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頸椎前路椎體次全切除術(shù)中鈦籠形態(tài)對(duì)術(shù)后頸椎矢狀面形態(tài)參數(shù)的影響

2021-03-25 00:30陳勤伍耀宏劉寧李橋鑫陳威
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2021年15期
關(guān)鍵詞:術(shù)后頸椎

陳勤 伍耀宏 劉寧 李橋鑫 陳威

【摘要】 目的:探討頸椎前路椎體次全切除術(shù)中鈦籠形態(tài)對(duì)術(shù)后頸椎矢狀面形態(tài)參數(shù)的影響。方法:選取2018年4月-2019年8月贛州市人民醫(yī)院因頸椎病擬行椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療患者46例為研究對(duì)象。46例患者均行椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療,其中2018年4-12月采用上下平行端面(垂直)鈦籠的患者21例為對(duì)照組,2019年1-8月采用下斜形端面(根據(jù)節(jié)段角度調(diào)整)鈦籠的患者25例為研究組。術(shù)后兩組均隨訪至2020年12月31日。比較兩組術(shù)前和末次隨訪的C2~7 Cobb角、C2~7矢狀面軸向垂直距離、T1傾斜角、日本骨科學(xué)會(huì)(JOA)評(píng)分。檢測(cè)比較兩組術(shù)后的鈦籠高度、鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段Cobb角及高度。統(tǒng)計(jì)比較兩組鈦籠下沉發(fā)生率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:與術(shù)前比較,兩組末次隨訪C2~7 Cobb角、JOA評(píng)分均增加,而C2~7矢狀面軸向垂直距離、T1傾斜角均降低(P<0.05);且研究組末次隨訪C2~7 Cobb角、JOA評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,而C2~7矢狀面軸向垂直距離、T1傾斜角均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。兩組融合后鈦籠高度、鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段高度、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。研究組術(shù)后鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段Cobb角高于對(duì)照組,而其鈦籠下沉發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:頸椎前路椎體次全切除術(shù)中下斜形端面鈦籠的應(yīng)用有助于改善頸椎矢狀面失衡,減少鈦籠下沉的發(fā)生,并促進(jìn)頸椎病功能恢復(fù),且安全可靠。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 頸椎前路椎體次全切除術(shù) 鈦籠形態(tài) 術(shù)后 頸椎 矢狀面形態(tài)

Influence of Titanium Cage Shape in Anterior Cervical Subtotal Vertebral Resection on Postoperative Cervical Spine Sagittal Morphological Parameters/CHEN Qin, WU Yaohong, LIU Ning, LI Qiaoxin, CHEN Wei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(15): 0-042

[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the influence of the titanium cage shape in the anterior cervical subtotal vertebral resection on the postoperative cervical spine sagittal morphological parameters. Method: From April 2018 to August 2019, 46 patients who planned to undergo subtotal vertebral body resection and bone graft fusion in Ganzhou People’s Hospital due to cervical spondylosis were selected as the research objects. All 46 patients underwent subtotal vertebral body resection and bone graft fusion. Among them, 21 patients with upper and lower parallel end face (vertical) titanium cages from April to December 2018 were selected as the control group, 25 patients with lower inclined end face (adjusted according to the angle of segment) from January to August 2019 were selected as the study group. Both groups were followed up until December 31, 2020. The C2-7 Cobb angle, C2-7 axial vertical distance of the sagittal plane, T1 inclination angle, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score were compared between two groups before operation and the last follow-up. The postoperative titanium cage height, the Cobb angle and height of the titanium cage fixation and fusion segment were tested and compared between two groups. The incidence of titanium cage sinking and the incidence of complications between two groups were compared. Result: Compared with before operation, the C2-7 Cobb angle and JOA score of two groups increased at the last follow-up, while the C2-7 sagittal axial vertical distance and T1 tilt angle of two groups at the last follow-up decreased (P<0.05 ); and the C2-7 Cobb angle and JOA scores of the study group at the last follow-up were higher than those of the control group, while the C2-7 sagittal axial vertical distance and T1 tilt angle at the last follow-up were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the height of titanium cage, the height of titanium cage fixation and fusion segment and the incidence of complications between two groups after fusion (P>0.05). The Cobb angle of postoperative titanium cage fixation and fusion segment in the study group was higher than that in the control group, while the incidence of titanium cage sinking was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of the inferior oblique end face titanium cage in the anterior cervical subtotal resection of the cervical spine can improve the cervical spine sagittal plane imbalance, reduce the occurrence of titanium cage sinking, and promote the functional recovery of cervical spondylosis, and it is safe and reliable.

