樊高罡 潘芳婷 羅粉 王全喜 尤慶敏
摘 ?要: 瀘沽湖是中國第三大深水湖,屬典型的高原湖泊,其湖盆形態(tài)復雜,多半島、島嶼與岬灣,生境多樣性高,透明度高達12.5 m,水質達國家地表水Ⅰ類標準.對瀘沽湖硅藻植物進行了全面調查,共鑒定出111個硅藻分類單位,包括103種8變種,隸屬于2綱6目10科51屬,其中中國新記錄2屬2種,分別為:微小暗額藻(Aneumastus minor)、矮小盤狀藻(Placoneis humilis).對兩個新記錄種類的形態(tài)特征、生境和分布進行了詳細描述.
關鍵詞: 硅藻; 瀘沽湖; 中國新記錄; 分類學
中圖分類號: Q 949 ???????文獻標志碼: A ?????文章編號: 1000-5137(2021)01-0028-11
Abstract: Lugu Lake is the third largest deep-water lake in China,the lake basin is complex in its shape,with many peninsulas,islets and bays.It has high habitat diversity and transparency which is up to 12.5 m.The water quality reaches Class I levels according to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838—2002).A comprehensive survey of diatoms was made in Lugu Lake.A total of 111 taxa of diatoms were identified,including 103 species and 8 varieties,which belong to 2 classes,6 orders,10 families and 51 genera.And of these taxa 2 genera 2 species were newly recorded from China,namely Aneumastus minor and Placoneis humilis.For the two newly recorded species,the morphological characteristics,habitats and distributions were described in detail in this article.
Key words: diatoms; Lugu Lake; new records in China; taxonomy
0 ?引 言
瀘沽湖(27°41′~27°45′N,100°45′~100°50′E),位于四川省鹽源縣與云南省寧蒗縣交界處,湖面海拔約2 690 m,是一個天然高原淡水湖泊,屬金沙江水系,湖泊略呈北西—東南走向,南北長9.5 km,東西寬5.2 km,湖岸線長約44 km,湖泊面積50.1 km2,最大水深105.3 m,水深超過50 m的湖區(qū)面積約占全湖的一半,平均水深為40.3 m,是中國第三大深水湖泊[1].瀘沽湖湖盆形態(tài)復雜,多半島、島嶼與岬灣,生境多樣,湖水湛藍色,透明度高達12.5 m,水生植被豐茂,水質保持Ⅰ類標準,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)基本處于良性循環(huán)狀態(tài)[2].由于瀘沽湖自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的特征和價值,云南省人民政府于1986年3月批準設置瀘沽湖自然保護區(qū).
硅藻(diatom)是一類具有高度硅質化細胞壁的單細胞真核藻類,是水體中重要的初級生產者,是魚類、貝類以及其他水生動物的重要餌料,在水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中具有重要的作用.硅藻最重要的價值就是在環(huán)境中釋放氧氣,據估算地球上40%的氧氣都是通過硅藻的光合作用產生的[3].由于硅藻殼體的特殊硅質結構,使得它能夠被很好地保存下來,目前已成為地質研究、古環(huán)境重建以及環(huán)境監(jiān)測等領域的重要研究對象[4].硅藻種類繁多,數量大,分布廣,許多屬種對水環(huán)境指標(如pH值、鹽度、溫度、營養(yǎng)鹽等)都有特定的最適值及耐受范圍,因此能很好地指示水環(huán)境的變化,包括湖泊水體酸化和富營養(yǎng)化.歐美國家的一些水環(huán)境管理機構已經將硅藻應用于河流、湖泊水質的評價,取得了較好的效果[5-6];但在國內只有零星的研究報道.
有關瀘沽湖的硅藻研究很少,李英南等[7]于2000年對瀘沽湖的水生生物進行了調查,共觀察到浮游植物60種,其中硅藻門15種;董云仙等[8]于2012年對瀘沽湖的浮游植物進行了季節(jié)調查,共6門146種(含變種),其中硅藻門72種.上述調查并沒有提供具體的種類名錄或具體的圖版說明.本文作者報道了瀘沽湖詳細的硅藻群落種類組成,并附有具體名錄和圖版說明,旨在為高原深水湖泊的藻類生物多樣性和生態(tài)學研究提供資料.
1 ?材料與方法
2018年10月,對瀘沽湖全湖(27°41′~27°45′N,100°45′~100°50′E)進行了硅藻植物標本采集,并對全部標本進行處理和永久封片制作.標本采樣點位置如圖1所示,標本保存于上海師范大學藻類與環(huán)境實驗室.
標本收集于50 mL采樣瓶中,并用4%(體積分數)甲醛現場固定.在實驗室內,利用美國微波消解儀 CEM-MARS對標本進行消解處理,經過蒸餾水數次洗滌后,用95%(體積分數)乙醇保存于1.5 mL的doff管中.取適量已處理樣品用Naphrax硅藻封片膠固定,制成永久封片[9].使用日本Olympus BX53光學顯微鏡對已制作標本進行觀察,使用Olympus DP80顯微攝影數碼相機拍照,使用Photoshop CS6對照片進行編輯處理.種類鑒定參考文獻[10-24].
2 ?結果與討論
2.1 瀘沽湖硅藻的種類組成及特點
通過對瀘沽湖的硅藻植物進行觀察,共鑒定硅藻10科51屬103種8變種,共計111個分類單位(表1,圖2~6).其中雙殼縫目最多,為24屬58種,占總種類數的52.3%;其次為無殼縫目8屬18種,占16.2%;管殼縫目7屬15種,占13.5%;單殼縫目5屬11種,占9.9%;中心目6屬8種,占7.2%;最少為短殼縫目,僅1屬1種,占0.9%.
2.2.2 矮小盤狀藻(圖版V:20)
Placoneis humilis Metzeltin,Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez.2005.Diatoms of Uruguay:compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere.Iconographia Diatomologica 15,p.182,pl.74:11-19.
殼面橢圓形到寬披針形,末端尖圓形.中軸區(qū)窄、線形,中央區(qū)小,線紋輻射排列.細胞長17 μm,寬8 μm.10 μm內有12條線紋.
生境:湖泊,水草附著.水溫:17.2 ℃,pH=8.7.
采樣位點:情人灘.標本號:HDS1810-095.
國外分布:南美洲.
討論:本研究中觀察到的P.humilis與P.gracilis Metzeltin,Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez相似.兩者相比,P.humilis末端的條紋密度更小,在10 μm內有12條線紋;而P.gracilis在10 μm內有20條線紋[24].
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