喻亞麗 李清 何力 甘金華 毛濤 李佩 陳見 孫艷紅 魏輝杰 王貴英
摘要:【目的】分析粘性卵翹嘴鲌與漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉品質(zhì)差異,為翹嘴鲌營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)鑒定及其養(yǎng)殖提供參考依據(jù)。【方法】依據(jù)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別對(duì)2種翹嘴鲌肌肉基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、質(zhì)構(gòu)特性和礦物元素含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定,并評(píng)價(jià)其營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值?!窘Y(jié)果】粘性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉的灰分含量(1.16 g/100 g)顯著低于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌(1.26 g/100 g)(P<0.05,下同),而2種翹嘴鲌的水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量無顯著差異(P>0.05,下同)。2種翹嘴鲌肌肉中均檢測(cè)出17種氨基酸,其中粘性卵翹嘴鲌的谷氨酸(Glu)、精氨酸(Arg)含量及鮮味氨基酸總量(∑DAA)顯著低于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌,必需氨基酸指數(shù)(EAAI)低于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌;2種翹嘴鲌的第一限制性氨基酸均為蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys),第二限制性氨基酸均為纈氨酸(Val)。粘性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉中檢測(cè)出15種脂肪酸,漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉中檢測(cè)出17種脂肪酸,其中粘性卵翹嘴鲌的二十碳一烯酸(C20:1)相對(duì)含量(0.85%)顯著高于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌(0.61%),而α-亞麻酸(C18:3)的相對(duì)含量(1.93%)顯著低于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌(2.62%)。質(zhì)構(gòu)特性方面,粘性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉硬度、彈性和咀嚼性低于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌,但回復(fù)性高于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌;粘性卵翹嘴鲌肌纖維長(zhǎng)徑和短徑大于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌。2種翹嘴鲌肌肉礦物元素含量豐富,粘性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉中硒含量(0.06 mg/kg)顯著低于漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌(0.11 mg/kg),鈣、鎂、鋅和鐵含量在2種翹嘴鲌間無顯著差異?!窘Y(jié)論】粘性卵和漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量豐富,具有高蛋白的特點(diǎn),但漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值更高,口感更好。
關(guān)鍵詞: 翹嘴鲌(Culter alburnus);產(chǎn)卵類型;營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分;肌肉品質(zhì);礦物元素
中圖分類號(hào): S961 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2021)12-3311-09
Analysis and evaluation of nutritional composition in two spawning types of Culter alburnus
YU Ya-li1,2, LI Qing1,3, HE Li2, GAN Jin-hua2, MAO Tao2, LI Pei1,3, CHEN Jian1,3,
SUN Yan-hong1,3, WEI Hui-jie1,3, WANG Gui-ying1,3*
(1Fisheries Research Institute,Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan? 430207, China; 2Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Product of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan? 430223, China; 3Wuhan Xianfeng
Aquaculture Technology Company Limited, Wuhan? 430207, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The difference in muscle nutritional quality of Culter alburnus between adhesive spawn and pelagic spawn types were investigated to evaluate the nutritional quality and provide inference for C. alburnus aquaculture. 【Method】The basic nutrients, amino acid, fatty acid, texture properties and mineral elements of two types of C. alburnus muscle were determined and their nutritional value was evaluated. 【Result】The results showed that the ash of adhesive C. alburnus (1.16 g/100 g) was significantly lower than that of pelagic C. alburnus(1.26 g/100 g)(P<0.05,the same below), but no significant differences were found in moisture, crude protein and crude lipid (P>0.05,the same below). Seventeen kinds of hydrolyzed amino acids were detected in the muscle of adhesive C. alburnus and pelagic C. alburnus. The content of glutamate (Glu),arginine (Arg) and total flavor amino acids (∑DAA) of adhesive C. alburnus was significantly lower than that of pelagic C. alburnus,and the essential amino acid index(EAAI) was lower than that of pelagic C. alburnus. The first limit amino acid of the two groups was methionine+cystine(Met+Cys),and the second limit amino acid was valine(Val). The muscle of adhesive C. alburnus contained 15 kinds of fatty acids,whereas pelagic C. alburnus contained 17 kinds of fatty acids. The relative content of eicosanoic acid(C20:1) in adhesive C. alburnus (0.85%) was significantly higher than that of pelagic C. alburnus(0.61%),while the relative content of α-linolenic acid(C18:3)(1.93%) was significantly lower than that of pelagic C. alburnus(2.62%). In textural properties,the hardness,springiness and chewiness in muscles of adhesive C. alburnus were significantly lower than that of pelagic C. alburnus,but the resilience was significantly higher than that of pelagic C. alburnus. The long and short diameters of muscle fibers of adhesive C. alburnus were higher than that of pelagic C. alburnus. The muscle of the two species of C. alburnus were abundant in mineral elements,and the selenium (Se) content of adhesive C. alburnus (0.06 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that of pelagic C. alburnus(0.11 mg/kg). Besides,there were no significant difference in the content of calsium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),zinc(Zn) and iron(Fe) in the muscle among the adhesive C. alburnus and pelagic C. alburnus. 【Conclusion】The results show that the pelagic C. alburnus and adhesive C. alburnus are rich in amino acid and fatty acid,and they also contain high level of protein. Pelagic C. alburnus have higher nutritional values and batter taste compared with adhesive C. alburnus.
