm,頂端斜截。小花兩性;花冠粉紫色或紫色,長18.0~20.0 mm,檐部長9.0~11.0 mm,5裂,細(xì)管部長9.0~10.0 mm。冠毛淺褐色,基部聯(lián)合成環(huán);冠毛剛毛羽毛狀,長14.0~17.0 mm。
其他標(biāo)本:China. Zhejiang (浙江), Lin’an (臨安), West Tianmushan (西天目山), on slope under forest, alt. 1 000 m, 15 Nov. 2013, X. F. Jin & T. T. Yu (金孝鋒和余婷婷) 3207 (HTC), alt. 1 100 m, 10 Oct. 2011, S. Z. Yang & Z. H. Chen (楊淑貞和陳征海) TMS20111010 (HTC), 3 Aug. 1957, X. Y. He (賀賢育) 25203 (HHBG), 16 Oct. 1951, X. Y. He (賀賢育) 0031 (HHBG), X. Y. He (賀賢育) 1716 (HHBG), 5 Nov. 1958, anonymous 31363 (HHBG), Qingliangfeng (清涼峰), at forest margin, alt. 900 m, 2 Nov. 2011, Z. H. Chen & G. Y. Li (陳征海和李根有) QLF20111103 (HTC, ZM), QLF20111104 (HTC, ZM), 16 Nov. 2013, X. F. Jin & T. T. Yu (金孝鋒和余婷婷) 3208 (HTC); Ningbo (寧波), Fenghua (奉化), Dayan (大雁), 9 Nov. 2013, Z. H. Chen (陳征海) s.n. (HTC), Yinzhou (鄞州), 10 Nov. 2013, Z. H. Chen (陳征海) s.n. (HTC, ZM); Pan’an (磐安), Weixin (維新), Lingjiangyuan (靈江源), under forest, alt. 600 m, 30 Oct. 2014, Z. L. Chen (陳子林) s.n. (HTC), Tianwang (田王), Pingtou (平頭), in grasses, alt. 700 m, 8 Nov. 1988, L. Hong (洪林) 2644 (HHBG); Taishun (泰順), Sankui (三魁), 25 Jun. 1962, on slope, Zhejiang Bot. Res. Exped. (浙江植物資源普查隊(duì)) 8344 (NAS); Xinchang (新昌), Xiaojiang Forestry Farm (小將林場), by stream under forest, alt. 520 m, 6 Oct. 2011, G. Y. Li & Z. H. Chen (李根有和陳征海) XC20111002 (HTC); Wencheng (文成), Tonglingshan (銅鈴山), Houwanggu (猴王谷), 2 Nov. 2013, Z. H. Chen (陳征海) WCT-001 (HTC), WCT-002 (ZM), WCT-003 (ZM).
A: 植株下部Lower part of plant; B: 植株上部Upper part of plant; C: 外層總苞片Outer phyllary; D: 中間總苞片Middle phyllary; E: 內(nèi)層總苞片Inner phyllary; F: 小花Floret; G: 瘦果Achene.
本種與Cirsiumyezoense(Maxim.) Makino最接近,區(qū)別主要在于本種總苞片5或6層,外層總苞片較內(nèi)層總苞片短,葉片較小,長15~32 cm,寬6~15 cm,上面疏被長柔毛,下面疏被短柔毛。而C.yezoense的總苞片9或10層,外層總苞片與內(nèi)層總苞片近等長,葉片長30~65 cm,寬10~30 cm,近無毛。
在中國產(chǎn)的薊屬植物中,浙江垂頭薊略接近薊(C.japonicumFisch. ex DC.)和野薊(C.maackiiMaxim.)。但薊的頭狀花序下垂直立,莖中下部密被多節(jié)柔毛,葉片羽狀深裂至近全裂,兩面同色為綠色,下面密被多節(jié)柔毛,外層和中層總苞片卵狀三角形至長三角形,常春季開花;野薊頭狀花序下垂直立,葉片下面密被柔毛,總苞鐘形,春季開花。
沼生垂頭薊 新種(圖3,圖4)
CirsiumpaludigenumY. F. Lu, Z. H. Chen et X. F. Jin, sp. nov. (Fig. 3, Fig. 4)
Species novaC.tashiroiKitam. etC.sieboldiiMiq. affinis est, ab illa involucri phyllis 5- vel 6-seriatis, apice erectis, extus dense gladulosis minutis, caulibus a medio ad apicem sparse villosis, foliis basalibus lanceolatis, elliptico-lanceolatis vel ellipticis, pinnatifidis vel non divisis recedit; ab hac involucris campanulatis, 2.0-3.5 cm diameter, phyllis 5- vel 6-seriatis, foliis basalibus lanceolatis, elliptico-lanceolatis vel ellipticis, pinnatifidis vel non divisis differt.
