呂美光 伍英 陳榮平 潘新智 張小文
【關(guān)鍵詞】 胃底靜脈曲張 組織膠 聚桂醇 內(nèi)鏡
[Abstract] Objective: To assess the efficacy of tissue adhesive combined with lauromacrogol in the treatment of gastric varices bleeding (GVB). Method: A total of 40 GVB endoscopic patients in our hospital from January 2017 to January 2020 were selected, and they were divided into treatment group and symptomatic group according to random number table method, 20 cases in each group. The treatment group was treated with tissue adhesive injection combined with Lauromacrogol, and the symptomatic group was treated with Hypertonic Glucose and tissue adhesive injection. The total effective rate, hemostasis situation and the incidence of adverse reactions, rebleeding were compared between two groups. Result: The hemostatic success rate of both groups were 100%. The total effective rate of treatment group was 85.00%, it was higher than 55.00% of symptomatic group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The rate of postoperative rebleeding of treatment group was 10.00%, it was lower than 20.00% of symptomatic group, the difference was not statistically significant (字2=0.784, P=0.240). The period of rebleeding of symptomatic group was (2.70±1.22) months, it was shorter than (5.62±2.45) months of symptomatic group, and the difference was significant difference (t=4.771, P<0.05). No ectopic embolism occurred of both groups. There were no significant differences in the incidence of fever, row of glue bleeding and local mucosal necrosis between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The improved efficacy of tissue adhesive combined with lauromacrogol in the treatment of GVB is better than that of hypertonic glucose combined with tissue adhesive injection, and does not increase the incidence of postoperative rebleeding.
[Key words] Gastric varices Tissue adhesive Lauromacrogol Endoscopic
First-author’s address: Lianzhou People’s Hospital, Lianzhou 513400, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.18.040
胃底靜脈曲張(gastric varices,GV)是肝硬化常見病發(fā)癥,控制胃底靜脈曲張出血(gastric varices bleeding,GVB)并預(yù)防再出血,降低死亡率,是救治肝硬化失代償期患者生命并提高其生活質(zhì)量的重要問題。目前,內(nèi)鏡注射組織膠治療GVB作為一線治療方案,其療效及安全性已得到肯定[1]。組織膠聯(lián)合硬化劑,即改良“三明治”夾心法,是內(nèi)鏡下治療GV的新方法。本研究選取本院40例行內(nèi)鏡治療的GVB患者,觀察比較聚桂醇聯(lián)合組織膠注射與高滲葡萄糖聯(lián)合組織膠注射的療效和安全性,探討組織膠聯(lián)合硬化劑注射的價(jià)值,為GV治療方案的選取提供依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2017年1月-2020年1月于連州市人民醫(yī)院住院的40例GVB患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):于出血后12 h內(nèi)經(jīng)胃鏡檢查診斷為GVB[2]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡<18歲或>85歲;(2)合并其他重大疾病,如嚴(yán)重心、肺、腎損害;(3)合并精神疾病。