[Key words] Anterior cervical subtotal resection Titanium cage shape Postoperative Cervical spine Sagittal morphology

First-author’s address: Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.15.009

頸椎矢狀面形態(tài)近年來成為很重要的考量指標(biāo)[1-2]。多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病采用椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療可取得較好的效果,但在融合鄰近節(jié)段退變和穩(wěn),頸椎矢狀位平衡丟失而影響頸椎功能及生活質(zhì)量[3-4]。目前對(duì)于頸椎術(shù)后矢狀面平衡的研究尚屬初步階段,亦有少量關(guān)于鈦籠變化的相關(guān)研究,但目前關(guān)于鈦籠形態(tài)對(duì)頸椎術(shù)后矢狀面平衡的系統(tǒng)性評(píng)價(jià)尚未見報(bào)道。因此,本研究比較采用上下平行端面(垂直)鈦籠和下斜形端面(根據(jù)節(jié)段角度調(diào)整)鈦籠進(jìn)行椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療的多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病伴椎管狹窄患者的頸椎矢狀面失衡狀況、鈦籠下沉發(fā)生情況、頸椎病神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)情況及治療安全性,旨在為鈦籠形態(tài)的選擇和多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病伴椎管狹窄治療提供優(yōu)質(zhì)方案,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 選取2018年4月-2019年8月贛州市人民醫(yī)院因頸椎病擬行椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療患者46例為研究對(duì)象,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有患者均經(jīng)病史、癥狀、體征、影像學(xué)檢查等證實(shí)為多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病伴椎管狹窄,具備手術(shù)指征,擬行椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往有頸椎外傷史或頸椎手術(shù)史;合并腫瘤、結(jié)核、創(chuàng)傷等疾病;合并強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎;合并嚴(yán)重的先天性頸椎畸形;合并神經(jīng)肌肉疾病等。其中2018年4-12月采用上下平行端面(垂直)鈦籠的21例患者為對(duì)照組,2019年1-8月采用下斜形端面(根據(jù)節(jié)段角度調(diào)整)鈦籠的25例患者為研究組。該研究已經(jīng)倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。

1.2 方法 (1)術(shù)前行頸椎正側(cè)位X線檢查,了解多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病伴椎管狹窄病情。(2)對(duì)照組21例均行椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療,采用上下平行端面(垂直)鈦籠(圖1)。研究組25例亦均行椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)治療,采用下斜形端面(根據(jù)節(jié)段角度調(diào)整)鈦籠(圖2)。椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù):手術(shù)采用全身麻醉,患者仰臥位,頸部保持自然后伸。頸前常規(guī)切開顯露病變節(jié)段,定位后對(duì)椎體上下相鄰椎間盤進(jìn)行切除并除去變性髓核組織,切除椎體骨質(zhì)至保留椎體后壁約2 mm。撐開器撐開并行椎間隙擴(kuò)大減壓,將后縱韌帶切斷,將脫出的髓核組織除去,將碎骨填充鈦網(wǎng)后置入減壓槽,盡量將鈦網(wǎng)置入椎體深部使之接觸椎體后壁,采用鋼板固定,冰鹽水沖洗切口并行充分止血,放置一根負(fù)壓引流管,逐層縫合切口,行無菌敷料包扎。待患者麻醉清醒后安返病房,完成手術(shù)治療。(3)術(shù)后患者亦行頸椎正側(cè)位X線檢查。術(shù)后兩組均進(jìn)行門診隨訪,每3個(gè)月隨訪一次,隨訪截止日期2020年12月31日,期間無一例患者失訪,隨訪率為100%(46/46)。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與檢測(cè)方法 (1)兩組術(shù)前和末次隨訪均拍攝X線片,并根據(jù)影像學(xué)圖片,測(cè)量C Cobb角、C矢狀面軸向垂直距離、T1傾斜角等頸椎矢狀面形態(tài)參數(shù),見圖3。(2)兩組術(shù)前和末次隨訪均采用日本骨科學(xué)會(huì)(JOA)評(píng)分進(jìn)行頸椎病神經(jīng)功能評(píng)價(jià),JOA評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容包括上肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能、下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能、膀胱功能以及感覺評(píng)分,總分0~17分,分值越高,頸椎病神經(jīng)功能越好[5]。(3)兩組術(shù)后均拍攝X線片,并根據(jù)影像學(xué)圖片,測(cè)量鈦籠高度、鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段Cobb角及高度,見圖4。(4)統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組鈦籠下沉和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果計(jì)算比較兩組鈦籠下沉發(fā)生率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 25.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組一般資料比較 研究組中男13例,女12例;年齡29~68歲,平均(50.77±9.85)歲;術(shù)前平均C Cobb角(17.25±4.88)°;術(shù)前平均C矢狀面軸向垂直距離(20.33±7.85)mm;術(shù)前平均T傾斜角(35.12±8.66)°;術(shù)前平均JOA評(píng)分(7.22±1.36)分。對(duì)照組中男11例,女10例;年齡31~66歲,平均(50.52±10.44)歲;術(shù)前平均C Cobb角(17.08±3.96)°;術(shù)前平均C矢狀面軸向垂直距離(20.17±8.39)mm;術(shù)前平均T1傾斜角(34.96±9.41)°;術(shù)前平均JOA評(píng)分(7.16±1.35)分。研究組和對(duì)照組性別(χ=0.001,P=0.979)、年齡(t=0.083,P=0.934)、術(shù)前平均C2~7 Cobb角(t=0.128,P=0.899)、術(shù)前C矢狀面軸向垂直距離(t=0.067,P=0.947)、術(shù)前T1傾斜角(t=0.060,P=0.952)、術(shù)前JOA評(píng)分(t=0.150,P=0.882)等基線資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