Key words: Culter alburnus; spawning types; nutrition composition; muscle quality; mineral elements
Foundation item:Technical Innovation Project of Hubei (2018ABA105);Science and Technology Planning Project of Wuhan(2019020702011375);Major Project of “Science and Technology for Ecomomy 2020”(2020);National? Mo-dern? Agriculture Industry Technology System Construction Project(CARS-46)
0 引言
【研究意義】翹嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)屬鯉形目(Cypriniformes)鯉科(Cyprinidae)鲌亞科(Cultrinae)鲌屬(Culter),是我國(guó)鲌亞科中體型最大的魚類(孫寧,2018)。翹嘴鲌為廣溫性魚類,適應(yīng)性、抗病能力及抗逆性強(qiáng),病害較少,能耐低氧,廣泛分布于長(zhǎng)江流域各水系支流及湖泊(丁德明等,2021)。翹嘴鲌是以活魚為食的兇猛肉食性魚類,個(gè)體生長(zhǎng)快,肉白而細(xì)嫩,味美而不腥,營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,具有較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值(張濤等,2019),是我國(guó)重要的淡水養(yǎng)殖魚類,廣受消費(fèi)者喜愛。翹嘴鲌還具有明顯溯河產(chǎn)卵的繁殖特性(胡廷尖等,2003),產(chǎn)卵場(chǎng)主要是水草較少的水庫(kù)上游和湖泊近岸等。受水流影響,翹嘴鲌受精卵有粘性卵和無粘性漂浮性卵2種類型,在巢湖、鄱陽(yáng)湖、梁子湖和太湖等地區(qū)受精卵長(zhǎng)期處于相對(duì)靜水的環(huán)境中,多為粘性卵;而在丹江口水庫(kù)、廟湖和興凱湖等地區(qū)受精卵為漂浮性卵,以適應(yīng)水體的流動(dòng)(邵建春等,2016)。長(zhǎng)期處于不同生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境導(dǎo)致不同產(chǎn)卵類型的翹嘴鲌遺傳特性存在一定的差異,而其肌肉營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)之間是否有差異目前暫無相關(guān)報(bào)道。為促進(jìn)翹嘴鲌產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,對(duì)不同產(chǎn)卵類型的翹嘴鲌營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行研究,對(duì)指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】翹嘴鲌受精卵的類型可能與長(zhǎng)期生境及遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)和分化有關(guān)(孫寧,2018),研究表明,不同水域環(huán)境中翹嘴鲌肌肉品質(zhì)存在差異,野生水域翹嘴鲌肌肉中必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸含量顯著高于人工養(yǎng)殖翹嘴鲌(王偉等,2007;楊立,2015)。王琨等(2012)對(duì)2齡、4齡及6齡的野生和養(yǎng)殖興凱湖翹嘴鲌肌肉品質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果表明野生興凱湖翹嘴鲌的肌肉營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和鮮味優(yōu)于養(yǎng)殖翹嘴鲌,且隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)品質(zhì)差異越明顯。丁德明等(2021)研究不同養(yǎng)殖模式下翹嘴鲌肌肉品質(zhì)的差異,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)大湖養(yǎng)殖翹嘴鲌營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)優(yōu)于池塘養(yǎng)殖。類延菊等(2021)對(duì)野生和養(yǎng)殖翹嘴鲌肉質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)養(yǎng)殖的翹嘴鲌具有較好的脂肪酸組成,而野生翹嘴鲌具有較高的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和較好的鮮味。李紹明等(2021)比較分析不同生長(zhǎng)階段翹嘴鲌肌肉的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,結(jié)果表明1.0 kg翹嘴鲌較0.2和0.5 kg翹嘴鲌具有更高的食用價(jià)值?