根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,分為治療組和對癥組,每組20例。本研究通過醫(yī)院倫理委員會審查,患者或家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 對癥組 使用22 G注射針[生產(chǎn)廠家:南京微創(chuàng)醫(yī)學(xué)科技有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:蘇食藥監(jiān)械(準(zhǔn))字2011第2220177號,規(guī)格:針頭0.6~1.1 mm,有效長度800~2 500 mm],注射針內(nèi)預(yù)充滿50%葡萄糖(生產(chǎn)廠家:石家莊四藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H13022392,規(guī)格:20 mL︰10 g),內(nèi)鏡下選好曲張靜脈注射部位,采用傳統(tǒng)的三明治夾心法依次注射注入高糖1.5 mL、組織黏合劑[生產(chǎn)廠家:北京康派特醫(yī)療器械有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國食藥監(jiān)械(準(zhǔn))字2013第3651753號,規(guī)格:1.0 mL/支]1~3 mL、高糖2 mL,根據(jù)曲張靜脈的容積選取組織膠的注射量,判斷注射后血管硬度可重復(fù)上述步驟行下一次注射,根據(jù)靜脈曲張的程度選擇注射1~3點(diǎn),快速注入胃底靜脈曲張血管內(nèi),而后迅速拔針。
1.2.2 治療組 注射針內(nèi)預(yù)充滿聚桂醇(生產(chǎn)廠家:陜西天宇制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號:國藥準(zhǔn)字H20080445,規(guī)格:10 mL︰100 mg),在內(nèi)鏡下選取曲張靜脈最隆起處,或明顯紅色征、白色血栓或者活動出血點(diǎn)周圍作為注射點(diǎn),迅速刺入靜脈,穿刺針進(jìn)到血管內(nèi)后采用改良三明治夾心法快速依次注入聚桂醇2 mL、組織黏合劑1~2.5 mL、聚桂醇2~4 mL,注射完立即拔針,助手立即將針尖退回針鞘內(nèi),術(shù)者用針鞘前端在注射點(diǎn)壓迫30 s左右后,將針鞘退回內(nèi)鏡鉗道,觀察,用針鞘觸壓曲張靜脈,判斷其是否變硬。若沒有變硬或拔針后發(fā)生再出血,再進(jìn)行下一次注射,根據(jù)靜脈曲張的程度選擇注射1~3點(diǎn)。組織粘合劑注射劑量根據(jù)靜脈曲張直徑?jīng)Q定,0.5 cm直徑曲張靜脈選擇0.5 mL組織粘合劑,1 cm直徑曲張靜脈選擇1 mL組織粘合劑,每增加1 cm直徑增加0.5~1.0 mL組織粘合劑劑量。對于同時(shí)存在食管和胃底靜脈曲張者,先行胃底靜脈治療,再行食管靜脈相關(guān)治療。兩組均術(shù)后1周、1、3、6個(gè)月復(fù)查胃鏡(奧林巴斯-260電子胃鏡,賓得i5000電子胃鏡)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 比較兩組總有效率、止血情況、再出血情況、不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。(1)術(shù)后再次出血為止血失敗,即內(nèi)鏡治療后2~72 h內(nèi)發(fā)生新鮮嘔血,或沒有輸血情況下血紅蛋白繼續(xù)下降30 g/L以上;止血成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)無活動性出血證據(jù)。(2)GV改善情況分為消失、緩解和無效。消失:術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)簇狀胃底靜脈曲張完全消失,或縮小程度超過50%;緩解:術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)簇狀胃底靜脈曲張變?yōu)橹本€狀或消失,但縮小程度小于50%;無效:術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)靜脈曲張情況未見明顯好轉(zhuǎn)??傆行?消失+緩解。(3)主要不良反應(yīng)包括發(fā)熱、排膠出血、局部黏膜壞死以及異位栓塞。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 應(yīng)用SPSS 25.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 治療組男12例,女8例;年齡27~68歲,平均(53.21±14.03)歲;肝功能Child-Pugh分級:A級3例,B級10例,C級7例;8例單純GV,12例合并食管GV;GV鏡下Sarin分型:GOV1型4例,GOV2型8例,IGV1型5例,IGV2型3例。對癥組男13例,女7例;年齡26~67歲,平均(54.24±13.37)歲;肝功能Child-Pugh分級:A級4例,B級11例,C級5例;9例單純GV,11例合并食管GV;GV鏡下Sarin分型:GOV1型5例,GOV2型7例,IGV1型4例,IGV2型4例。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組止血情況比較 兩組術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)均未發(fā)生活動性出血,止血成功率100%。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后GV總有效率比較 治療組總有效率高于對癥組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.5 兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較 兩組均未發(fā)生異位栓塞,兩組發(fā)熱、排膠出血、局部黏膜壞死發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