2.2 兩組術(shù)前和末次隨訪的頸椎矢狀面形態(tài)參數(shù)和JOA評(píng)分比較 兩組術(shù)前頸椎矢狀面形態(tài)參數(shù)和JOA評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與術(shù)前比較,兩組末次隨訪C Cobb角、JOA評(píng)分均增加,而C矢狀面軸向垂直距離、T1傾斜角均降低(P<0.05);且研究組末次隨訪C Cobb角、JOA評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,而C矢狀面軸向垂直距離、T傾斜角均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表1。

2.3 兩組術(shù)后鈦籠高度、鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段Cobb角和高度比較 兩組術(shù)后鈦籠高度、鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段高度比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);研究組術(shù)后鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段Cobb角高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表2。

2.4 兩組鈦籠下沉發(fā)生率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較 兩

組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);研究組鈦籠下沉發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表3。

3 討論

頸椎手術(shù)患者的頸椎矢狀位平衡對(duì)于術(shù)后頸椎功能等具有明顯影響,近年來已成為頸椎術(shù)后評(píng)價(jià)的重要考量指標(biāo)而備受國內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)注[6-7]。頸椎前路椎體次全切除術(shù)是臨床多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病、頸椎后縱韌帶骨化癥等頸椎疾病的主要手術(shù)方法[8-10]。通過頸椎手術(shù)可進(jìn)行頸椎曲度的重建和融合,但有較多研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行鄰近頸椎節(jié)段融合后椎體間活動(dòng)方式以及椎間盤韌帶完整性破壞可導(dǎo)致椎間盤退變或節(jié)段失穩(wěn)等情況的發(fā)生,頸椎可發(fā)生前傾、前凸、后凸、頸椎曲度變直等畸形,頸椎矢狀位平衡丟失[11-13]。頸椎術(shù)后頸椎矢狀位平衡丟失患者的頸椎曲度可出現(xiàn)變直或頸椎畸形等情況而嚴(yán)重影響患者的頸椎功能,對(duì)患者的日常生活及工作帶來負(fù)面影響,可導(dǎo)致患者生活質(zhì)量的降低[14-16]。

頸椎前路椎體次全切除椎管減壓手術(shù)中需植入自體骨塊或鈦籠進(jìn)行頸椎曲度的重建[17-18]。近年來的臨床實(shí)踐中發(fā)生頸椎術(shù)后鈦籠的下沉發(fā)生率較高,這主要原因可能是傳統(tǒng)鈦籠應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致鈦籠和頸椎終板之間接觸面積狹小而應(yīng)力集中[19-20]。因此,根據(jù)頸椎終板的弧度和斜角設(shè)計(jì)匹配的鈦籠以增加鈦籠和頸椎終板之間接觸面積而降低應(yīng)力集中情況可能有助于減少頸椎術(shù)后鈦籠下沉情況和頸椎矢狀位平衡情況,但目前相關(guān)研究甚少。因此,本研究對(duì)接受頸椎前路椎體次全切除椎管減壓手術(shù)的臨床和影像學(xué)資料進(jìn)行分析,觀察此類手術(shù)中鈦籠形態(tài)及高度對(duì)術(shù)后療效以及頸椎矢狀面參數(shù)的影響,結(jié)果顯示,相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)上下平行端面(垂直)鈦籠,采用下斜形端面(根據(jù)節(jié)段角度調(diào)整)鈦籠和椎體次全切除植骨融合術(shù)進(jìn)行多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病伴椎管狹窄治療可提高CCobb角、JOA評(píng)分和降低C矢狀面軸向垂直距離、T1傾斜角、術(shù)后鈦籠固定融合節(jié)段Cobb角,患者頸椎矢狀面失衡得以改善,鈦籠下沉的發(fā)生減少,頸椎功能恢復(fù)情況改善,而腦脊液漏、軸性痛、C5神經(jīng)根麻痹等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生未見增加,其治療的可行性和安全性均較好,其原因可能是相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)上下平行端面(垂直)鈦籠,下斜形端面(根據(jù)節(jié)段角度調(diào)整)鈦籠的和頸椎終板之間接觸面積增加而應(yīng)力集中情況降低,更有利于頸椎矢狀面失衡和預(yù)防鈦籠下沉,減少相關(guān)不良影響,促進(jìn)頸椎功能恢復(fù)。

綜上所述,頸椎病進(jìn)行頸椎前路椎體次全切除術(shù)中應(yīng)用下斜形端面鈦籠可改善頸椎矢狀面失衡情況和減少鈦籠下沉的發(fā)生,有利于術(shù)后患者頸椎功能恢復(fù),是多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎病伴椎管狹窄安全有效的優(yōu)質(zhì)治療方案。

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(收稿日期:2021-02-02) (本文編輯:程旭然)

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