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】目前有關(guān)翹嘴鲌肌肉營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的研究主要集中在不同養(yǎng)殖模式、不同來源及不同規(guī)格下的差異,而不同產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌肉的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)比較鮮見報(bào)道。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】以粘性卵翹嘴鲌和漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌肉品質(zhì)進(jìn)行分析與評(píng)價(jià),為翹嘴鲌營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)鑒定及其產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供參考依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料
漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌(PL)取自武漢市茂家村先鋒水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖基地,規(guī)格為896.8±229.79 g,粘性卵翹嘴鲌(NL)取自長(zhǎng)江水產(chǎn)研究所梁子湖養(yǎng)殖基地,規(guī)格為791.53±75.72 g。2種翹嘴鲌均為3齡,經(jīng)池塘養(yǎng)殖,投喂翹嘴鲌專用配合飼料。從2種鮮活鲌中隨機(jī)選9尾,用于肌肉品質(zhì)分析。
養(yǎng)殖管理:5—9月按照體重的4%投喂飼料(粗蛋白質(zhì)≥43.0%,脂肪≥5.0%,灰分≤16.0%),每天2次,其他按照常規(guī)養(yǎng)殖模式進(jìn)行。
1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法
1. 2. 1 肌肉營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量測(cè)定 取翹嘴鲌兩側(cè)背部的肌肉,以3尾個(gè)體的肌肉攪碎混勻?yàn)?組,保存于-20 ℃。基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分參照食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法進(jìn)行測(cè)定。水分、灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪分別采用105 ℃直接干燥法(GB 5009.3—2016)、馬弗爐550 ℃高溫灼燒法(GB 5009.4—2016)、凱氏定氮法(GB 5009.5—2016)和索氏抽提法 (GB 5009.6—2016)進(jìn)行測(cè)定。
氨基酸含量測(cè)定:使用L-8900氨基酸自動(dòng)分析儀,采用酸水解法測(cè)定肌肉中17種氨基酸含量(GB 5009.124—2016),其中色氨酸在水解過程中被破壞,未另測(cè)定。
脂肪酸含量測(cè)定:使用7890A氣相色譜儀測(cè)定肌肉中37種脂肪酸的相對(duì)含量(GB 5009.168—2016)。
1. 2. 2 氨基酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)評(píng)價(jià) 根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織/世界衛(wèi)生組織(FAO/WHO)1973年建議的氨基酸評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization,1973)和全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸模式進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)評(píng)價(jià)(中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心營(yíng)養(yǎng)與食品安全所,2004),計(jì)算氨基酸評(píng)分(AAS)、化學(xué)評(píng)分(CS)和必需氨基酸指數(shù)(EAAI)。
氨基酸含量(mg/g N)=[氨基酸含量(%)/蛋白
質(zhì)含量(%)]×6.25×1000
AAS=aa/AA(FAO/WHO)
CS=aa/AA(Egg)
EAAI=[(A/AE)×(B/BE)× […]×(I/IE)]1/n
式中:aa為待評(píng)樣品中某種氨基酸含量(mg/g N);AA(FAO/WHO)表示FAO/WHO評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式中同種氨基酸含量(mg/g N);AA(Egg)表示全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)中同種氨基酸含量(mg/g N);n為比較的必需氨基酸個(gè)數(shù);A、B…I為待評(píng)價(jià)樣品中各必需氨基酸含量(mg/g N);AE、BE[…]IE為全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)相對(duì)應(yīng)的必需氨基酸含量(mg/g N)。