GV可見于約50%的肝硬化患者,且與肝病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[3]。GVB的發(fā)生率低于食管靜脈曲張出血,但由于出血量大,病情重,每次破裂出血發(fā)作時(shí)的死亡率較高[4]。隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,目前GV患者首選內(nèi)鏡下組織膠注射治療[5]。組織膠與血液接觸使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生抗體介導(dǎo)的排斥反應(yīng),抗體、補(bǔ)體沉積引起血栓的形成,從而控制曲張的靜脈出血[6]。組織膠血管內(nèi)注射后迅速在體內(nèi)反應(yīng)使局部血液凝固成血凝塊,阻塞局部血管[7]。然而,組織膠作用局部引起的炎癥反應(yīng)及血管纖維化作用較弱,使GV不易閉塞[8]。聚桂醇可發(fā)揮血管破壞和閉塞作用,消除一些深層血管從而降低血管再通和再次出血的概率[9]。本研究即采用內(nèi)鏡下“三明治法”聯(lián)合注射聚桂醇與組織膠治療GV,在曲張靜脈中依次迅速注入聚桂醇、組織膠、聚桂醇。先注入聚桂醇可以造成局部炎癥,發(fā)揮纖維化、固化作用,然后組織膠加入形成固體聚合物,能封堵曲張靜脈和注射產(chǎn)生的針孔,減少因注射操作造成的出血,降低組織膠使用量,減輕患者經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[10-15]。組織粘合劑濃度變化小,注射后凝固快[16-17]。聚桂醇是一類醚類化合物,可以在注射局部產(chǎn)生麻醉效果,從而降低了患者疼痛感[18-19]。
本研究結(jié)果表明,兩組均在出血停止后72 h內(nèi)行內(nèi)鏡下注射治療,術(shù)后72 h內(nèi)未發(fā)生活動性出血,止血成功率100%。組織膠治療的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥有排膠出血、局部黏膜壞死、異位栓塞。約85%的患者在術(shù)后1個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生排膠,而排膠出血率為6.2%[20-21]。本研究對癥組排膠出血率為5.0%與報(bào)道接近。本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療組總有效率高于對癥組,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),治療組治療GV更快發(fā)生緩解。分析與聚桂醇使局部形成靜脈內(nèi)膜炎,使血管機(jī)化、消退,曲張血管完全變硬有關(guān)[22]。本研究中治療組術(shù)后再出血率為10.00%(2/20),對癥組再出血率為20.00%(4/20),兩組再出血率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=0.784,P=0.240)。與樣本量較小有關(guān)。說明聯(lián)合聚桂醇治療可有效緩解GV,降低再出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。內(nèi)鏡下組織膠注射后脫膠多在術(shù)后2周~1個(gè)月,可造成曲張靜脈表面潰瘍。本研究中,治療組再出血時(shí)間0.5~9個(gè)月,平均(2.70±1.22)個(gè)月,對癥組再出血時(shí)間0.5~18個(gè)月,平均(5.62±2.45)個(gè)月,治療組發(fā)生再出血的時(shí)間短于對癥組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.771,P<0.05)。兩組發(fā)熱、排膠出血、局部黏膜壞死發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。組織膠聯(lián)合聚桂醇治療,潰瘍發(fā)生率有所提高,再出血時(shí)間較早,分析與聚桂醇導(dǎo)致的局部炎癥反應(yīng)引起黏膜的潰瘍有關(guān)。因而術(shù)后需加強(qiáng)應(yīng)用PPI抑制胃酸分泌,注意右側(cè)臥位以減少出血。
本研究應(yīng)用組織膠聯(lián)合聚桂醇治療GV,在改善病情、控制出血等方面療效確切,患者未發(fā)生異位栓塞等并發(fā)癥,安全性較好。但由于隨訪時(shí)間較短,治療后總體生存率等尚不清晰,且本研究樣本量較小,需開展進(jìn)一步研究以提供更可靠的證據(jù)。
綜上所述,組織膠聯(lián)合聚桂醇治療在改善的療效優(yōu)于高滲葡萄糖聯(lián)合組織膠注射治療,且不增加術(shù)后再出血發(fā)生率。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-31) (本文編輯:張明瀾)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年18期