Type: China. Zhejiang (浙江), Wencheng (文成), Jinzhu Forestry Farm (金珠林場), E120°01′36.01″, N27°52′37.05″, in wetland, alt. 1 030 m, 7 Sep. 2018,Z. H. Chen et al. (陳征海等) WC2018090707 (holotype, ZM; isotypes, HTC, PE).
A: 植株下部Lower part of plant; B: 植株上部Upper part of plant; C: 頭狀花序Capitulum; D: 外層總苞片Outer phyllary; E: 中間總苞片Middle phyllary; F: 內(nèi)層總苞片Inner phyllary; G: 小花Floret; H: 瘦果Achene.
Perennial herbs. Roots tuberous, fusiform, 1.0-1.2 cm in diameter, erect or obliquely ascending. Stems erect, 45-110 cm tall, slightly ribbed, simplex, rarely branched on upper part, nearly glabrous or sparsely to densely white villose under capitula. Basal leaves rosulate; blade lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, 10-30 cm long, 3-10 cm wide, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially pale green or gray-green, glabrous, pinnatifid or undivided, base narrowed into a long winged petiole; lateral lobes 4-6 pairs, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, triangular or long-triangular, margin unequal teeth with an apical spinule 3.0-5.0 mm long; terminal lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin unequal teeth with an apical spinule 3.0-5.0 mm long. Cauline leaves smaller than basal leaves; blade lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 6.0-15.0 cm long, 0.7-4.5 cm wide, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially pale green or gray-green, glabrous, pinnatilobate to pinnatipartite, base auriculate. Capitula 2-4, racemose, rarely solitary, nodding. Involucre campanulate, 2.0-3.5 cm in diameter. Phyllaries in 5 or 6 rows, erect, outer ones shorter than inner ones; outer phyllaries lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or long-ovate, 4.0-6.0 mm long, 1.0-2.0 mm wide, upper margin long-ciliate, with densely minute glands on outside surfaces, apex with a ca. 1.0 mm long spinule; middle phyllaries ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 9.0-15.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, upper margin long-ciliate, with densely minute glands on outside surfaces, apex with a ca. 1.0 mm long spinule; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 17.0-19.0 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, upper margin ciliate, with densely minute glands on outside surfaces. Achenes slightly compressed, long-obovoid, brown, ca. 5.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, apex obliquely truncate. Florets bisexual; corolla purplish-pink or purple, 19.0-22.0 mm long, limb 10.0-12.0 mm long, 5-lobed, tube 9.0-10.0 mm long. Pappus pale brown, base connate; bristles pinnate, 12.0-15.0 mm long.