1. 2. 3 肌肉質(zhì)構(gòu)特性測(cè)定 取翹嘴鲌背部上方(靠近背鰭)的肌肉,切成約1 cm?1 cm?1 cm的小塊,利用質(zhì)構(gòu)儀TVT-300XP測(cè)定其肌肉質(zhì)構(gòu)特性。儀器具體參數(shù)參照王貴英等(2021)的方法,樣品在室溫條件下進(jìn)行TPA測(cè)試,每尾魚取3個(gè)平行肌肉樣品進(jìn)行測(cè)定。
1. 2. 4 肌纖維特性測(cè)定 參考李本相等(2019)的方法略作修改,取翹嘴鲌背部上方(靠近背鰭)肌肉約1 cm3的小塊,制成石蠟切片。采用帶數(shù)字?jǐn)z像頭和圖像分析軟件的光學(xué)顯微鏡拍攝典型的組織圖像,分析鲌肌纖維特性,計(jì)算其肌纖維密度。
1. 2. 5 礦物元素含量測(cè)定 礦物元素含量參照食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,使用火焰原子吸收光譜法測(cè)定肌肉中鈣(GB 5009.92—2016)、鎂(GB 5009.241—2017)、鐵(GB 5009.90—2016)和鋅(GB 5009.14—2017)含量,使用氫化物原子熒光光譜法測(cè)定肌肉中硒(GB 5009.93—2017)含量。
1. 3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
使用Excel 2003統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差形式表示;使用Origin 2019b作圖,以SPSS 19.0中的獨(dú)立樣本T檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分測(cè)定結(jié)果
由表1可知,NL翹嘴鲌和PL翹嘴鲌肌肉的灰分含量分別為1.16和1.26 g/100 g,NL翹嘴鲌的灰分含量顯著低于PL翹嘴鲌(P<0.05,下同);而2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均無顯著差異(P>0.05,下同)。
2. 2 氨基酸組成與含量
由表2可知,NL翹嘴鮊和PL翹嘴鮊肌肉中均檢測(cè)出17種氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸7種,鮮味氨基酸4種。NL翹嘴鲌和PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中最豐富的氨基酸均為丙氨酸,含量分別為2.77和3.05 g/100 g。NL翹嘴鲌和PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中谷氨酸含量分別為2.32和2.76 g/100 g,精氨酸含量分別為0.96和1.07 g/100 g,鮮味氨基酸總量分別為7.43和8.43 g/100 g,以NL翹嘴鲌的谷氨酸、精氨酸含量及鮮味氨基酸總量顯著低于PL翹嘴鲌,其他氨基酸及氨基酸總量無顯著差異。
2. 3 氨基酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果
根據(jù)1973年FAO/WHO建議的氨基酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分模式和全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸模式,PL翹嘴鲌?zhí)囟ū匦璋被峥偭扛哂贜L翹嘴鲌,2種翹嘴鲌肌肉特定必需氨基酸總量均高于FAO/WHO模式,但低于全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸模式(表3)。
2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌肉AAS、CS和EAAI結(jié)果見表4。以AAS和CS進(jìn)行評(píng)分,2種翹嘴鲌第一限制性氨基酸均為蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸均為纈氨酸。NL翹嘴鲌EAAI低于PL翹嘴鲌。
2. 4 脂肪酸組成與含量
由表5可知,PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中共檢測(cè)出17種脂肪酸,NL翹嘴鲌肌肉中共檢測(cè)出15種脂肪酸,其中十七碳一烯酸(C17:1)和γ-亞麻酸(C18:3)在NL翹嘴鲌未檢出。NL翹嘴鲌和PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中二十碳一烯酸(C20:1)相對(duì)含量分別為0.85%和0.61%,NL翹嘴鲌的相對(duì)含量顯著高于PL翹嘴鲌,但α-亞麻酸(C18:3)的相對(duì)含量顯著低于PL翹嘴鲌,其他各類脂肪酸及脂肪酸總量無顯著差異。
2. 5 肌肉質(zhì)構(gòu)特性測(cè)定結(jié)果
2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌肉質(zhì)構(gòu)特性見圖1。PL翹嘴鲌肌肉硬度、彈性和咀嚼性均顯著高于NL翹嘴鲌,分別提高70.03%、40.00%和150.24%;而NL翹嘴鲌肌肉回復(fù)性顯著高于PL翹嘴鲌,提高36.33%。