多年生草本。塊根紡錘形,直徑1.0~1.2 cm,直或斜伸。莖直立,高45~110 cm,微具棱,不分枝,極少上部分枝,近無毛,或疏被白色長柔毛,至頭狀花序下密被白色長柔毛?;~蓮座狀;葉片披針形、橢圓狀披針形或橢圓形,長10~30 cm,寬3~10 cm,上面深綠色,下面淡綠色或灰綠色,兩面無毛,羽狀中裂或不裂,基部漸狹成具翼長柄;分裂者側(cè)裂片4~6對(duì),披針形、卵狀披針形、三角形或長三角形,邊緣疏具大小不等的鋸齒,齒端具針刺,針刺長3.0~5.0 mm;頂裂片披針形或卵狀披針形,邊緣疏具大小不等的鋸齒,齒端具針刺,針刺長3.0~5.0 mm。莖生葉較基生葉??;葉片披針形或橢圓狀披針形,長6.0~15.0 cm,寬0.7~4.5 cm,上面深綠色,下面淡綠色或灰綠色,兩面無毛,羽狀淺裂至深裂,基部抱莖。頭狀花序2~4個(gè)排列成總狀,稀單一頂生,下垂。總苞鐘形,直徑2.0~3.5 cm。總苞片5或6層,直立,外層短而向內(nèi)漸變長;外層總苞片披針形、卵狀披針形或長卵形,長4.0~6.0 mm,寬1.0~2.0 mm,上部邊緣具長睫毛,背面密被細(xì)腺毛,頂端具長約1.0 mm的針刺;中層總苞片卵狀披針形或披針形,長9.0~15.0 mm,寬2.0~2.5 mm,上部邊緣具長睫毛,背面密被細(xì)腺毛,頂端具長約1.0 mm的針刺;內(nèi)層總苞片條狀披針形,長17.0~19.0 mm,寬約1.5 mm,上部邊緣具睫毛,背面密被細(xì)腺毛。瘦果稍壓扁,倒長卵形,褐色,長約5.0 mm,寬2.0~2.5 mm,頂端斜截。小花兩性;花冠粉紫色或紫色,長19.0~22.0 cm,檐部長10.0~12.0 cm,5裂,細(xì)管部長9.0~10.0 mm。冠毛淺褐色,基部聯(lián)合成環(huán);冠毛剛毛羽毛狀,長12.0~15.0 mm。
其他標(biāo)本:China. Zhejiang (浙江), Wencheng (文成), Jinzhu Forestry Farm (金珠林場), in wetland, alt. 1 030 m, 7 Sep. 2018, Z. H. Chen et al. (陳征海等) WC2018090709 (HTC, ZM).
本種接近CirsiumtashiroiKitam.和C.sieboldiiMiq.,與前者的區(qū)別為:本種總苞片5或6層,先端直立,莖中上部疏被白色長柔毛,基生葉披針形、橢圓狀披針形或橢圓形,羽狀中裂或不裂,而C.tashiroi的總苞片8或9層,先端外展,莖被褐色多節(jié)柔毛,基生葉狹倒卵形或狹橢圓形,羽狀深裂至全裂,裂片8~10對(duì);與后者的區(qū)別為:本種總苞鐘形,直徑2.0~3.5 cm,總苞片5或6層,基生葉披針形、橢圓狀披針形或橢圓形,羽狀中裂或不裂,而C.sieboldii的總苞鐘形至筒形,直徑1.1~1.9 cm,總苞片8~10層,基生葉狹倒卵形,羽狀中裂。
據(jù)目前采集的標(biāo)本來看,浙江垂頭薊在浙江西北部、中部、東部和南部均有分布,沼生垂頭薊僅分布于浙江南部。
經(jīng)標(biāo)本查閱和鑒定,浙江現(xiàn)有薊屬植物9種,分類檢索表如下:
浙江薊屬植物的分類檢索表
致謝:東京大學(xué)綜合研究博物館Hiroshi Ikeda博士、東京大學(xué)小石川植物園Shuichi Nemoto博士、中國科學(xué)院植物研究所標(biāo)本館于勝祥博士、浙江大學(xué)植物標(biāo)本館鄭小明先生、浙江自然博物館徐躍良先生和杭州植物園標(biāo)本館高亞紅先生為標(biāo)本查閱提供方便,在此一并表示感謝!