2. 6 肌纖維特性測(cè)定結(jié)果
2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌纖維特性測(cè)定結(jié)果見表6。NL翹嘴鲌肌纖維短徑和長(zhǎng)徑顯著大于PL翹嘴鲌肌纖維,而2種翹嘴鲌肌纖維密度間無顯著差異。從NL翹嘴鲌和PL翹嘴鲌肌纖維微觀圖(圖2)可看出,PL翹嘴鲌肌纖維排列較NL翹嘴鲌更為緊密。
2. 7 肌肉礦物元素含量測(cè)定結(jié)果
2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌肉中礦物元素含量測(cè)定結(jié)果見表7。5種礦物元素在NL翹嘴鲌和PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中含量由高到低均為鈣>鎂>鐵>鋅>硒,其中NL翹嘴鲌肌肉中硒含量顯著低于PL翹嘴鲌,而鈣、鎂、鋅和鐵含量在2種翹嘴鲌間無顯著差異。
3 討論
3. 1 2種翹嘴鲌基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分分析
水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分是構(gòu)成肌肉的基本成分,其組成與含量是肌肉營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的體現(xiàn)(馬玲巧等,2014;劉崇萬等,2021),其中最關(guān)鍵的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪組成與含量受魚類品種、遺傳因素等影響(Shearer,1994;羅輝等,2020)。本研究中,NL和PL翹嘴鲌的粗蛋白含量分別為17.77%和17.91%,均高于黃顙魚(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)(15.16%)(楊興麗等,2004)、草魚(Ctenopharyngodon idella)(15.10%)(符貴紅等,2008)和斑點(diǎn)叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)(16.69%)(馬玲巧等,2014)。NL翹嘴鲌粗脂肪含量低于PL翹嘴鲌,但差異不顯著。結(jié)果表明,2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌均具有高蛋白的特點(diǎn),肌肉的基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分較接近,不存在明顯差異。
3. 2 2種翹嘴鲌肌肉氨基酸含量與營(yíng)養(yǎng)評(píng)價(jià)
鮮味氨基酸影響水產(chǎn)品的鮮美程度,必需氨基酸決定魚肉的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值(Buchtová et al.,2009)。養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境不同,魚類肌肉中氨基酸種類的組成和比例不同,野生翹嘴鲌肌肉中鮮味氨基酸與必需氨基酸含量高于人工養(yǎng)殖翹嘴鲌(王琨等,2012;楊立,2015)。本研究中,PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中精氨酸和谷氨酸含量及鮮味氨基酸總量高于NL翹嘴鲌。谷氨酸是鮮味特征性氨基酸,具有多種生物功能,在蛋白質(zhì)合成、細(xì)胞代謝中起著重要作用(Brosnan and Brosnan,2013)。精氨酸能改善魚類腸道組織結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收,同時(shí)可參與免疫調(diào)節(jié),增強(qiáng)機(jī)體抗應(yīng)激能力,保護(hù)肝胰腺健康(孫紅暖等,2014;劉韜,2018)。根據(jù)AAS和CS評(píng)分,NL和PL翹嘴鲌EAAI均在0.75以上,PL翹嘴鲌的EAAI更高。不同品種鲌類的攝食器官形態(tài)具有一定程度上的差異,與其食物組成存在相關(guān)性和適應(yīng)性(李昊成,2015),攝食器官與食性的差異,可能是導(dǎo)致NL和PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中氨基酸含量出現(xiàn)差異的原因。本研究結(jié)果表明,PL翹嘴鲌肌肉具有較高的氨基酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和較好的風(fēng)味。
3. 3 2種翹嘴鲌肌肉脂肪酸含量分析與評(píng)價(jià)
脂肪含量與肌肉的多汁性和風(fēng)味有關(guān),由于脂肪量為肌肉味道香醇提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),在一定范圍內(nèi),肌間脂肪越多,肉質(zhì)越好(毛國(guó)祥和趙萬里,2000;張靜等,2013)。魚肉中富含多種人體必需的長(zhǎng)鏈多不飽和脂肪酸,包括ALA(α-亞麻酸)、EPA和DHA。ALA是構(gòu)成細(xì)胞膜和生物酶的基礎(chǔ)物質(zhì),在降血脂、調(diào)節(jié)膽固醇代謝、降血壓、抗血栓和預(yù)防癌變等方面具有重要作用,同時(shí)可通過去飽和酶和碳鏈延長(zhǎng)酶的催化作用合成EPA和DHA(陶國(guó)琴和李晨,2000;Dwivedi et al.,2005);EPA和DHA可促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、預(yù)防心血管疾病和神經(jīng)退化,并減少炎癥,對(duì)人體健康具有重要意義(王萍等,2008;Leung et al.,2018)。丁德明等(2021)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)天然水域中翹嘴鲌肌肉不飽和脂肪酸含量高于池塘養(yǎng)殖翹嘴鲌,水體環(huán)境和食物可能是造成該差異的主要原因。本研究中,與NL翹嘴鲌相比,PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中二十碳一烯酸含量更低,ALA含量更高。2種產(chǎn)卵類型翹嘴鲌肌肉脂肪酸組成存在細(xì)微的差異,可能是由于生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境的不同而導(dǎo)致。
3. 4 2種翹嘴鲌肌肉質(zhì)構(gòu)和肌纖維特性分析
肌肉質(zhì)構(gòu)特性是由組織結(jié)構(gòu)和成分決定的機(jī)械學(xué)或流變學(xué)性質(zhì)(劉婧懿等,2020),主要包括硬度、彈性、咀嚼性和回復(fù)性等,其中硬度和彈性是魚肉主要的感官和理化指標(biāo),肌肉硬度和彈性高則口感好(林婉玲等,2009)。影響魚肉質(zhì)構(gòu)的外在因素主要包括飼料營(yíng)養(yǎng)、養(yǎng)殖模式、捕獲季節(jié)和宰殺方式等,內(nèi)在因素主要包括纖維特性及肌內(nèi)脂肪含量等(Zheng et al.,2015)。肌纖維特性包括肌纖維直徑和密度,其影響因素主要包括品種、營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平和環(huán)境因素等(關(guān)文靜等,2008)。肌纖維特性對(duì)質(zhì)構(gòu)特性的影響主要體現(xiàn)在肌肉的硬度和彈性,一般來說,肌纖維直徑小、密度大,則持水性好,肌肉肉質(zhì)更加細(xì)嫩(王麗莎等,2020)。
研究表明,生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境會(huì)對(duì)魚類肌肉品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生影響(Li et al.,2016),不同養(yǎng)殖條件下大黃魚(Larimichthys crocea)肌肉質(zhì)構(gòu)特性存在差異,野生環(huán)境中大黃魚肌肉硬度和彈性更高(郭全友等,2019);Periago等(2005)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)野生鱸魚(Dicentrarchus labrax L.)肌纖維密度大于養(yǎng)殖鱸魚。本研究中,PL翹嘴鲌肌肉的硬度、彈性和咀嚼性較NL翹嘴鲌肌肉高,肌纖維直徑小,質(zhì)構(gòu)與肌纖維結(jié)果相吻合,因此PL翹嘴鲌肌肉口感更好。
3. 5 2種翹嘴鲌礦物元素含量分析與評(píng)價(jià)
礦物元素與生物體的各項(xiàng)生理機(jī)能有密切聯(lián)系,尤其是微量元素,在正常的生命活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮著重要作用(王貴英等,2021)。2種翹嘴鲌肌肉中5種礦物元素含量由高到低排序均為鈣>鎂>鐵>鋅>硒。鋅與機(jī)體生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、維持細(xì)胞功能和免疫調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)(侯鵬霞等,2021);鐵參與人體氧的運(yùn)輸和貯存以及多種金屬酶的合成(韓秀萍等,2020);鎂具有調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫和增強(qiáng)抗病能力的功能(王曉波等,2020);鈣對(duì)人體骨骼的發(fā)育和維持心臟的正常生理功能具有重要作用(孟惠平等,2020)。硒是動(dòng)物和人體部分抗氧化酶的重要組成部分,具有防止細(xì)胞線粒體脂類過氧化作用(Burk,2002)。本研究中,PL翹嘴鲌肌肉中硒含量高于NL翹嘴鲌,粘性卵和漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌?jiān)陴B(yǎng)殖過程中均投喂同種翹嘴鲌專用配合飼料,因此,肌肉中硒含量的差異可能是由于養(yǎng)殖水體中硒的含量不同,導(dǎo)致硒在肌肉中的積累差異。
4 結(jié)論
粘性卵和漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量豐富,具有高蛋白的特點(diǎn),但漂浮性卵翹嘴鲌肌肉具有較高的硬度、彈性和咀嚼性,同時(shí)微量元素硒含量更多,營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值更高,口感更好。
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(責(zé)任編輯 羅 麗)